Komárno fortification system is a system of bastions and fortifications in and around the towns of Komárno and Komárom on the both banks of rivers Dunaj and Váh. 
Components 
The fort on the engraving by A. E. Burkhard from 1698 
Fortress of Komárno is the central part of the Komárno fortification system. 
Main Page 
Life 
Mary Bátorová is the author of seven books of domestic literary monographs (6 authors and one co-author) and five books of prose and one poetry collection. It is also the author of 285 scientific articles and studies in domestic and foreign magazines and more than 300 reviews of fiction and literature.[3] 
Bibliography 
Author of monograph BÁTOROVÁ, Mária: Roky úzkosti a vzopätia. 
co-authored a monograph HVIŠČ, Jozef – MARČOK, Viliam – BÁTOROVÁ, Mária – PETRÍK, Vladimír: Biele miesta v slovenskej literatúre. 
Prose BÁTOROVÁ, Mária: Zvony v kameni. 
References 
Poetry BÁTOROVÁ, Mária: Púšte a oázy. 
Translation SABINA NAEFOVÁ: ľahký závrat/leichter Schwindel. 
Mary Bátorová (born 19 October 1950 Trenčín) - literary scholar, Germanist, slavistka, writer, novelist, poet, essayist, journalist and university teacher.[1] She is a Slovak literary scholar who in her monographs and studies reflects the Slovak literary history of the 20th century. 
Her scientific and literary works won numerous domestic and international awards. 
Studies and education 
She attended primary and secondary school in Čadca, where she passed the leaving examination (1969).[4] From 1969 to 1974, she studied German and Slovak studies at Comenius University, and the Martin Luther University. 
She received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1973/74, in German Studies, at Comenius University. 
Her doctoral thesis was Das Leben und Werk von Nelly Sachs - The life and work of Nelly Sachs). 
She defended her 1988 doctoral dissertation and it was published as: Roky úzkosti a vzopätia. 
Bratislava: Editio Causa, 1992. 
She was Associate Professor at the Faculty of Humanities at Matej Bel University, and Professorship in 2006 at Masaryk University.[1] She issued a set of studies, Slovak literary modernism in the spectrum of modern world (Slovak Matica 2011). 
Her research on the life and work of Dominik Tatarka came in first scientific monograph Dominik Tatarka slovenský Don Quijote (Dominik Tatarka Don Quixote) (Science 2012). 
A selection of nearly thirty years of producing essays and journalism was published Medzi ideálom a ničotou. 
(Between the ideal and void. Essays and Journalism) (Publishing House of the Slovak Writers 2014) 
(:) is a written shortcut to the city of Košice resulting from the city logo. : Shows two Košice domitants on the Main Street in Košice (St. Elisabeth's Cathedral, Košice State Theater) (, ) Show the spherical or lenticular shape of the main street in Košice. 
City logo of Košice 
Draft:(:) 
Technical solution 
Motorový rušeň 756 Type and origin Power type 1 455kw Specifications Wheelbase: • Engine Caterpillar 3512B SCAC Performance figures Maximum speed 100km/h 
The locomotive of the 756 series is the total modernization of obsolete and uneconomic locomotives of the ranges 750 and 753, which was performed by the Slovak company ŽOS Zvolen in the license of the Czech company CZ LOKO for the company Železničná spoločnosť Cargo Slovakia. 
Modernization started on the basis of positive references from the operations of refurbished machines in the Czech Republic and Italy. 
The locomotive is in many ways identical to the Czech ranges 753.7 and 755, which is given by the licensed production. 
A new Caterpillar engine has been installed in these locomotives, which is characterized by lower fuel consumption and less maintenance than the original ČKD engine. 
There is also a traction alternator and most other components, including air-conditioned driving stations. 
The original was a wagon body, frame and chassis with original traction electromotors, eventual springs were replaced by rubber pillars. 
Multiple control allows you to control two locomotives from one station. 
This article contains a translation of Lokomotiva 756 from cs.wikipedia. 14645893 
User:Thomas.adamjak/Diesel locomotive 756 
Železničná trať Trenčianska Teplá – Vlársky priesmyk 
Teplice) a 124 (Trenčianska Teplá – Lednické Rovne) Nemšová – križovatka s traťou 124 (Trenčianska Teplá – Lednické Rovne) Horné Srnie Vlársky priesmyk hraničný priechod a Template:Country data Česko 
User:Brene100/ČEČIČOČUČ ČEČIČOČEČAČEČOČIČAČ 
Find more aboutŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity 
User:Brene100/ŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽ 
↑ http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/1560484-dvouvladi-na-zeleznici-konci-ale-velmi-pozvolna. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ (PDF) http://www.svts-doprava.utc.sk/dokumenty/InfoElektro_122011.pdf. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.trencin.sk/index.php?s-cv-contentID=12288&s-cv-embeddedID=84400. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.teraz.sk/ekonomika/ek-zeleznice-eurofondy-schvalenie/51378-clanok.html. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.zeleznicne.info/view.php?cisloclanku=2017020005. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://www.asb.sk/inzinierske-stavby/zeleznica/modernizacia-zeleznicnej-trate-puchov-zilina-pre-rychlost-do-160-km-h-i.-etapa. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://www.asb.sk/inzinierske-stavby/zeleznica/modernizacia-zeleznicnej-trate-povazska-tepla-zilina. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.zsr.sk/slovensky/media-room/vyjadrenia-pre-media-2016/januar/zsr-zacali-s-modernizaciou-v-dolnom-hricove.html?page_id=4374. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) 
Find more aboutŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity 
User:Brene100/ŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽ 
Eilina Eilina 
Find more aboutŽelezničná stanica Eilinaat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity 
User:Brene100/Železničná stanica Eilina 
Sources 
References 
History 
The first mention of Slatinka dates back to 1388, when it was mentioned as Zalatha. 
In 1424, Slatinka belonged to the Vígľaš castle monastery[1] 
In 1954, the construction of the Slatinka water dam was planned. 
In 1956, Slatinka was declared a "waste village"[2] , and the construction of new homes was banned. 
In 1974, started ban on home repair and modernization. 
Based on a territorial permit for the construction of a water dam, at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, the land to be flooded was bought and expropriated. 
However, the construction did not start at the scheduled time and the territorial decision was lost, after which some of the expropriated land was returned to its original owners or their descendants. 
On November 16, 2000 the status of Slatinka was changed to recreational area. 
For 4 days, 58 homes were pre-categorized as recreational facilities; 17 of them without proof of ownership. 
This decision was changed on July 5, 2012 by the regional office in Banská Bystrica after the initiative of the Slatinka Association and the Friends of Slatinka Society on April 10, 2001 addressed to the Prosecutor's Office in Zvolen regarding the review of the statue of the Slatina area. 
In May 2013, several tenants (10, unofficially 15) received a call to leave within two weeks, due to the life-threatening state of the buildings.[3] They were not allowed to repair the buildings at their own expense.[4] 
Turčiansky Svätý Martin : [s.n.], 1891. ↑ Uznesenie rady ONV vo Zvolene č. 
114/58 z 13. júna 1958, bod 5 - kategorizácia obcí ↑ http://zvolen.sme.sk/c/6799598/v-slatinke-idu-pre-priehradu-opat-burat-domy.html. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://zvolen.sme.sk/c/6810119/slatinke-este-daju-sancu-opravit-domy-na-mieste-planovanej-priehrady.html. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) 
User:Fsilvasa/Slatinka 
Ing. Matúš Vallo (born 18 September 1977 in Bratislava) is an architect, urban activist, musician and Mayor of Bratislava. 
External links 
Commons 
External Links 
Life and career 
Artworks Selection 
Collections 
Group Exhibitions (selection) 
Bibliography (selection) 
Solo Exhibition 
Rastislav Podoba (* 11th October 1975, Bánovce nad Bebravou) is Slovak painter. 
Rastislav Podoba was born in 1975 in Bánovce nad Bebravou. 
Between 1996 -2002 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava, Slovakia in studios lead by Professor Vladimír Popovič and Professor Rudolf Sikora. 
In 2006, 2007, and 2009 he was among finalists of the VUB Painting Competition. 
In 2008 he was nominated for the Henkel Art Award to represent Slovakia. 
In 2009 he was awarded the Martin Benka Prize. 
He lives and works in Banská Bystrica. 
2017 Field Trip, Galéria umenia Ernesta Zmetáka, Nové Zámky, Slovak Republic 2016 Series, East Slovak Gallery, Košice, Slovak Republic 2015 Artificial Flowers, Krokus Contemporary Art Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2015 Working Surface, Central Slovakian Gallery, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic 2013 Savoir-vivre, (M. Guschelbauer, R. Podoba, P. Wehinger), Kro Art Contemporary, Vienna, Austria 2012 At Home, Outside, Near, Above, Northeast, Far, Below, Krokus Contemporary Art Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak republic 2011 Rastislav Podoba, City Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2011 Podoba - Aerni, Kunstkammer Galerie, Oensingen, Switzerland 2010 One-man-show, Kubik Gallery, Porto, Portugal 2010 The Observer´s Diary, (Rastislav Podoba/Jernej Forbici), Krokus Contemporary Art Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2008 Retro-vízia, Stredoslovenská galéria, Room 19_21, Banská Bystrica, Slovak republic 2007 Rastislav Podoba / Juraj Kollár, Soga, Bratislava, Slovensko 2006, Primárny okruh, Galéria Divyd, Múzeum J.N. Hummela, Bratislava, Slovensko 2006, Clona, Štátna galéria, Bethlenov dom, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic 2005, Rastislav Podoba / Maroš Rovňák, Slovenský inštitút, Budapešť, Maďarsko 2003, Zóna, Galéria mladých, Nitrianska galéria, Nitra, Slovak Republic 
City Gallery Bratislava, Slovak Republic Nitra Gallery, Nitra, Slovak Republic Stredoslovenská galéria Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic GVU Hodonín, Czech Republic Youth Painting Foundation, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Private Collection Linea, Slovak Republic Súkromné zbierky: Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, USA, Austria 
Aj päť minút je dosť, hovorí Rastislav Podoba, ktorého maľby ilustrujú utorkové noviny. In.: Denník N, Vyd. NPress, Utorok 18. decembra 2018, číslo 243, ročník 4., str. 
12 - 13 MAJLINGOVÁ, Zuzana L. - ŠEDÍK, Michal. 
Rastislav Podoba: Pracovná plocha: Stredoslovenská galéria Banská Bystrica 28. máj 2015-26. júl 2015 : Banská Bystrica: Stredoslovenská galéria v Banskej Bystrici, 2015. 
ISBN 9788088681762 Michal Šedík, Filozofia umenia / Analytická tradícia, Belianum UMB BB, 2014 Moncoľová I.: Organic Working Surface. In. www.artalk.cz, 24.7.2015, ISSN: 1805-6989 Moncoľová I.: Working Surface. 
In.: Denník Sme 22. 7. 2015, s. 
12, Petit Press, ISSN 1335-440X * Jančár, I.: Rastislav Podoba. City Gallery Bratislava, Nadácia mladá maľba/Young Painting Foundation, Vydavateľstvo Krása, Bratislava 2011 ISBN 978-80-89340-26-2 Brunovský, D. – Doričová, Gura D.: Slovak Studios, publisher Daniel Brunovský, Bratislava 2010, ISBN 978-80970347-4-0 ''[https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=98813 Slovak Studios (2010)]'' Kiss-Széman Z.: Tree of Life, City Gallery Bratislava, 2014, ISBN 978-80-89340-606 Hober, Eva - Jančár, Ivan.: La Belle Peinture I, Bratislava 2013 Mirza O.:Lovu zdar! 
Good hunt! 
Weidmannsheil!, Nitra Gallery, Nitra, 2011, ISBN 978-80-85746-54-9 Kitta R.: Podoba - Reduced Landscape. In.: ENTER 4/2011, ISSN 1338-1946 7th Biennal of Drawing Pilsen 2010, University of West Bohemia & Biennal of Drawing Pilsen, Pilsen 2010, ISBN 978-80-7043-929-6 Kusá A.: VÚB Foundation/5 Years, 50 Artists, 100 Paintings, VÚB Foundation, Bratislava, 2010 Kusá A.: VÚB Foundation 2009, Prize for Painting, VÚB Foundation, Bratislava, 2009 Moncoľová I.: The Observer´s Diary. 
In.: Flash Art No. 15 2010, ISSN 1336-9644 Kováčik J.: Restorative Solitude. 
In.: Týždeň 38/2009, WPress, Bratislava L+arte N° 70 Avril 2010 Ľudovíť Hološka, Ako dlho ste sa naposledy dívali na obraz? Aj päť minút je dosť, hovorí Rastislav Podoba, ktorého maľby ilustrujú utorkové noviny.By naked Eye, Vydavateľstvo Matice Slovenskej, 2006 
User:Ivana Moncolova/Rastislav Podoba 
External links 
Korben Dallas is a Slovak rock band from Bratislava formed in 2010 by musicians who had previously played together in the art rock band called Appendix[1]. 
During its existence, the band has so far released 5 albums. 
The band gained popularity in 2013 with their hit song Otec. 
The band regularly performs at Slovak and Czech music festivals (Pohoda, Grape, Topfest, Colours of Ostrava). 
Discography [1] 
Studio albums Pekné cesty, 2011, Hevhetia Karnevalová vrana, 2013, Slnko records Banská Bystrica, 2014, Slnko records Kam ideme, 2015, Slnko records Stredovek, 2017, Slnko records 
Members 
Juraj Benetin – vocals, guitar Lukáš Fila – bass guitar Igor „Ozo“ Guttler – drums 
References 
Korben Dallas at slnkorecords.sk Korben Dallas at bandzone.cz 
In 2011, the group released their debut album Pekné cesty. The album originated from a concert live recording and was nominated as an album of the year at Radio Head Awards. 
Anna Bučinská (* December 21, 1944, Bratislava - † January 15, 1995, Bratislava) was a Slovak radio actress. 
Radio production that is known 
The ZSSK Class 757 is a four axle diesel electric locomotive, created from the rebuilding of older class 750 locomotives. 
The locomotives were ordered by Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko for use on passenger services on Slovak main lines. 
Between 2010 and 2015, 25 locomotives were rebuilt by ŽOS Zvolen. 
Rušeň 757.003-9 bol po požiari[1] v roku 2016 pri stanici Jesenské odstavený z dôvodu veľkého rozsahu škôd a momentálne čaká na svoj osud vo vonkajších priestoroch závodu ŽOS Zvolen.[2] 
References 
Rebuilding 
Following to České dráhy rebuilding their 750 and 753 locomotives into the 750.7, it was decided to carry out similar rebuilds in Slovakia. 
The project was started in 2010, when contracts were awarded and the first locomotive began reconstruction.[1] However, unlike the Czech locomotives, the ZSSK rebuilds were more gradual, with the locomotives still required for normal services. 
The first locomotive was finished in 2011, and following testing it was put into service at Zvolen.[2][3] The second was completed by the end of the year.[4] From then until 2015 rebuilds progressed at a rate of around 5 to 6 per year. 
The final rebuilt was locomotive 25, finished in Autumn 2015.[5] New locomotives were allocated to Košice, Prievidza and Humenné. 
Technical information 
Sústava je v súlade s environmentálnymi limitmi, vrátane príslušenstva.[1] Výrobcom trakčného generátora a pomocných zariadení je spoločnosť Siemens Drásov, tlapové trakčné motory zostali pôvodné. 
Riadenie výkonu a jeho využívanie zabezpečuje mikroprocesorový riadiaci systém MORIS RV07. Súčasťou elektrického vybavenia rušňa je aj elektronický riadiaci systém, systém ovládania prípojných vozňov podľa UIC 558, vozidlová rádiostanica, elektronický rýchlomer, riadiaca jednotka prešmyku a vlakový zabezpečovač. Kabína rušňovodiča[2] sa zásadne odlišuje od pôvodnej zo série 750.[3] Rekonštruovaná kabína je vybavená digitálnymi ukazovateľmi, vrátane zobrazovacích displejov. 
Tiež bola doplnená výkonná elektrodynamická brzda a ovládanie brzdového systému (pneumatická samočinná brzda typu Dako GP, priamočinná brzda, doplnková a parkovacia). Zdroj stlačeného vzduchu je bezolejový piestový kompresor, ktorý je doplnený sušičkou vzduchu. Pre väčší komfort obsluhy bola do rušňa doplnená klimatizácia, polohovateľné sedadlo a iné hygienické zariadenia 
2017[1]) umiestnené v RD Prievidza (5 ks), Humenné (8 ks) a Košice (11 ks), kde zabezpečujú prepravu osobných vlakov kategórie R a REx na tratiach v okolí Prievidze, Zvolena, Banskej Bystrice, Brezna, Žiliny, Košíc a Humenného. 
The Council of Free Czechoslovakia was the supreme political body of the Czech-Slovak exile, founded on February 25, 1949 in the US, based in Washington, D.C. While establishing the Council, the document "Declaration on the founding of the Council of Free Czechoslovakia" was published by Ferdinand Peroutka. 
The Council of Free Czechoslovakia, like Radio Free Europe (RFE), was funded in accordance with US foreign policy through the National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE) 
Activities 
In exile, there was a political struggle between individual emigrant organizations. 
In London, the Czech National Committee under the leadership of general Lev Prchal associating anti-Beneš non-socialist opposition. 
Slovak Autonomists represented competing projects in Munich: the Slovak Liberation Committee established by Ferdinand Ďurčanský and the Slovak National Council Abroad established by Karol Sidor and later led by Matúš Černák. 
Various political groups of Czech-Slovak mostly ex-post-February exile met at the Council of Free Czechoslovakia. 
It was dominated by former representatives of the National Front holding important political positions in Czechoslovakia in 1945-48 and often responsible for the policy that resulted in the Communist coup d'état in February 1948. 
The first chairman of the Council of Free Czechoslovakia was Petr Zenkl (National Socialists), the vice-chairmen were Jozef Lettrich (Democratic Party), dr. 
Mikuláš Franek (Democratic Party), dr. 
Josef Černý (agrarians), dr. 
Jozef Dieška (Freedom Party), Václav Majer (Social Democracy), dr. 
Adolf Procházka (Christian Democrats) and former diplomats of Czechoslovakia, dr. 
Stefan Osusky, dr. 
In 1957, due to persistent internal contradictions in the Council of Free Czechoslovakia, the US decided to end its funding, and after 1967 the Council of Free Czechoslovakia was not active. 
After November 1989, the Council established cooperation with the political representation in Czechoslovakia and exposed itself to preserve the common state. 
After the division of Czechoslovakia, it was reorganized in 1993 to the Council of Reciprocity of Czechs and Slovaks (chairman Mojmír Povolný). 
Chairmans 
Other political exile organizations 
--- Josef Dürich český politik Poslanec Ríšskej rady V úrade 1884 – 1891 V úrade 1907 – 1917[1] Biografické údaje Narodenie 19. august 1847 Borovice, Česko Úmrtie 12. január 1927 (79 rokov) Klášter Hradiště nad Jizerou, Česko Politická strana Národná strana (staročeská) Česká agrárna strana Odkazy Josef Dürich (multimediálne súbory) Politický portál Biografický portál 
Josef Dürich (August 19, 1847, Borovice † January 12, 1927, Hradiště nad Jizerou Monastery) was a Czech politician and a member of the Old Czech Party, later of the Agrarian Party, a participant in Czechoslovak foreign resistance during World War I, and a playwright and a writer. 
Life 
He was born in Borovica near Mnichovo Hradiště. He was a son of a miller. In the 1870s he became a part of the cultural scene as a poet and an author of plays. 
In 1870 and 1873 he co-edited the almanac Ruch. He also published under the pseudonyms Charvátecký and Josef Josefovič and also dealt with shorthand and attempted a unified Slavonic shorthand. 
In 1884 he received a mandate in the Imperial Council (National Legislative Assembly), where he represented the curia of rural villages for the districts of Mladá Boleslav, Nymburk, and others. 
He took the oath on December 4, 1884 and reclaimed his mandate in the elections to the Imperial Council in 1885, now for the town curia for the districts of Jičín, Sobotka, and others. He stayed in the office until the end of his term in 1891. At that time he was a part of the Old Czech Party. 
He returned to top parliamentary politics in the elections to the Imperial Council in 1907, when he was elected in the election district Bohemia 038, this time as a member of the Czech Agrarian Party, for which he then sat in the parliament. 
He succesfully ran for the seat of the deputy in the elections to the Imperial Council again in 1911, and then again for the Czech Agrarians Club and for the same constituency. 
He lost his mandate on 25 September 1917 due to long absence. 
He was no longer on the territory of Austria-Hungary at that time. 
At the beginning of May 1915 he was requested by the Agrarian Party to Tomáš Masaryk, who was in Switzerland, to participate in the foreign resistance. 
He was one of the few Czech politicians to join the foreign resistance led by Masaryk at this early stage. 
However, back then he was a lesser known, very conservative politician who was also pro-Russian and Carophile-oriented. 
In November 1915, he and Masaryk with representatives of Czech foreign associations were among the signatories of the declaration of the Czech Foreign Committee, which clearly formulated the idea of ​​Czech (Czechoslovak) independence. 
The Czech Foreign Committee subsequently transformed into the Czechoslovak National Council, in which Dürich became vice-chairman in 1916. He worked with Milan Rastislav Štefánik in Russia since June 1916, where they negotiated the establishment of Czechoslovak legions. 
On 29th August 1916 they signed together The Kiev Agreement, which recognized The National Council as a representative of the entire resistance. 
However, Dürich himself leaned more towards the restoration of the Czech Kingdom with Russian support and should have made efforts to establish a separate, procaratory center of Czechoslovak exile. 
However, this situation caused a rupture which then led Štefánik to deprive Dürich of his office and membership in the Czechoslovak National Council. 
Dürich returned to his homeland in 1919. He was virtually eliminated from political life and tried to justify his progress in his memoirs "In Czech Services". 
A writer and journalist Karel Horký became his son-in-law in September 1908, when he married Dürich's daughter Emanuela (1884-1973). 
The Juraj Dóža's Rebellion (other names: Dóža's Rebellion, the Hungarian Peasant War) was a large uprising of the lower class against the nobility in Hungary from April to July 1514, which arose from an unsuccessfully organized crusade. 
On April 9, the Archbishop of Esztergom Tomáš Bakóc, solemnly commissioned by Pope Leo X, held a speech in Buda where he called for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, which threatened Hungary in the early 16th century, in exchange for indulgences to the participants. 
As the Hungarian nobility was not interested in participating, the 40,000-thousand troops gathered in Buda in May were made of the poor strata (peasants, students, urban poverty and the like) called the Kurucs. 
The army was led by the Transylvanian nobleman Juraj Dóža Sikul (Juraj Dóža), because no Hungarian magnate would take on this task. 
Since the Hungarian nobility opposed this expedition and did not intend to justify the absence of their subjects on their property, in mid-May the Kurucs started a civil war against the landlords. 
The center was in present-day Hungary. It was also fought in eastern Slovakia and Bratislava. 
The Kurucs occupied the Hungarian lowlands and parts of Transylvania in July. 
The rebellion was defeated by Hungarian magnates, especially Ján Zápoľský and Štefan Bátori on July 15th. 
As a consequence, Dóža was burned alive as a "peasant king", 50,000 insurgents were hung or killed in other ways and serfdom was accepted by the Hungarian Parliament on 10 October 1514 (codified also in Tripartite). 
In 2014, the Namav, a subject subvenced by the Penta Investments group, announced the purchase of Petit Press, the publisher of the newspaper. In reaction, a major part of the editorial board, including the editor-in-chief, announced their resignation. "We are leaving SME and we will try to create a new medium that no one will suspect that it serves someone other than the readers", stated Matúš Kostolný, the departing editor-in-chief.[1] 
Denník N is a Slovak daily newspaper and a news website which was founded by the former members of the editorial board of SME in 2014. 
References 
See also 
History 
Irena Čubírková, ( birth name Srncová) (March 15, 1923, Vrádište - † September 28, 1966, Prague) was a Czechoslovak murderer who murdered her husband and staged it as an accident. The murder happened in Trutnov on October 10, 1951. Irena committed the crime with the help of her lover Václav Bernart and his wife (who has been told that Čubírek had been abusing Irena). 
13 years later, on December 7, 1964, she murdered her partner Ambróz Ščepka (* March 2, 1926, Prievaly - † December 7, 1964, Boleráz) in the Slovak village of Boleráz. She was executed on September 28, 1966 in Prague at Pankrác by hanging. She had seven children (she had four children with her husband and three children with her partner). 
Murder of Ján Čubírka 
In 1951 Čubírka family lived in Trutnov in northeastern Bohemia. 
Irena Čubírková was cheating on her husband, which he found out, and also gained an evidence of this. 
She decided to kill him, which she also told her neighbour and lover Václav Bernart and his wife. 
The first murder attempt was not succesful because Čubírková tried to poison Ján with a medicine used exclusively to treat health issues of women ("Fluocit"), which didn't work on him. 
She succeeded on 10 October 1951. 
Ján Čubírek was on a sick leave and spent his free time painting furniture. 
In order to dry the furniture faster, he decided to take the old stove out of the attic, he even went to ask his neighbour for a chimney pipes, which later supported Čubírková's alibi. 
She mixed sleeping pills into alcohol, which worked. 
Then she called Bernart, who smashed his head, killing him. 
He was dragged under the stairs with the help of Bernart's wife, and Čubírková dropped the stove on him. 
When everything was cleaned up, she sent her 9-year-old daughter to wake her father and she discovered him under the stairs. 
The summoned police reported death by accident. 
Bernart then moved to Čubírková, but she sent him away. 
Murder of Ambróz Ščepka 
After her husband's murder, she lived in Trutnov until 1959, when she moved in with her new partner Ambróz Ščepka to a district Políčko in the village of Boleráz in Slovakia. 
At that time, Čubírková was a charming woman. In Trutnov she used to exercise in Sokol and hired a babysitter for her four children. 
She claimed that her husband had died by accident while he was moving the stove. He was three years younger than her. 
He was reportedly often cruel to her and he was also an alcoholic. 
As long as she lived in Trutnov as a housewife, she took care of animals in Boleráz. 
After 5 years of cohabitation and three children with Ščepko she decided to resolve this situation again "in her own way" on 7 December 1964. 
It was Ščepka's nameday, so he was getting drunk since the morning until he finally fell off the chair and fell asleep. 
Čubírková hit him twice with the blunt side of an ax in the head, killing him, then separated the head from the rest of the body with the ax, a meat cleaver and a knife . 
She put the body in a bread oven and kept the fire for 35 hours to burn the body. 
She then dumped the ash onto the driveway and into the stream (the bridge over this stream is still called the "Čubírkovej most" Čubírkova's bridge)) and buried the bones in the shed for pigs. 
She borrowed a shopping bag from her neighbors, where she put the head and went to Boleráz, where she reported Ščepka's disappearance. 
She got on a train to Trnava, where she left the head in the bathroom of a train that was leaving to Bratislava. 
On December 9, 1964, the ticket collectors found the head in front of the Pezinok station and an investigation was launched. 
Among the suspects was also Čubírková. 
During the house search, the investigator accidentally discovered a suspiciously warm bread oven, even though the bread had apparently never been baked in there. 
Then they found human bones on the road. 
Čubírková confessed under the weight of the evidence. 
Subsequently, the rest of the Ščepka's buried remains were dug up. 
As a reason for the brutal murder, she said that Ščepka had threatened to kill her, cut her head off and throw her in the toilet. 
Near the end of the investigation into the murder of Ščepka, it was discovered that 13 years ago, Ján Čubírek died during the moving of the stove, which fell on him under very similar suspicious circumstances. 
The grave of Ján Čubírek was opened, the body exhumed and a detailed inspection of his remains was carried out. 
The inspection proved that the injury that Čubírka suffered could not be under any circumstances caused by a falling stove . 
Čubírková then confessed to her husband's murder. 
Čubírková was sentenced to death by hanging at the age of 43. 
Her request for pardon was rejected on September 28, 1966 and the same day she was hanged in Prague at Pankrác. 
Bernart was sentenced to 15 years in prison and his wife escaped punishment due to amnesty. 
Daniel Tupý (* August 26, 1984, Martin - † November 4, 2005, Bratislava) was a student of the Faculty of Arts at Comenius University in Bratislava, who was murdered at Tyrš waterfront (Tyršovo nábrežie) in Bratislava. 
His case is after ten years still open . 
A few days after his death, on November 8, 2005, a performance of Hair was dedicated to Tupý in the New Scene in Bratislava. 
A day later, an event commemorating his death and the condemnaing neo-Nazism took place at Hodža Square in Bratislava. 
It was attended by about 5,000 people, out of the politicians only the Chairman of the National Council of the Slovak Republic Pavol Hrušovský attended. 
The following day, Daniel Tupý was buried in Žilina, and at the same time a Committee for the Coordination of Action Against Extremism was established at the Ministry of the Interior. A week after the murder, a protest of about 5,000 people took place, and Michal Kaščák organized a concert called Stop Neo-Nazis. On the February 23, 2006, Daniel Tupý's father unveiled a memorial plaque dedicated to his son in front of the Comenius University building. 
One year after his death, a commemorative event took place at Andrej Hlinka Square in Žilina. Many artists participated, among others Metalinda band, Odyssea and singer Peter Konček. 
In Bratislava, the poetry collection Silent After the Angel (poems and thoughts about the event) was christened on the murder site. The fifth anniversary of death, in 2010, was commemorated by the Hommage à Daniel Tupý - visual and theatrical performance as well as by reading of Tupý's texts by Marián Geišberg, who conceptually prepared the memorial. 
The event was organized by the University Library in Bratislava. 
Murder 
The murder took place on Friday, November 4, 2005 at Tyrš waterfront. 
An eight-member group was attacked from behind by about 15 people. 
The attack reportedly lasted about a minute. 
Although the police had arrived just after three minutes, they had made a few mistakes and had not been looking for the attackers right away. Six people were injured after the attack, one severely. 
Daniel Tupý succumbed to eight stab wounds. 
Investigation, prosecution and impact of murder 
In November, the media and the family of Tupý offered a reward of 400,000 crowns to help track down the killer. In 2006, thepolice worked with the hypothesis that the Skinheads were behind the murder. 
By February 2006, the police had interrogated dozens of people, seized multiple weapons, and "several hundreds security events at selected pubs where the persons of interest meet. However, in many cases these places served as meeting places for young people from subculture groups." 
In 2006, however, Robert Kaliňák also confirmed the version of the neo-Nazi attack. The investigation was unusually open to the public. At the request of parlamentarians, Vladimír Palko, who was the Minister of the Interior at the time, spoke in parliament about the course of the investigation. 
Later the police worked with the theory that the murder was gang-related, and supposedly linked to neo-Nazi groups. In February 2008, it was reported that the police had found the murderer and accused Richard H. of murder. In May 2008, Karol P. was detained and taken into custody by members of the Office for Combating Organized Crime because he had supposedly been influencing the crown witness of the case. 
On October 1 of that year, the Regional Court ruled that two of the detainees accused of bodily harm, Ján S. and Dávid V, were to be released from custody. The main suspect Richard H. remained in custody. 
The main hearing started on 26 January 2006 at the Bratislava I District Court. On 11 June 2006 the Chief Witness refused to testify and denied his words from the pre-trial proceedings. In June 2009, the District Court acquitted five defendants. 
The indictment had reportedly been insufficiently prepared. 
The investigators lacked evidence, but handed the file to the prosecutor's office with a motion to file a charge anyway. 
The victims were unable to identify the perpetrators, nor was the person with the DNA trace on the boxer identified. 
Although the accused agreed to use a lie detector, the judge did not allow this. The Public Prosecutor's Office did not appeal against the judgment and it became final. 
In November 2010, the investigative team, who had been working on the case since September 2007, was disbanded. 
According to Michal Havran, “the murder maimed the entire generation. 
The others were taken aback by the inability of the authorities to arrest and bring to trial those who did this. 
The attack on Daniel was not just what the investigator calls an "accidental death," for which we can blame the victim for being in the wrong place at the wrong time." 
Commemorative events 
Námestie Nežnej revolúcie with the Old Market Hall building 
Námestie Nežnej revolúcie () is a square in the Old Town borough of Bratislava adjacent to the SNP Square in front of the Old Market Hall.[1] 
The square was given the name on 15 November 2019 to commemorate the 30 anniversary of the Velvet Revolution. 
References 
White Place is a Slovak four-member band originally from Prešov, Slovakia. The music of the White Place is based on well-thought-out arrangements of multiple rock and experimental aspects. The arrangements reflect the experiences of the band members who all have a musical background. 
Apart from frontman Daniel Jenčo, the band is composed of three members: Stanislav Čorej (bass guitar), Mário Jenčo (guitar, synthesizers, drum machines) and Lukáš Fabian (drums). 
After three years of rehearsing and experimenting with recording techniques, the band emerged in 2019 with their debut album titled “Room”[1] and single “Breathe”. 
Singles 
The name of the band refers to an unrestricted creative environment. 
According to Jenčo, white color is the most semiotically potent because it naturally contains all the other colors on the spectrum. 
Members 
Daniel Jenčo[1] plays keyboards, guitar and is the band's main songwriter. He states that the inspiration for the lyrics to their first album is mostly drawn from the literature of psychology and sociology. 
Jenčo graduated in Media Studies and is now studying at conservatoire as well as teaching guitar at art school. 
He is a former member of a pop-rock band Noble Apocalypse where he played alongside Matúš Džuňa, Šimon Dulovec and Lukáš Fabian. 
After Dulovec had left, the band split up and Jenčo was invited to join the project Micro-Mused, a three-man Muse cover band where Jenčo's keyboards, guitar, and vocal skills were highly appreciated. 
As of today, Daniel Jenčo is an active member of the creative studio Cube Art. Besides working there as a cameraman, the Cube Art studio incited Jenčo to pursue the music composition for film. 
Stanislav Čorej is a long-time drummer and the founding member of a Slovak pop band Komajota. 
He is a former member of the band Nuda, the predecessor to Komajota, as well. 
Currently, besides being dedicated to White Place and Komajota, Stanislav actively pursues his new solo project Poloľudia[…]. In White Place, he plays the bass guitar and is the man behind the production of the band's debut “Room”. The final mix of the album was created in his Prešov based studio. 
A multi-instrumentalist and a singer Mário Jenčo, Daniel's brother, is the driving force behind the electronic sound elements of White Place. 
Besides drum machines, he plays guitar, synthesizers and performs the effective backing vocals. 
Mário is the frontman of the not presently active Slovak space-rock band Frequency[…]. During his time in the band, Frequency recorded and released two albums. 
Mário is also pursuing his own avant-pop solo project Jeseň. 
The drummer Lukáš Fabian is an active member of Prešov based indie-rock band No Brake. He is studying at the Košice conservatoire along with the Jenčo brothers. 
Lukáš and Daniel were both members of the Noble Apocalypse and have been coplayers for the longest time amongst all of the band members. 
Discography 
Albums 
The official logo of SUR 
Slovak Union of Reservists (SUR, fully named the Slovak Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities) was founded in 1966 as a voluntary civic non-political association available to all citizens of the Slovakia but especially to the reservists of all ranks. 
As a civic association it carries out activities related to military exercises and shooting for sport, while cooperating with the Slovak Armed Forces. 
The new organizational structure of the Union was adopted at the 8th Congress assembly of the SUR which took place on October 26th, 2019. 
It was drafted with the aim to increase efficiency in the Union management, preserving the voice of the regions and activating a wider range of the Union members. 
Unnecessary and defunct intermediaries in the form of county associations have been abolished while adding functions for Vice Presidents dedicated to specific areas of management and development of the Union. 
The Organizational structure of the Union has the following hierarchy on the highest – nationwide level (ranking from the highest to the lowest level): 
Congress Central Council Presidium (headed by the President) Controller 
The Central Council is the supreme body of the Union in the periods between the Congress assemblies. 
It consists of 9 members with voting powers; the President has the decisive power in case of equal votes. 
The Central Council members include the President, 4 members of the Presidium (Vice Presidents) and 4 representatives of regions in Slovakia as per the territorial division of the Slovak republic valid until December 18th, 1990 (Bratislava region, Western region, Central region, Eastern region). 
In 2011 SUR brought together up to 2000 members within 97 reserve soldiers’ clubs throughout Slovakia. 
The basis of activities of the SUR is organizing various kinds of shooting competitions, where the participants compete mainly with weapons used in the Armed forces of the Slovak Republic. 
Competitions organized by the Union 
Shooting - multiple disciplines 
The classic competition of the organization is the multiple discipline shooting, which is a defense sporting contest of individuals and teams of 3. 
The key to this competition is to complete 5 disciplines (or 4 in case of individuals who are not participating in teams). 
These are the multiple shooting disciplines: 
Targeted 25-metre distance shooting with a high caliber gun Three-positional shooting from a self-loading model 58 rifle onto a reduced target in 50-metre distance Precision grenade throw Combat handgun shooting Small caliber rifle shooting team competition 
Shooting triathlon (3 disciplines) 
The 3-discipline shooting contest is a traditional competition of individuals consisting of two technical parts in aimed (accurate) shooting from large caliber pistols and large caliber revolvers of 7,62 - .45 caliber (11 mm). 
Each part has 3 shooting disciplines: 
History of the Union 
2 x 5 shots on target 135-P (green uncovered figure with rings) 2 x 5 shots on target 50/20 (international pistol target) 2 x 5 shots on two-center target SCS D-1 (also called “parrot”) 
Shooting from a self-loading rifle model 58 
As a separate competition it was included in the SUR calendar in the year 2013. 
It is a three-positional competition in shooting from a civilian (self-loading) version of the model 58 submachine gun which had belonged to the basic armament of the Czechoslovak army soldiers in the late 1960s and 1970s. From there it passed onto the armament of the successive armies. 
The shooting post is placed in a 100-metre distance from the target. 
The competition consists of two separate disciplines – Standard or Open – which are evaluated separately. 
In the Standard discipline the original simple sights are used, while in the Open discipline it is possible to use advanced optical focus devices (collimators, binoculars, diopters). 
Contestants may take part in both disciplines with the appropriate equipment. 
Each discipline consists of three competing 10-round attempts at the target 135-P (green uncovered figure with rings), which must be carried out in the following order: 
Shooting in the lying position Shooting in the upright position Shooting in the kneeling position 
All disciplines have a time limit. 
International competition REPICO 
The newest of the competitions included in the SUR calendar. 
The country of origin in its birth certificate is the Czech Republic. 
The competition was taken over from our Czech neighbors and inserted among the official competitions for the first time in the year 2016. 
The year after that held the qualifying race event number zero, concluded by the unofficial Slovak National Championship. 
REPICO is an attractive team competition which combines elements of dynamic and precision disciplines. 
Its name is an acronym consisting of 3 words which outline its essence – REvolver, PIstol, COllective. 
It’s a competition of 3-member teams where the winner is decided by their target shooting accuracy and the speed of shooting at metal targets (poppers). 
The Slovak Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities is in its nature a successor of the Svazarm organization from the last century. 
Union for Cooperation with the Army (shortened to the czech form Svazarm) was a unified voluntary social-defense organization in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. 
It was established on November 4th, 1951 based on the Act No. 92/1951 Coll., on military ability education. At that time, it had united 10 social organizations as collective members. 
In 1952 it switched to individual membership during a merging rally. 
The popularity of this contest lies mainly in the fact that it is a team competition where coordination and cooperation in between the team members is crucial. 
The teams fire from large caliber pistols (or revolvers) of 7,62 - .45 caliber (11 mm). 
The obligatory equipment for this competition includes eyesight protection (against bounced shots) and hearing protection (similarly to other competitions). 
Departmental cooperation 
In addition to the sport-shooting competitions, the SUR is also dedicated to socio-political activities of domestic and international character. It cooperates primarily with the Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic, General Staff of the Slovak Armed Forces, soldier and reservists’ unions abroad, and other organizations in Slovakia related to the Armed forces. 
In this context the SUR attempts to be a link between the Slovak Armed Forces and the public, intending to take part in addressing important issues of defense and security. 
The Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic accepts the SUR as the only organization representing all reservists in Slovakia and has a cooperation agreement with the SUR. 
Financing of the Union activities 
Besides providing shooting ranges for shooting competitions by the General Staff of the Slovak Armed Forces, the Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic gives the SUR the opportunity every year to apply for special-purpose projects to obtain financial support for international activities. 
All activities of the SUR are, however, dependent on volunteer work and membership fees. 
Membership in international organizations 
The SUR has been a member of the Union of Reserve Officers’ Associations of Central Europe – the Gaminger Initiative – since 1993. It has been an associated member of CIOR – the Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers – since 1999. 
The Gaming Initiative organization is an independent regional association of soldiers and officers in reserve of the central European countries, namely Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. 
It aims to support and organize reservists’ unions in its member states and cooperate with them to enhance security and defense in Europe. 
The Svazarm prepared the youth for the fulfillment of selected tasks of state defense. 
It covered civil defense sports and technical interest activities which included track cycling, electrical education, cynology, air sports, model building, motor sports, orienteering, parachuting, diving, amateur radio, shooting sports, hang gliding and many others. 
The CIOR organization currently associates more than 1.3 million reserve soldiers from 36 countries around the world – both inside and outside of NATO. 
CIOR is the connecting link between reserve soldiers and NATO. It supports the work of reservists’ unions and supports their rights, activities and training in all the NATO member states and partnering countries. 
Contact information 
Slovak Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities Hradska 79, 821 07 Bratislava Slovak Republic Phone: +421 2/456 444 04 Cell: +421 903 44 99 89 URL: www.szvvz.sk 
External links 
The official website of the Slovak Union of Reservists (in Slovak language only) Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers 
In the interest of development of technical sports such as shooting, the Union of Reservists was founded in 1966. 
After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, its successor organization was created in Slovakia in 1993 – the Union of Reservists of the Slovak republic – a voluntary civic non-political association. 
Later on its name was extended to its current version – The Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities of the Slovak republic. 
The first president of the Slovak Union of Reservists was Mr. Miroslav Jánoš who had served in this function for 26 years. 
He resigned from his post at the 8th Congress assembly of the SUR on October 26th, 2019. 
Organizational structure 
The organizational structure of the Slovak Union of Reservists is enshrined in its bylaws. 
The regular reissue of the bylaws is carried out during sessions of the Congress assembly, which is the highest governing body of the Union. 
Tibor Pápay (* September 18, 1963— † March 25, 1999) was a Slovak entrepreneur and a leader of the Pápayovci criminal group which was named after him. 
He was considered the most brutal gangster in Slovakia. [Citation needed] He was from Dunajská Streda. 
Tibor Pápay was murdered along with nine members of his group on March 25, 1999 in the Fontána restaurant located in Dunajská Streda. Around 7 pm, three shooters dressed as police officers belonging to special forces entered the restaurant. 
One of these shooters was Arpád Szamaránsky, who shouted that it was a police operation and ordered everyone to lie down. 
Two of the masked shooters rushed upstairs, at which time there were ten members of the Pápay group, including their boss Tibor Pápay, and fired automatic weapons at the people on the ground. 
In just over a minute, 113 shots were fired at gang members. 
Each shot hit its target. 
Nine members of the group, including Tibor Pápaya, were dead, the tenth member died after being transferred to the hospital. 
The murder of Tibor Pápay and his group is described as the most brutal murder in the modern history of Slovak and European forensic science. 
Arpad Szamaránsky, brothers Csaba and Szilárd Raisz, Ľudovít Sátor and Andrej Reisz were accused of murdering Tibor Pápay and his group. 
Arpád Szamaránsky was released of custody and died in 2005 in a car accident. 
Csaba and Szilárd Raisz disappeared in 2008 without a trace. 
They were murdered and their bodies were found in an illegal grave in 2011. Andrej Reisz was murdered in November 2006. Ludovit Sátor was reportedly murdered in 2010. 
The bodies of both were never found and both are still considered missing. Up until today, no one has been lawfully sentenced for the murder of Pápay and his group. 
In 1990 he was released from prison thanks to the so-called. Havel's amnesty. 
He immediately joined the emerging criminal group which at that time Milan Sípos and Tomáš Vida began to form in Dunajská Streda. 
The group initially dealt with mostly crimes of economic nature - invoicing, fraud and smuggling. 
Later they took up blackmail, arson and murders. 
In the beginning, Pápay had only lowest rank in the group hierarchy and was doing the dirtiest work but his brutality in his work strengthened his position in the group. 
Around 1993 the group began to experience disagreements and dividing. 
After Vida was taken into custody, Pápay began to form his own group from the original criminal group led by Sípos. 
After disagreements between the factions of the original group and several murders among its members, a part of the group led by Milan Sípos retired to Hungary, which Pápay used to consolidate his position as a group leader. 
The organized group dealt with various violent and economic crimes such as arson, extortion, murder, theft, carousel fraud / VAT returns, insurance fraud, smuggling of goods and narcotics, etc. 
Pápay and his group were suspected of several murders of the so-called laymen and murders of members of competing groups. 
Among others, the involvement in the murder of Milan Sípos and Emil Potásch in Banská Bystrica, which were murdered in Mikuláš Černák's firm, the involvement in the murder of Robert Remiáš, Rudolf Hodosi from Dunajská Streda and others. 
Other important members of the organized group included: Norbert Varga, Erik Cseh, Zoltan Cseh, Robert Sarkozi, Pavol Abrham, Peter Rosa, Stefan Csok, Tibor Kardos, Zoltan Godany, Vojtech Ecsi, Norbert Kocsis, Rudolf Hodosi, Michal Csemy, Robert Musil and others. 
In 1995, Pápay and his group began working with Miroslav Sýkora and Mikuláš Černák and their groups. 
Pápay also had direct contact with SIS Deputy Jaroslav Svěchota. 
Pápay also took part in a splendid vacation with Černák in the Canary Islands and also on his birthday celebration in Banská Bystrica in 1997. 
Death 
Róbert Lališ, nicknamed Kýbel (Bucket) born on April 24, 1964 in Bratislava is a Slovak businessman considered to be the head of the Sýkora group. He reportedly became the head after the death of the previous gang boss Miroslav Sýkora. His nickname is based on his short height. 
The arrest of Lališ is related to the arrest of the boss of the Senec branch of the Sýkora family - Martin Bihári nicknamed Rus (Russian). 
He was arrested on 9 October 2015 in the Moravian village of Suchohrdly u Miroslavi (Znojmo district). 
Indicement 
In January 2015, the trial with the Sýkora group began at the Specialized Criminal Court. The prosecutor filed charges for the establishment of a criminal group, the murder of Miloš Piliar in spring 1998, the murder of Eduard Dinič in May 1998, the murder of Alojz Házy of June 1998, the death of Robert Dinič (who was Lališ's security guard) in October 1998 - the murder of Daler Hlavačka in May 1999, the murder of Roman Deák in October 1999, the beating of a taxi driver and a leasing fraud. 
Verdict and appeal 
The verdict of the Specialized Criminal Court was reached on 30 March 2016 and Lališ's defense counsel immediately filed an appeal against it. 
Appeals were also filed by other defendants and by the prosecutor. 
Appeals were filed to the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic on 10 June 2016. 
From the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic, the file was returned to the Specialized Criminal Court as prematurely submitted on 17 June 2016 because they forgot to deliver the verdict to one of the victims. 
After completion, the file was again submitted to the Supreme Court on 19 July 2016. 
The Senate of the Supreme Court 6 February 2017 set aside the verdict and sent the case back to the Specialized Criminal Court. 
On 20 April 2017, the Specialized Criminal Court sentenced Lališ to life imprisonment. 
The Senate of the Supreme Court, composed of President Štefan Harabin and judges Martin Piovartsy and Pavol Farkaš, decided on appeals on 7 July 2017 at a closed session. 
It again set aside the judgment of the Specialized Criminal Court. 
The case was taken from the Specialized Criminal Court. 
The case will be dealt with by the Regional Court in Banská Bystrica. 
The reason for annulment and withdrawal is again the bias of judges from the Specialized Criminal Court. 
On 13 June 2018, Lališ was lawfully sentenced to life imprisonment by a three-member Chamber of the Supreme Court. 
The Sýkora group 
The Sýkora group has been active since the 1990s in Bratislava, Záhorie and around Senec. 
According to the prosecutor's office, they murdered competitors, their own members and they also used to get hired to murder people. 
In addition, they also participated in blackmail, drug trafficking, collected protection money and took part in and other crimes. 
Arrest 
Róbert Lališ has been hiding since the beginning of 2012. 
The first arrest warrant against him was issued on 24 July 2012. He was arrested on 23 October 2015 in Cologne, Germany, at 12.15 pm when he was entering a Renault Clio with a Czech license plate. 
He was carrying false documents. 
He was tracked down by the police officers of the National Criminal Agency in cooperation with the police of the target search, the National Headquarters of INTERPOL Bratislava, the police of the target search of the Regional Criminal Office of North Rhine-Westphalia in Düsseldorf and also the Czech police. 
While on the run, Lališ used intelligence methods while meeting people and also for his hiding logistics. 
He had several places where he used to stay. He spent time in the Czech Republic, Austria, and Germany. 
He often changed is places of residence. 
Extradition 
The Second Criminal Chamber of the Higher Regional Court in Cologne decided on 9 December 2015 that extradition of Lališ was admissible and, on 22 December 2015, Lališ was transferred to Slovakia under strict security measures; a judge of the Specialized Criminal Court took him into custody because of the concern that Lališ would avoid prosecution, influence witnesses and continue criminal activity. 
Brother Fire is Italian an animated series from 2003 about Saint Francis of Assisi. 
This amusing story is described through the eyes of a medieval narrator. The series is intended for all viewers, but with special emphasis on young people. 
The animated film presents the life of St. Francis but also depicts the life of his monks and other saints (such as St. Clare). 
Petrik was born on 10 November 1982 in Liptovský Mikuláš, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.She studied political science at Comenius University in Bratislava. Prior to her political career, Petrik worked in the field of language education, running an English language educational agency.[1] Petrik was also involved in feminist causes in Slovakia, working with the organization Real Women[2] and founding the Women's Platform of Slovakia.[3] 
Simona Petrík (born 10. november 1982) is a Slovakian politician who served as a member of the National Council of Slovakia from 2016-2020.[1] 
Together with her independent parliamentary colleagues Miroslavom Beblavým, Jozefom Mihálom, Katarínou Macháčkovou, Vierou Dubačovou and Otom Žarnayom, Petrik founded the party SPOLU - Civic Democracy in April 2017.[1] Iniciátori a zakladatelia strany zároveň zverejnili svoju výzvu Vráťme Slovensko ľuďom.[2] 
In July 2017, TASR reported that Petrik was one of the "most curious" members of parliament, having asked 57 questions of the government.[1] 
At the party's founding convention in Poprade on April 14, 2018, Petrík was elected one of the party's presidents.[1] 
In February 2019, in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election in Slovakia, Miroslav Beblavý of SPOLU and Ivan Štefunko of Progressive Slovakia announced that the parties would run together in the European elections. 
Petrík placed third on the SPOLU list with 22,499 votes, and was not elected.hlasov, s ktorými sa do Európskeho parlamentu nedostala.[1] 
In the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, SPOLU ran in a coalition with Progressive Slovakia. Petrik had the 9th position on the candidate list.[1] She received 14,713 votes, placing 8th among coalition candidates. 
However, the coalition failed to reach the 7% threshold to receive seats in parliament.[2] 
References 
Political career 
Petrik entered politics in 2015 as a member of #NETWORK, where she provided support to the party around women's issues. 
Petrik was elected as a member of #Network in the 2016 Slovak parliamentary election, but after the Centre-right #Network entered a coalition with Smer-SD Petrik left the party and sat as an independent.[1][2] In the National Council, she served in the Public Administration and Regional Development committee.[3] 
In April 2016, Petrik was prohibited to enter parliamentary chambers by Deputy Speaker Bélu Bugár, due to the fact that she had her six-month old daughter with her.[1] 
During her time in the National Council, Petrik worked heavily on women's issues. Petrik filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court of Slovakia about discrimination around a law regulating private crèches (nursery schools).[1] Additionally, Petrik pointed out the unconstitutionality of extra fees charged by the hospital for childbirth, including choosing your own obstetrician, Epidurals, and the presence of the father in the delivery room. 
When news of the story came to light, the Ministry of Health pledged to remove those fees.[2] She tabled a bill in parliament calling for ten days of paternity leave for expectant fathers.[3] Petrik also fought for equal pay, support for survivors of domestic violence, construction of new kindergartens, and additional prenatal and postnatal support for mothers. 
Erik Ondrejička (* May 1, 1964, Bratislava) is a Slovak poet, epigrammatist and surveyor. […] 
Awards 
International events 
Biography 
Sources 
External links 
Erik Ondrejička was born on May 1, 1964 in the Old Town of Bratislava, where he still lives and works. 
He is a graduate of Bratislava’s Technical University, Department of Geodesy and Cartography. 
Since 1986 he has been working in the field of real estate cadastre and creation of technical regulations, in 2012 - 2016 he was the head cadastral department of ÚGKK SR. He is married and has two children. 
V rokoch 2016 až 2020 pôsobil ako člen expertnej komisie Fondu na podporu umenia. 
Radovan Sloboda (He was born on the 27th. of May in 1966 in Banská Bystrica.) is a Slovak politician, an entrepreneur and a sports manager. He has been a Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic[1] since 2020. He represents a political party, Freedom and Solidarity[…]. 
Biography 
Radovan Sloboda was born in Teplice. 
He studied Economics of Transportation at the University of Economics in Prague. 
After having graduated from the university, he stayed and worked in Prague. 
Then he came back to the Slovak Republic and he started a business. 
He has been engaged in sports issues since 1999, he represents sports movement in National Council of The Slovak Republic. 
He also works as a member of Council of Slovak Tennis Association and he is also the chairman of Tennis Club of TC Baseline Banská Bystrica. 
A Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic 
Radovan Sloboda was elected for a MP of National Council of The Slovak Republic in the general elections in 2020 for the party Freedom and Solidarity. In the general elections he gained 1863 preferential votes which quarantined him 19th place in Freedom and Solidarity. 
In National Council of The Slovak Republic he works as the vice-chairman of the Education, Science, Youth, Sport Committee. He is also a member of the Supervisory Committee of Slovak Information Service. 
Recognition 
Radovan Sloboda has received several awards in recognition of long-term work for Slovak sport. 
As the not playing captain he has gained three Slovak league medals. He received twice the Award of the Town ”Sports Team of the Town Banská Bystrica“ in recognition of a great development of sport. He has also got a memorial medal of Slovak Tennis Association for long-term work. 
Reference 
Biography 
Radovan Sloboda was born in Teplice. 
He studied Economics of Transportation at the University of Economics in Prague. 
After having graduated from the university, he stayed and worked in Prague. 
Then he came back to the Slovak Republic and he started a business. 
He has been engaged in sports issues since 1999, he represents sports movement in National Council of The Slovak Republic. 
He also works as a member of Council of Slovak Tennis Association and he is also the chairman of Tennis Club of TC Baseline Banská Bystrica. 
Radovan Sloboda was elected for a MP of National Council of The Slovak Republic in the general elections in 2020 for the party Freedom and Solidarity. In the general elections he gained 1863 preferential votes which quarantined him 19th place in Freedom and Solidarity. 
In National Council of The Slovak Republic he works as the vice-chairman of the Education, Science, Youth, Sport Committee. He is also a member of the Supervisory Committee of Slovak Information Service. 
Radovan Sloboda has received several awards in recognition of long-term work for Slovak sport. 
As the not playing captain he has gained three Slovak league medals. He received twice the Award of the Town ”Sports Team of the Town Banská Bystrica“ in recognition of a great development of sport. He has also got a memorial medal of Slovak Tennis Association for long-term work. 
Reference 
He has been a Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic[1] since 2020. He represents a political party, Freedom and Solidarity[…]. He is also a member of Council of Slovak Tennis Association and the chairman of Tennis Club of Baseline Banská Bystrica. 
A Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic 
Recognitions 
Adoniram Judson, Jr. 
(August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850) was an American Congregationalist and later Baptist missionary, who served in Burma for almost forty years. 
At the age of 25, Adoniram Judson became the first Protestant missionary sent from North America to preach in Burma. His mission and work with Luther Rice led to the formation of the first Baptist association in America to support missionaries. 
At times mistakenly referred to as the first missionary to Burma, he was in fact preceded by James Chater and Richard Mardon (who both arrived in 1807) as well as by Felix Carey. 
However, since those predecessors did not remain long, and Judson also translated the Bible into Burmese, as well as established a number of Baptist churches in Burma, Judson is remembered as the first significant missionary in Burma, as well as one of the very first missionaries from America to travel overseas. 
Early life 
Judson was born on August 9, 1788 in Malden, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 
He was born to Adoniram Judson, Sr., a Congregational minister, and Abigail (née Brown). Judson entered the College of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations (now Brown University) when he was sixteen, and graduated as valedictorian of his class at the age of nineteen. 
While studying at college, he met a young man named Jacob Eames, a devout deist and skeptic. 
Judson and Eames developed a strong friendship, leading to Judson's abandonment of his childhood faith and parents' religious instruction. 
During this time, Judson embraced the writings of the French philosophes. 
After graduating from college, Judson opened a school and wrote an English grammar and mathematics textbook for girls. 
Judson's deist views were shaken when his friend Eames fell violently ill and died. 
Both had been sleeping in separate rooms at an inn, and Judson heard the death throes of the person next door, only to learn from the clerk the next morning that his anonymous neighbor had been Mr. Eames, who had indeed died. 
The shock of learning the dying neighbor's identity – and that Eames had led Judson away from the Christian faith into skepticism, but was now dead – returned Judson back to the faith of his youth, although he was already attending the Andover Theological Seminary. 
In 1808, Judson "made a solemn dedication of himself to God".[1] During his final year at the school, Judson decided upon a missionary career. 
In 1810, Judson joined a group of mission-minded students at Andover who called themselves "the Brethren". 
The students at Andover inspired the establishment of America's first organized missionary society.[citation needed] Eager to serve abroad, Judson became convinced that "Asia with its idolatrous myriads, was the most important field in the world for missionary effort". 
He, and three other students from the seminary, appeared before the Congregationalists' General Association to appeal for support. In 1810, impressed by the four men's politeness and sincerity, the elders voted to form the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 
Commissioning and marriage 
Sailing from Salem on the "Caravan" 
On September 19, Judson was appointed by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a missionary to the East. 
Judson was also commissioned by the Congregational Church, and soon married Ann Hasseltine on February 5, 1812. 
He was ordained the next day at the Tabernacle Church in Salem. 
On February 19, he set sail aboard the brig Caravan with Luther Rice; Samuel and Harriett Newell; and his wife, Ann (known as "Nancy") Judson. 
Ministry background 
Voyage to India 
The Judsons arrived in Calcutta on June 17, 1812. 
While aboard ship en route to India, he did a focused study on the theology of baptism. 
He came to the position that believer's baptism was theologically valid and should be done as a matter of obedience to the command of Jesus (Matthew 28:19–20). 
On September 6, 1812, he switched to the Baptist denomination along with his wife and they were baptized by immersion in Calcutta by an English missionary associate of William Carey named William Ward. 
Both the local and British authorities did not want Americans evangelizing Hindus in the area, so the group of missionaries separated and sought other mission fields. 
They were ordered out of India by the British East India Company, to whom American missionaries were even less welcome than British (they were baptized in September, and already in June, the United States had declared war on England). 
The following year, on July 13, 1813, he moved to Burma, and en route his wife miscarried their first child aboard ship. 
Missionaries in Burma 
It was another difficult year before the Judsons finally reached their intended destination, Burma. 
Buddhist Burma, Judson was told by the Serampore Baptists, was impermeable to Christian evangelism. Judson, who already knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, immediately began studying the Burmese grammar but took over three years learning to speak it. 
This was due, in part, to the radical difference in structure between Burmese and that of Western languages. He found a tutor and spent twelve hours per day studying the language. 
He and his wife firmly dedicated themselves to understanding it. 
During this time they were almost entirely isolated from contact with any European or American. 
This was the case for their first three years in Burma. Four years passed before Judson dared even to hold a semi-public service. 
At first, he tried adapting to Burmese customs by wearing a yellow robe to mark himself as a teacher of religion, but he soon changed to white to show he was not a Buddhist. Then, he gave up the whole attempt as artificial and decided that, regardless of his dress, no Burmese would identify him as anything but a foreigner. 
He accommodated to some Burmese customs and built a zayat, the customary bamboo and thatch reception shelter, on the street near his home as a reception room and meeting place for Burmese men. 
Fifteen men came to his first public meeting in April 1819. He was encouraged but suspected they had come more out of curiosity than anything else. 
Their attention wandered, and they soon seemed uninterested. 
Two months later, he baptized his first Burmese convert, Maung Naw, a 35-year-old timber worker from the hill tribes. 
First attempts by the Judsons to interest the natives of Rangoon with the Gospel of Jesus met with almost total indifference. Buddhist traditions and the Burmese world view at that time led many to disregard the pleadings of Adoniram and his wife to believe in one living and all-powerful God. 
To add to their discouragement, their second child, Roger William Judson, died at almost eight months of age. 
Judson completed translation of the Grammatical Notices of the Burman Language the following July and the Gospel of Matthew, in 1817. 
Judson began public evangelism in 1818 sitting in a zayat by the roadside calling out "Ho! 
Everyone that thirsteth for knowledge!"[citation needed] The first believer was baptized in 1819, and there were 18 believers by 1822.[citation needed] 
In 1820, Judson and a fellow missionary named Colman attempted to petition the Emperor of Burma, King Bagyidaw, in the hope that he would grant freedom for the missionaries to preach and teach throughout the country, as well as remove the sentence of death that was given for those Burmese who changed religion. 
Bagyidaw disregarded their appeal and threw one of their Gospel tracts to the ground after reading a few lines. The missionaries returned to Rangoon and met with the fledgling church there to consider what to do next. 
The progress of Christianity would continue to be slow with much risk of endangerment and death in the Burmese Empire. 
It took Judson 12 years to make 18 converts. Nevertheless, there was much to encourage him. 
He had written a grammar of the language that is still in use today and had begun to translate the Bible. 
His wife, Ann, was even more fluent in the spoken language of the people than her more academically literate husband. 
She befriended the wife of the viceroy of Rangoon, as quickly as she did illiterate workers and women. 
A printing press had been sent from Serampore, and a missionary printer, George H. Hough, who arrived from America with his wife in 1817, produced the first printed materials in Burmese ever printed in Burma, which included 800 copies of Judson's translation of the Gospel of Matthew. 
The chronicler of the church, Maung Shwe Wa, concludes this part of the story, "So was born the church in Rangoon–logger and fisherman, the poor and the rich, men and women. 
One traveled the whole path to Christ in three days; another took two years. But once they had decided for Christ they were his for all time."[citation needed] 
The Bible in Burmese translated by Judson 
The essence of Judson's preaching was a combination of conviction of the truth with the rationality of the Christian faith, a firm belief in the authority of the Bible, and a determination to make Christianity relevant to the Burmese mind without violating the integrity of Christian truth, or as he put it, "to preach the gospel, not anti-Buddhism." 
By 1823, ten years after his arrival, membership of the little church had grown to 18, and Judson had finally finished the first draft of his translation of the entire text of the New Testament in Burmese. 
Valerie June Carter Cash (June 23, 1929 – May 15, 2003)[1] was an American singer, dancer, songwriter, actress, comedian, and author who was a member of the Carter Family and the second wife of singer Johnny Cash. 
Prior to her marriage to Cash, she was professionally known as June Carter and occasionally would still be credited as such after her marriage (as well as on songwriting credits predating it). 
She played the guitar, banjo, harmonica, and autoharp, and acted in several films and television shows. 
Carter Cash won five Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame in 2009.[2] She was ranked No. 31 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music in 2002. 
Biography 
Early life 
June Carter Cash was born Valerie June Carter in Maces Spring, Virginia, to Maybelle Carter and Ezra Carter. 
She was born into country music and performed with the Carter Family from the age of ten, beginning in 1939. 
In March 1943, when the Carter Family trio stopped recording together at the end of the WBT contract, Maybelle Carter, with encouragement from her husband Ezra, formed "Mother Maybelle & the Carter Sisters" with her daughters, Helen, Anita, and June. 
The new group first aired on radio station WRNL in Richmond, Virginia, on June 1. 
Doc (Addington) and Carl (McConnell)—Maybelle's brother and cousin, respectively—known as "The Virginia Boys," joined them in late 1945. 
June, then 16, was a co-announcer with Ken Allyn and did the commercials on the radio shows for "Red Star Flour", "Martha White", and "Thalhimers Department Store", just to name a few.[3] For the next year, the Carters and Doc and Carl did show dates within driving range of Richmond, through Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. 
June later said she had to work harder at her music than her sisters, but she had her own special talent—comedy.[4] A highlight of the road shows was her "Aunt Polly" comedy routine. 
Carl McConnell wrote in his memoirs that June was "a natural born clown, if there ever was one." 
(Decades later, Carter revived Aunt Polly for the 1976 TV series Johnny Cash & Friends.) 
She attended John Marshall High School during this period.[5] 
After Doc and Carl dropped out of the music business in late 1946, Maybelle and her daughters moved to Sunshine Sue Workman's "Old Dominion Barn Dance" on the WRVA Richmond station. 
After a while there, they moved to WNOX in Knoxville, TN, where they met Chet Atkins with Homer and Jethro. 
In 1949, Mother Maybelle & The Carter Sisters, with their lead guitarist, Atkins, were living in Springfield, Missouri, and performing regularly at KWTO. 
Ezra "Eck" Carter, Maybelle's husband and manager of the group, declined numerous offers from the Grand Ole Opry to move the act to Nashville, Tennessee, because the Opry would not permit Atkins to accompany the group onstage. 
Atkins' reputation as a guitar player had begun to spread, and studio musicians were fearful that he would displace them as a 'first-call' player if he came to Nashville. 
Finally, in 1950, Opry management relented and the group, along with Atkins, became part of the Opry company. 
Here the family befriended Hank Williams and Elvis Presley (to whom they were distantly related), and June met Johnny Cash. 
June and her sisters, with mother Maybelle and aunt Sara joining in from time to time, reclaimed the name The Carter Family for their act during the 1960s and 1970s. 
Career highlights 
While June Carter Cash may be best known for singing and songwriting, she was also an author, dancer, actress, comedian, philanthropist, and humanitarian.[6] Director Elia Kazan saw her perform at the Grand Ole Opry in 1955 and encouraged her to study acting. 
She studied with Lee Strasberg and Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York. Her acting roles included Mrs. "Momma" Dewey in Robert Duvall's 1998 movie The Apostle, Sister Ruth, wife to Johnny Cash's character Kid Cole, on Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (1993–97), and Clarise on Gunsmoke in 1957. 
June was also "Momma James" in The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James. 
As a singer, she had both a solo career and a career singing with first her family and later her husband. 
As a solo artist, she became somewhat successful with upbeat country tunes of the 1950s like "Jukebox Blues" and, with her exaggerated breaths, the comedic hit "No Swallerin' Place" by Frank Loesser. June also recorded "The Heel" in the 1960s along with many other songs. 
Carter's association with Johnny Cash pre-dated her marriage to him by many years. 
In 1963, she co-wrote "Ring of Fire", allegedly inspired by her feelings towards the singer, though Cash was not the first to record it (Anita Carter was).[7] This collaboration is disputed by Johnny's first wife Vivian in her 2007 book "I walked the Line", where she states on page 294 that Johnny wrote the song and included June as a co-writer since she needed money at the time. 
She further states that the song title refers to a female body part.[8] According to Curly Lewis, as quoted in the same book, the song was written by Johnny Cash and Merle Kilgore, and listed Kilgore and June as co-writers with the intention of preventing "Vivian to get it in a divorce" - June and Cash were having an affair at the time.[8] 
Her first notable studio performance with Johnny Cash occurred in 1964 when she duetted with Cash on "It Ain't Me Babe", a Bob Dylan composition, that was released as a single and on Cash's album Orange Blossom Special. 
In 1967, the two found more substantial success with their recording of "Jackson", which was followed by a collaboration album, Carryin' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter. All these releases predated her marriage to Cash (upon which event she changed her professional name to June Carter Cash). She continued to work with Cash on record and on stage for the rest of her life, recording a number of duets with Cash for his various albums and being a regular on The Johnny Cash Show from 1969-1971 and on Cash's annual Christmas specials. 
After Carryin' On, June Carter Cash recorded one more direct collaboration album, Johnny Cash and His Woman, released in 1973, and along with her daughters was a featured vocalist on Cash's 1974 album The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me. 
She also shared sleeve credit with her husband on a 2000 small-label gospel release, Return to the Promised Land 
Although she provided vocals on many recordings, and shared the billing with Cash on several album releases, June Carter Cash only recorded three solo albums during her lifetime: the first, Appalachian Pride, was released in 1975 and she only recorded two further solo albums: Press On (1999) and Wildwood Flower, the latter released posthumously in 2003 and produced by her son, John Carter Cash. 
Appalachian Pride is the only one of the three on which Johnny Cash does not perform, while Press On is notable for featuring June Carter Cash singing her original arrangement of "Ring of Fire". 
Personal life 
Carter was married three times and had one child with each husband. 
All three of her children would go on to have successful careers in country music. 
She was married first to honky-tonk singer Carl Smith from July 9, 1952, until their divorce in 1956. 
Together they wrote "Time's A-Wastin'". 
They had a daughter, Rebecca Carlene Smith, aka Carlene Carter, a country musician.[10] 
June's second marriage was to Edwin "Rip" Nix, a former football player, police officer, and race car driver, on November 11, 1957. They had a daughter, Rosanna Lea aka Rosie, on July 13, 1958. The couple divorced in 1966. 
Rosie Nix Adams was a country/rock singer. On October 24, 2003, Rosie, aged 45, died from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning. She, and fellow musician, D.Campbell, were on a school bus, which had been converted for travel. 
Several propane heaters were being used to heat the bus. The autopsy report stated that she had a toxic level of 79% of carbon monoxide in her blood.[10] 
Carter and the entire Carter Family had performed with Johnny Cash for a number of years. In 1968, Cash proposed to Carter during a live performance at the London Ice House in London, Ontario, Canada. 
They married on March 1 in Franklin, Kentucky,[9] and remained married until her death in May 2003, just four months before Cash died. 
The couple's son, John Carter Cash, is a musician, songwriter, and producer. 
In 1970, Carter's distant cousin, future U.S. President Jimmy Carter, became closely acquainted with Cash and Carter and maintained their friendship throughout their lifetime. 
In a June 1977 speech, Jimmy Carter acknowledged that June Carter was his distant cousin, with whom they shared a common patrilineal ancestor.[11] 
Carter was a longtime supporter of SOS Children's Villages. In 1974 the Cashes donated money to help build a village near their home in Barrett Town, Jamaica, which they visited frequently, playing the guitar and singing songs to the children in the village.[12] 
Death 
June died in Nashville, Tennessee, on May 15, 2003, at 73 years old, of complications following heart-valve replacement surgery, in the company of her family and her husband of 35 years, Johnny Cash.[9][13] At Carter's funeral, her stepdaughter, Rosanne Cash, stated that "if being a wife were a corporation, June would have been a CEO. 
It was her most treasured role."[14] Johnny died four months after June's death, and her daughter, Rosie Nix Adams, a month after that. Johnny and June (along with Rosie) are buried in Hendersonville Memory Gardens near their home in Hendersonville, Tennessee. 
References 
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 
Local Bubble 
Solar Nebula 
See also 
Oort cloud 
West Side Highway 
Montclair, New Jersey 
"Where is Planet Nine?". findplanetnine.com. 
Cleveland 
10.1038/529266a 
PMID 
Planet Nine An artist's impression of the planet Orbital characteristics Aphelion 7014179517444840000♠1200 AU (est.)[1] Perihelion 7013299195741400000♠200 AU (est.)[2] Semi-major axis 7014104718509490000♠700 AU (est.)[3] Eccentricity 6999600000000000000♠0.6 (est.)[2] Orbital period 10,000 to 20,000 Earth years[2] Inclination 6999523598775598300♠30° to ecliptic (est.)[2] Argument of perihelion 150 Physical characteristics Mean radius 7007130000000000000♠13,000 km to 7007260000000000000♠26,000 km (8,100 to 16,000 mi) (est.)[2] 2–4 Earths Mass 7025600000000000000♠6×1025 kg (est.)[2] ≥10 Earths (est.) Apparent magnitude >22 (est.)[1] 
Planet Nine is a hypothetical large planet in the far outer Solar System, first proposed in 2014, which would explain the unusual orbital configuration of a group of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs)[3][4][5] whose orbits lie mostly beyond the Kuiper belt.[6] 
Planet Nine 
Planet Nine is a hypothetical large planet in the far outer Solar System, first proposed in 2014, which would explain the unusual orbital configuration of a group of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs)[3][4][5] whose orbits lie mostly beyond the Kuiper belt.[6] 
On 20 January 2016, researchers Konstantin Batygin and Michael E. Brown at Caltech announced indirect but substantive calculation based evidence that points to the existence of a massive ninth planet in the Solar System. 
The planet as estimated would have a mass of about 10 Earths (5000 Plutos), be as large as Neptune, if not more, a diameter 2 to 4 times that of Earth, a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium and so far away that it could take it 15,000 years to orbit the Sun, in a highly elliptical orbit.[7][8] 
On 20 January 2016, researchers Konstantin Batygin and Michael E. Brown at Caltech announced indirect but substantive calculation based evidence that points to the existence of a massive ninth planet in our Solar System. 
The planet as estimated would have a mass of about 10 Earths (5000 Plutos), is as large as Neptune, if not more, a diameter 2 to 4 times that of the earth, a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium and so far away that it could take 15000 years to loop around the Sun, in an highly elliptical orbit. [7] [8] 
In their discussion, the authors considered models of planet formation that might include planetary migration from the inner Solar System, such as the fifth giant planet hypothesis. 
Characteristics 
Orbit 
Planet Nine is hypothesized to follow a highly elliptical orbit around the Sun, with an orbital period of 10,000–20,000 years. 
The planet's orbit would have a semi-major axis of roughly 700 astronomical units (AU), or about 20 times the distance of Neptune from the Sun, though it might come as close as 200 AU (30 billion km), and its inclination estimated as 30 (± 20) degrees.[1][2][9][upper-alpha 1] The high eccentricity of Planet Nine's orbit could take it as far away as 1200 AU at its aphelion.[10][11] The aphelion, or farthest point of the estimated orbit, would be in the general vicinity of the constellations of Orion and Taurus, while the perihelion, or nearest point in the orbit to the sun, would be in the vicinity of the southerly areas of Serpens (Caput), Ophiuchus, and Libra.[12][13] 
Orbit 
Planet Nine is hypothesized to follow a highly elliptical orbit around the Sun, with an orbital period of 10,000–20,000 years. 
The planet's orbit would have a semi-major axis of roughly 700 astronomical units (AU), or about 20 times the distance of Neptune from the Sun, though it might come as close as 200 AU (30 billion km), and its inclination estimated as 30 (± 20) degrees.[1][2][9][upper-alpha 1] The high eccentricity of Planet Nine's orbit could take it as far away as 1200 AU at its aphelion.[10][11] The aphelion, or farthest point of the estimated orbit, would be in the general vicinity of the constellations of Orion and Taurus, while the perihelion, or nearest point in the orbit to the sun, would be in the vicinity of the southerly areas of Serpens(Caput), Ophiuchus, and Libra.[12][13] 
Size 
Planet Nine is estimated to be similar in size and composition to the blue ice giants Uranus and Neptune, pictured here to scale with the gas giants and terrestrial planets.[1][7] 
Size 
Planet Nine is estimated to be similar in size and composition to the blue ice giants Uranus and Neptune, pictured here to scale with the gas giants and terrestrial planets.[1][7] 
The planet is estimated to have 10 times the mass[9][6] and two to four times the diameter of Earth.[7][14] An infrared survey by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) in 2009 does not exclude such an object as their results allow for a Neptune-sized object beyond 700 AU.[15] A similar study in 2014 focused on possible higher-mass bodies in the outer Solar System and ruled out Jupiter-class objects out to 26,000 AU.[16] Brown estimates that at its proposed size, the object is not likely to be a dwarf planet, but instead an actual planet.[17] 
Composition 
Brown speculates that the planet is most likely an ejected ice giant, similar in composition to Uranus and Neptune: a mixture of rock and ice with a small envelope of gas.[1][7] 
Names 
Brown and Batygin have used the names "Jehoshaphat" and "George" for Planet Nine. Brown has stated: "We actually call it Fatty when we're just talking to each other."[5] In August 2014 Lorenzo Iorio proposed the name "Thelisto" in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society to explain the unusual orbits of the sednoids and detached objects.[18][19] 
Names 
Brown and Batygin have used the names "Jehoshaphat" and "George" for Planet Nine. 
Brown has stated: "We actually call it Fatty when we're just talking to each other."[5] In August 2014 Lorenzo Iorio proposed the name "Thelisto" in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society to explain the unusual orbits of the sednoids and detached objects.[18][19] However, the homonym Telesto was assigned to a small moon of Saturn in 1983.[20] 
Indirect detection 
Case for a new planet 
Orbital correlations among six distant trans-Neptunian objects led to the hypothesis. 
Orbital correlations among six distant trans-Neptunian objects led to the hypothesis. 
The existence of Planet Nine would explain a peculiar cluster of six extreme trans-Neptunian objects in a stable configuration of orbits mostly outside the Kuiper belt (namely Sedna, 2012 VP113, 2007 TG422, 2004 VN112, 2013 RF98, 2010 GB174),[6] and the perpendicular tilt (orbit with a right angle, compared to the other objects) of other objects such as 2008 KV42, 2012 DR30.[3][20][21] 
2012 VP113 
A closer look at the data shows that these six objects trace out elliptical orbits that point into approximately the same direction in physical space, and lie in approximately the same plane.[22][23] These, according to simulation, would only occur with 0.007% probability by chance alone.[24] The proposed planet would have an orbit oriented approximately opposite to those of the six TNOs (would have an longitude of perihelion offset by about 180°).[3] All known minor planets with perihelion greater than 30 AU and a semi-major axis greater than 250 AU currently support the Planet Nine hypothesis.[25] 
Object Orbital period (Earth years) Semimajor axis (AU) Perihelion (AU) Argument of perihelion (ω) Magnitude 2012 VP113 4300 263 80 294° 23.4 2013 RF98 5600 317 36 316° 24.4 2004 VN112 5850 327 47 327° 23.3 2010 GB174 6600 351 48 347° 25.2 2007 TG422 11200 501 36 286° 21.9 90377 Sedna 11400 506 76 311° 21.0 
2012 DR30 
Object Orbital period (Earth years) Semimajor axis (AU) Perihelion (AU) Argument of perihelion (ω) Magnitude 2012 VP113 4300 263 80 294° 23.4 2013 RF98 5600 317 36 316° 24.4 2004 VN112 5850 327 47 327° 23.3 2010 GB174 6600 351 48 347° 25.2 2007 TG422 11200 501 36 286° 21.9 90377 Sedna 11400 506 76 311° 21.0 
Argument of perihelion 
Hypothetical planets of the Solar System 
Hypothetical planets of the Solar System 
Evidence 
The first argument for the existence of Planet Nine was published in 2014, by astronomers Scott Sheppard of the Carnegie Institution of Science and Chad Trujillo of Hawaii's Gemini Observatory, who suggested the unusual orbits of certain objects such as sednoids might be influenced by a massive unknown planet at the edge of the Solar System.[4][26] 
Scott Sheppard 
Chad Trujillo 
Computer simulations by Caltech's Michael E. Brown and Konstantin Batygin, originally developed to refute the 2014 paper, instead provided further evidence that Planet Nine may exist. 
Their theoretical model ties together three elusive aspects of the Kuiper belt (namely, the physical alignment of the distant orbits, the generation of detached objects such as Sedna and the existence of a population tracing out perpendicular orbital trajectories) into a single, unifying picture.[22] 
Brown later described the hypothesized planet as a perturber of extreme KBOs, and speculated that, if current findings prove correct, Planet Nine could have developed into the core of a gas giant had it not been flung into the Solar System's farthest reaches.[7] 
gas giant 
planet by current definitions 
Greg Laughlin 
e 
orbital inclination 
i 
Direct detection 
Radiation 
A distant planet such as this would reflect little light, but - since it is estimated to be a large body - its radiation signature is more likely to be detected by Earth-based infrared telescopes (such as ALMA). 
However this still would need to be confirmed with visual corroboration as the ALMA cannot readily distinguish between a small, nearby body and a large, distant one.[31] 
Visibility 
Telescopes have begun searching for the object, which, due to its extreme distance from the Sun, would reflect little sunlight and potentially evade telescope sightings.[7] It is expected to have an apparent magnitude fainter than 22, making it at least 600 times fainter than Pluto.[1] A preliminary search of the archival data from the Catalina Sky Survey, Pan-STARRS and WISE have not identified Planet Nine. 
The remaining areas to search are near aphelion, which is located close to the plane of the Milky Way.[1] The primary search is being conducted with the Subaru Telescope and is expected to take up to five years.[6] The Subaru telescope, located in the Northern Hemisphere is more likely to find Planet Nine, which is predicted to be visible in the Northern Hemisphere sky.[32] 
Pan-STARRS 
Location 
If the planet exists and is close to its perihelion, astronomers could identify it based on existing images. 
For its aphelion, the largest telescopes are required. However, if the planet is currently located in between, many observatories could spot Planet Nine.[9] Statistically, the planet is more likely to be closer to its aphelion at a distance more than 500 AU.[1] This is because objects move more slowly when near their aphelion, in accordance with Kepler's Second Law. The search in databases of stellar objects performed by Brown and Batygin has already excluded much of the sky the predicted planet could be in, save the direction of its aphelion, or in the difficult to spot backgrounds where the orbit crosses the background Milky Way, which is near the directions of aphelion or to the side of its perihelion in the general direction of Scorpius and Sagittarius.[12] This aphelion direction is where the predicted planet would be faintest and has a complicated field of view to spot it in.[12] 
perihelion 
aphelion 
observatories 
Kepler's Second Law 
heliotail 
Ace is the eighteenth studio album by German band Scooter released on 5 February 2016 through Sheffield Tunes & Kontor Records, preceded by the first single "Riot" on September 4, 2015 and the second single "Oi" which wil be released on 5 February 2016. 
Track listing 
Notes 
H.P. Baxxter (MC aka Ace) Phil Speiser (musical bases, post-production) Michael Simon (co-author) Vassy (track 6) Michael Maidwell (track 9 & 12) Martin Weiland (cover design) 
References 
External Links 
Fort Monostor 
Fort Monostor (Hungarian: Monostori Erőd) (also referred to as Fort Sandberg) is a fort is situated close to the city of Komárom, Hungary. It was built between 1850 and 1871.[1] After World War II the Soviets built the biggest ammunition storage in the Fortress of Monostor. Thousands of wagons of ammunition were forwarded from the strictly guarded objects.[2] One of a series of forts in the area, Monostor is open to the public as a museum.[3] 
Komárom 
Urbain Grandier (1590 in Bouère, Mayenne – 18 August 1634 in Loudun) was a French Catholic priest who was burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft, following the events of the so-called "Loudun Possessions". 
The circumstances of Father Grandier's trial and execution have attracted the attention of writers Alexandre Dumas, père, Aldous Huxley and the playwright John Whiting, composers like Krzysztof Penderecki and Peter Maxwell Davies, as well as historian Jules Michelet and various scholars of European witchcraft. 
Most modern commentators have concluded that Grandier was the victim of a politically motivated persecution led by the powerful Cardinal Richelieu. 
Diabolical pact 
Pact in Backwards Latin 
One of the documents introduced as evidence during Grandier's second trial is a diabolical pact written in Latin and apparently signed by Grandier. 
Another, which looks illegible, is written backwards, in Latin with scribal abbreviation, and has since been published and translated in a number of books on witchcraft. 
This document also carries many strange symbols, and was "signed" by several demons with their seals, as well as by Satan himself.[citation needed] Deciphered and translated to English, it reads: 
We, the influential Lucifer, the young Satan, Beelzebub, Leviathan, Elimi, and Astaroth, together with others, have today accepted the covenant pact of Urbain Grandier, who is ours. 
And him do we promise the love of women, the flower of virgins, the respect of monarchs, honors, lusts and powers. 
He will go whoring three days long; the carousal will be dear to him. 
He offers us once in the year a seal of blood, under the feet he will trample the holy things of the church and he will ask us many questions; with this pact he will live twenty years happy on the earth of men, and will later join us to sin against God. 
Bound in hell, in the council of demons. 
Lucifer Beelzebub Satan Astaroth Leviathan Elimi The seals placed the Devil, the master, and the demons, princes of the lord. 
Baalberith, writer. 
Connor Joel Franta (born September 12, 1992) is an American entrepreneur, writer, and YouTuber.[2][3] As of November 2015, his self-named main channel on YouTube has 5 million subscribers. 
Franta was formerly a member of YouTube group Our Second Life (stylized Our2ndLife and O2L) under the Fullscreen Network,[4] but is now an independent member of the Big Frame network, managed by Andrew Graham.[5] Franta has recently become involved in various entrepreneurial enterprises, including a clothing line, music curation, as well as a coffee and lifestyle brand named Common Culture. 
His debut book, a memoir, A Work in Progress, was released on April 21, 2015. 
In July 2015, details of Heard Well, a record label Franta co-founded, were announced.[6] 
Connor Franta was born in Wisconsin, to Peter and Cheryl Franta, a physician and homemaker, respectively.[1] Shortly after his birth, his family moved to La Crescent, Minnesota. 
He has two brothers named Dustin and Brandon and one sister named Nicola.[7] 
Connor attended St. Peter's Catholic School, Hokah, Minnesota, from elementary school through 8th grade.[8] As a child, he became overweight, leading his mother to sign him up for a YMCA swimming team. 
He ran cross country while attending La Crescent High School, where he graduated in 2011.[1] He studied business at Saint John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota. 
In his second year, he added an arts minor, with an emphasis on films.[1][9] 
On December 8, 2014, Franta publicly came out as gay in a YouTube video, stating he has accepted who he is and is "happy with that person".[10] He also spoke on the help he got from others on the Internet, and wanted to give people struggling with their sexuality similar advice.[10] This six-minute long video, titled "Coming Out", has over 10 million views and over 890 thousand likes, being the second most viewed video on Franta's channel as of January 17, 2016.[11] 
Franta (third from left) with other members of Our2ndLife at VidCon 2014 
Inspired by other YouTube vloggers such as Shane Dawson and Mitchell Davis, Franta uploaded his first video to YouTube in August 2010. 
He has more than 270 million views on his channel and over 4.9 million subscribers, making it the 158th most subscribed channel in the world.[11][12] 
In 2012, he joined a collaboration channel known as Our2ndLife along with 5 other Youtubers (Kian Lawley, Trevor Moran, Justin "JC" Caylen, Ricky Dillon and Sam Pottorff) which helped him gain popularity. 
He announced his departure from the group in July 2014 due to personal issues.[13] 
In 2014, Franta was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the "Web Star: Male" category, but lost to Tyler Oakley.[14] He has made cameo appearances in the 2014 and 2015 YouTube Rewind videos, a tribute by YouTube to the year's most popular videos on the website.[15][16] 
In 2015, Franta was again nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the "Entertainer of the Year" category and in the "Choice YouTuber" category, but lost to Cameron Dallas and Bethany Mota respectively.[17] He also was nominated for a Streamy Award in the "Audience Choice Entertainer of the Year" category.[18] In October 2015, Franta appeared as a featured celebrity at StreamCon which took place in New York City.[19] 
In January 2016, Franta won the "Favorite YouTube Star" award at the 42nd People's Choice Awards.[20] 
Other Projects 
In February 2015, Franta released his own line of coffee, called Common Culture Coffee.[29][30] The coffee was produced in collaboration with LA Coffee Club and $1 from each bag of coffee sold was donated to The Thirst Project.[31] In June 2015, Franta released a small limited edition line of clothing, made in collaboration with Junk Food Clothing.[32] 
In January of 2016, Franta launched his new website for Common Culture.[33] 
Writing 
Franta spent over a year writing his memoir, A Work in Progress, which talks about moments from his life since birth and personal stories. 
It was released on April 21, 2015.[34] Accompanying the release of the book, Franta had a book tour in the United States with appearances in Minnesota, Houston, Orlando, New York, New Jersey, and Los Angeles,[34] London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds in the United Kingdom,[35] and Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth in Australia.[36] The book spent 16 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list and sold over 200,000 copies.[37] 
List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications Song Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album AUS [25] AUT [26] CAN [41] DEN [28] GER [29] IRE [30] NLD [31] NZ [32] UK [33] US [42] "Happy Little Pill" 2014 10 47 50 11 87 11 85 2 86 92 ARIA: Gold[15] TRXYE "Wild" 2015 16 — 72 — — 62 — 29 62 —[upper-alpha 2] ARIA: Platinum[44] Wild "Talk Me Down" 36 — — — — — — —[upper-alpha 3] 118 — Blue Neighbourhood "Youth" 17 — 69 — — 81 79 23 — 67 ARIA: Gold[46] RMNZ: Gold[47] "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. 
Song Year Peak chart positions Album AUS [25] "Papercut" (Zedd featuring Troye Sivan) 2015 93 True Colors 
Promotional singles 
Song Year Album "The Fault in Our Stars"[48] 2013 TRXYE 
Other charted songs 
Song Year Peak chart positions Album AUS [25] "Fools" 2015 85 Wild 
Tours 
Awards and nominations 
Year Nominated Award Result Ref. 
Troye Sivan Mellet (born 5 June 1995), better known as Troye Sivan (/trɔɪ sᵻˈvɑːn/), is a South African-born Australian actor, singer, songwriter, and YouTuber. 
As an actor, he played young James Howlett in the X-Men film X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009), and most recently has starred as the titular character in the Spud film trilogy. 
Sivan also regularly makes YouTube videos, and as of 26 September 2015, has over 3.6 million subscribers and over 203 million total views.[1] 
On 15 August 2014, Sivan released his first major-label EP, entitled TRXYE, which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard 200. 
The lead single from the EP, "Happy Little Pill", reached number 10 on the Australian charts. 
On 4 September 2015, Sivan released his second major-label EP, Wild. 
His debut studio album, Blue Neighbourhood, was announced on 14 October and released 4 December.[2] 
His video, "The 'Boyfriend' Tag", with fellow vlogger Tyler Oakley earned them a Teen Choice Award in the "Choice Web Collaboration" category. 
In October 2014, Time named Sivan as one of the "25 Most Influential Teens of 2014".[3] 
Personal life 
Sivan was born in Johannesburg, South Africa.[4][5] His family moved to Australia when he was two years old due to rising crime in South Africa.[6] Sivan currently lives in Perth, Western Australia with his parents and three siblings Steele, Tyde and Sage. 
His father is a real estate agent and his mother is a homemaker.[6] He is Jewish (his father was born to a Jewish family and his mother converted to Judaism).[7] Sivan attended Carmel School until 2009 when he started distance education.[8] Troye's middle name is "Sivan" and he embraced it as his stage name. 
Sivan is openly gay. 
He came out publicly via a YouTube video on August 7, 2013, three years to the day that he came out to his family.[9] 
Career 
Music 
Sivan sang at the 2006, 2007 and 2008 Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[10][11] His 2006 performance included a duet with Australian Idol winner Guy Sebastian.[11] Sivan made it to the grand finals of StarSearch 2007.[10] His debut EP, Dare to Dream, was released in February 2008. 
In February 2010, Sivan opened "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube Edition)", the collaborative music charity video produced by Lisa Lavie to help raise money for the victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. 
On 5 June 2013, Sivan was signed to EMI Australia, a Universal Music Australia label, but kept it a secret until a year later. 
On 15 August 2014 he released a five-song EP entitled TRXYE, led by its first single "Happy Little Pill", which was released on 25 July 2014.[12] TRXYE debuted at No. 1 on iTunes in over 55 countries.[13] The album debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 the following week, scoring Sivan his first Top 10 album.[14] "Happy Little Pill" peaked at number 10 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 35,000 copies.[15] Sivan released his second major-label EP, Wild, on 4 September 2015. 
During September and October 2015, Sivan released a music video trilogy with a continuous theme entitled Blue Neighbourhood comprising the three songs "Wild", "Fools" and "Talk Me Down". 
Sivan supported his debut studio album Blue Neighbourhood with his 2015 tour, Troye Sivan Live.[16] The album was released on 4 December 2015.[2] 
Acting 
Sivan speaking at VidCon 2014 
In September 2012, Sivan began creating video blogs on the video sharing site YouTube, after having only sung on the site since 2007. At the time of posting his first vlog, Sivan had accumulated 27,000 subscribers in his five years since joining YouTube on 1 October 2007. 
As of October 2015, Sivan has over 3.6 million subscribers and over 213 million total views across his YouTube videos.[1] His YouTube channel is the third most subscribed channel in Australia, after HowToBasic and Danger Dolan.[24] 
Filmography 
Film 
Year Title Role Notes 2009 X-Men Origins: Wolverine Young James Howlett 2010 Betrand the Terrible Ace Short film 2010 Spud John "Spud" Milton 2013 Spud 2: The Madness Continues John "Spud" Milton 2014 Spud 3: Learning to Fly John "Spud" Milton 
Troye Sivan 
Year Title Notes 2006–08 Perth Telethon Opening act 2007 Star Search Finalist 
Theatre 
Oliver Twist Regal Theatre 2010 Waiting for Godot Boy His Majesty's Theatre 
Discography 
Studio albums 
Title Release details Peak chart positions Sales AUS [25] AUT [26] CAN [27] DEN [28] GER [29] IRE [30] NLD [31] NZ [32] UK [33] US [34] Blue Neighbourhood Release date: 4 December 2015 Label: EMI, Capitol Formats: CD, LP, digital download 6 49 11 19 73 30 25 9 43 7 US: 129,000 
"My Way" is a song popularized by Frank Sinatra. 
Its lyrics were written by Paul Anka and set to music based on the French song "Comme d'habitude" co-composed, co-written and performed in 1967 by Claude François. 
Anka's English lyrics are unrelated to the original French song. 
Paul Anka heard the original 1967 French pop song, Comme d'habitude (As Usual) performed by Claude François, while on holiday in the south of France. 
He flew to Paris to negotiate the rights to the song.[1] In a 2007 interview, he said, "I thought it was a bad record, but there was something in it."[2] He acquired adaptation, recording, and publishing rights for the mere nominal or formal consideration of one dollar,[3] subject to the provision that the melody's composers would retain their original share of royalty rights with respect to whatever versions Anka or his designates created or produced.[4] Some time later, Anka had a dinner in Florida with Frank Sinatra and "a couple of Mob guys" during which Sinatra said "I'm quitting the business. I'm sick of it; I'm getting the hell out."[2] 
Back in New York, Anka re-wrote the original French song for Sinatra, subtly altering the melodic structure and changing the lyrics: 
Frank Sinatra recorded his version of the song on December 30, 1968, and it was released in early 1969 on the album of the same name and as a single. It reached No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart in the US. In the UK, the single achieved a still unmatched record, becoming the recording with the most weeks inside the Top 40, spending 75 weeks from April 1969 to September 1971. 
It spent a further 49 weeks in the Top 75 but never bettered the No. 5 slot achieved upon its first chart run.[7] 
In culture 
"My Way" was found to be the song most frequently played at British funeral services.[17] "My Way" is a popular karaoke song around the world, to the point that it has been reported to cause numerous incidents of violence and homicides among drunkards in bars in the Philippines, referred in the media as the "My Way Killings".[18][19] The song was spoofed on Sesame Street as "Just Throw It My Way", Oscar the Grouch's anti-litter anthem. Oscar laments that he hates to see trash all over the place figuring that it's going to waste. Instead he urges Muppet boys and girls to throw it his way, right into his trash can.[20] 
References 
Casey Owen Neistat (/ˈkæsɪˌˈnaɪstæt/; born March 25, 1981)[2] is a creator of popular YouTube videos, producer, director and co-founder of social media company, Beme.[3] Neistat and his brother, Van, are the creators of the HBO series, The Neistat Brothers.[4] 
Early life 
Neistat was born and raised in New London, Connecticut.[5] He dropped out of Ledyard High School in the 10th grade at age 15 and did not return to school or graduate.[6] From age 17 until 20 he lived in a trailer park with his girlfriend, Robin, and their son, Owen. 
It was during the time Neistat was on welfare that he decided to move to New York City, a detail cited by Neistat when delivering his own biography.[7] 
Prior to moving to New York City, Neistat worked as a dishwasher[8] and short order cook in Mystic, Connecticut. His first job in New York City was as a bike messenger. 
Advertising 
In addition to his career in television and film, Neistat also directs television commercials, having worked with clients such as Nike, Inc,[55] Google,[56] J.Crew,[57] and Mercedes-Benz.[58] 
Personal life 
On February 18, 2013 Neistat became engaged to Candice Pool, who is featured in many of his films. On December 29, 2013,[64] Candice and Casey were married in Cape Town, South Africa. They have a daughter, Francine.[65] Neistat has a son, Owen, from a previous relationship with Robin Harris.[66] 
References 
Japanese wwoofer in Guinea (2014) 
A WWOOF participant farm in Australia. 
The raspberry bushes pictured require regular weeding. 
World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF, /ˈwʊf/), or Willing Workers on Organic Farms, is a loose network of national organizations that facilitate placement of volunteers on organic farms. 
While there are WWOOF hosts in 99 countries around the world, no central list or organization encompasses all WWOOF hosts. 
As there is no single international WWOOF membership, all recognised WWOOF country organizations strive to maintain similar standards, and work together to promote the aims of WWOOF.[1] 
WWOOF aims to provide volunteers with first-hand experience in organic and ecologically sound growing methods, to help the organic movement; and to let volunteers experience life in a rural setting or a different country. 
WWOOF volunteers ('WWOOFers') generally do not receive financial payment. 
The host provides food, accommodation, and opportunities to learn, in exchange for assistance with farming or gardening activities. 
The duration of the visit can range from a few days to years. 
Workdays average five to six hours, and participants interact with WWOOFers from other countries.[2] WWOOF farms include private gardens through smallholdings, allotments, and commercial farms. 
Farms become WWOOF hosts by enlisting with their national organization. 
In countries with no WWOOF organization, farms enlist with WWOOF Independents:[3][4][5][6][7] 
Volunteering 
Volunteers must first choose what country they would like to visit and volunteer in. 
They can sign up for their desired country on the WWOOF website. 
After signing up volunteers will receive a list of farms located in their country of choice. 
From this point it is up to the volunteer to contact their desired farms and arrange the dates and duration of their stay. 
The duration of a volunteer's stay can range from days to months, but is typically one to two weeks. 
Volunteers can expect to work for 4-6 hours a day for a full day's food and accommodation. 
A volunteer could be asked to help with a variety of tasks, including: sowing seed, making compost, gardening, planting, cutting wood, weeding, harvesting, packing, milking, feeding, fencing, making mud-bricks, wine making, cheese making and bread baking. 
WWOOF promotes participation as a way to experience first hand a local culture, customs, and nature through farming. 
Host locations 
As of 2010[update], 60 countries have a national WWOOF organization.[13] WWOOF Independents list hosts located in 53 other countries. 
See also 
Forest farming Natural farming Permaculture Ecotourism 
Further reading 
References 
A waveform showing several ERP components, including the N100 and P300. 
Note that the ERP is plotted with negative voltages upward, a common, but not universal, practice in ERP research 
An event-related potential (ERP) is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.[1] More formally, it is any stereotyped electrophysiological response to a stimulus. 
The study of the brain in this way provides a noninvasive means of evaluating brain functioning in patients with cognitive diseases. 
ERPs are measured by means of electroencephalography (EEG). 
The magnetoencephalography (MEG) equivalent of ERP is the ERF, or event-related field.[2] 
History 
With the discovery of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 1924, Hans Berger revealed that one could measure the electrical activity of the human brain by placing electrodes on the scalp and amplifying the signal. 
Changes in voltage can then be plotted over a period of time. 
He observed that the voltages could be influenced by external events that stimulated the senses. 
The EEG proved to be a useful source in recording brain activity over the ensuing decades. 
However, it tended to be very difficult to assess the highly specific neural process that are the focus of cognitive neuroscience because using pure EEG data made it difficult to isolate individual neurocognitive processes. 
Event-related potentials (ERPs) offered a more sophisticated method of extracting more specific sensory, cognitive, and motor events by using simple averaging techniques. 
In 1935-1936 Pauline and Hallowell Davis recorded the first known ERPs on awake humans and their findings were published a few years later, in 1939. 
Due to World War II not much research was conducted in the 1940s, but research focusing on sensory issues picked back up again in the 1950s. In 1964, research by Grey Walter and colleagues began the modern era of ERP component discoveries when they reported the first cognitive ERP component, called the contingent negative variation (CNV).[3] Sutton, Braren, and Zubin (1965) made another advancement with the discovery of the P3 component.[4] Over the next fifteen years, ERP component research became increasingly popular. 
The 1980s, with the introduction of inexpensive computers, opened up a new door for cognitive neuroscience research. 
Currently, ERP is one of the most widely used methods in cognitive neuroscience research to study the physiological correlates of sensory, perceptual and cognitive activity associated with processing information.[5] 
Calculation 
ERPs can be reliably measured using electroencephalography (EEG), a procedure that measures electrical activity of the brain over time using electrodes placed on the scalp. 
The EEG reflects thousands of simultaneously ongoing brain processes. 
This means that the brain response to a single stimulus or event of interest is not usually visible in the EEG recording of a single trial. 
To see the brain's response to a stimulus, the experimenter must conduct many trials and average the results together, causing random brain activity to be averaged out and the relevant waveform to remain, called the ERP.[6] 
The random (background) brain activity together with other bio-signals (e.g., EOG, EMG, EKG) and electromagnetic interference (e.g., line noise, fluorescent lamps) constitute the noise contribution to the recorded ERP. 
This noise obscures the signal of interest, which is the sequence of underlying ERPs under study. 
From an engineering point of view it is possible to define the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the recorded ERPs. 
The reason that averaging increases the SNR of the recorded ERPs (making them discernible and allowing for their interpretation) has a simple mathematical explanation provided that some simplifying assumptions are made. 
These assumptions are: 
The signal of interest is made of a sequence of event-locked ERPs with invariable latency and shape The noise can be approximated by a zero-mean Gaussian random process of variance which is uncorrelated between trials and not time-locked to the event (this assumption can be easily violated, for example in the case of a subject doing little tongue movements while mentally counting the targets in an oddball paradigm). 
Having defined , the trial number, and , the time elapsed after the th event, each recorded trial can be written as where is the signal and is the noise (Note that, under the assumptions above, the signal does not depend on the specific trial while the noise does). 
The average of trials is 
The expected value of is (as hoped) the signal itself, . 
Its variance is 
For this reason the noise amplitude of the average of trials is times that of a single trial. 
Wide amplitude noise (such as eye blinks or movement artifacts) are often several orders of magnitude larger than the underlying ERPs. 
Therefore, trials containing such artifacts should be removed before averaging. 
Artifact rejection can be performed manually by visual inspection or using an automated procedure based on predefined fixed thresholds (limiting the maximum EEG amplitude or slope) or on time-varying thresholds derived from the statistics of the set of trials.[7] 
Nomenclature of ERP components 
ERP waveforms consist of a series of positive and negative voltage deflections, which are related to a set of underlying components.[8] Though some ERP components are referred to with acronyms (e.g., contingent negative variation – CNV, error-related negativity – ERN, early left anterior negativity – ELAN, closure positive shift – CPS), most components are referred to by a letter (N/P) indicating polarity (negative/positive), followed by a number indicating either the latency in milliseconds or the component's ordinal position in the waveform. 
For instance, a negative-going peak that is the first substantial peak in the waveform and often occurs about 100 milliseconds after a stimulus is presented is often called the N100 (indicating its latency is 100 ms after the stimulus and that it is negative) or N1 (indicating that it is the first peak and is negative); it is often followed by a positive peak, usually called the P200 or P2. 
The stated latencies for ERP components are often quite variable. 
For example, the P300 component may exhibit a peak anywhere between 250ms – 700ms.[9] 
Advantages and disadvantages 
Relative to behavioral measures 
Compared with behavioral procedures, ERPs provide a continuous measure of processing between a stimulus and a response, making it possible to determine which stage(s) are being affected by a specific experimental manipulation. 
Another advantage over behavioral measures is that they can provide a measure of processing of stimuli even when there is no behavioral change. 
However, because of the significantly small size of an ERP, it usually takes a large sample size to accurately measure it correctly.[10] 
Relative to other neurophysiological measures 
Invasiveness 
Unlike microelectrodes, which require an electrode to be inserted into the brain, and PET scans that expose humans to radiation, ERPs use EEG, a non-invasive procedure. 
Spatial and temporal resolution 
ERPs provide excellent temporal resolution—as the speed of ERP recording is only constrained by the sampling rate that the recording equipment can feasibly support, whereas hemodynamic measures (such as fMRI, PET, and fNIRS) are inherently limited by the slow speed of the BOLD response. 
The spatial resolution of an ERP, however, is much poorer than that of hemodynamic methods—in fact, the location of ERP sources is an inverse problem that cannot be exactly solved, only estimated. 
Thus, ERPs are well suited to research questions about the speed of neural activity, and are less well suited to research questions about the location of such activity.[1] 
Cost 
ERP research is much cheaper to do than other imaging techniques such as fMRI, PET, and MEG. 
This is because purchasing and maintaining an EEG system is less expensive than the other systems. 
Clinical ERP 
Physicians and neurologists will sometimes use a flashing visual checkerboard stimulus to test for any damage or trauma in the visual system. 
In a healthy person, this stimulus will elicit a strong response over the primary visual cortex located in the occipital lobe, in the back of the brain. 
ERP component abnormalities in clinical research have been shown in neurological conditions such as: 
dementia[11] Parkinson's disease[12] multiple sclerosis[13] head injuries[14] stroke[15] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder[16] 
Research ERP 
ERPs are used extensively in neuroscience, cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and psycho-physiological research. 
Experimental psychologists and neuroscientists have discovered many different stimuli that elicit reliable ERPs from participants. 
The timing of these responses is thought to provide a measure of the timing of the brain's communication or timing of information processing. 
For example, in the checkerboard paradigm described above, healthy participants' first response of the visual cortex is around 50-70 ms. 
This would seem to indicate that this is the amount of time it takes for the transduced visual stimulus to reach the cortex after light first enters the eye. 
Alternatively, the P300 response occurs at around 300ms in the oddball paradigm, for example, regardless of the type of stimulus presented: visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. Because of this general invariance with regard to stimulus type, the P300 component is understood to reflect a higher cognitive response to unexpected and/or cognitively salient stimuli. 
Due to the consistency of the P300 response to novel stimuli, a brain-computer interface can be constructed which relies on it. 
By arranging many signals in a grid, randomly flashing the rows of the grid as in the previous paradigm, and observing the P300 responses of a subject staring at the grid, the subject may communicate which stimulus he is looking at, and thus slowly "type" words.[17] 
Other ERPs used frequently in research, especially neurolinguistics research, include the ELAN, the N400, and the P600/SPS. 
ERP software and training resources 
EEGLAB Toolbox- A freely available, open-source, Matlab toolbox for processing and analyzing EEG data ERPLAB Toolbox- A freely available, open-source, Matlab toolbox for processing and analyzing ERP data The ERP Boot Camp- A series of training workshops for ERP researchers 
See also 
When a city is founded, only Fringes, Have-Nots, and Blue Collars will settle there. The Suits must be attracted by having good conditions for the Blue Collars, the Radical Chics are attracted by good conditions for the Fringes, and the Elites are attracted by good conditions for both the Suits and the Radical Chics. Due to the literal class warfare, if classes that dislike each other live near each other, they will start riots and make complaints. 
As their name implies, the Elites are the most powerful and wealthiest segment of the population. 
However, they are also the most demanding of the six, requiring quality services in sectors like education, safety, leisure, and environment. 
Elites are usually attracted to a city by "evolving" from either the Radical Chic or Suit groups. Most of their employment will derive from jobs in the private industry (i.e. private clinics and private colleges,) as well as jobs in large financial institutions. 
They are, by far, the most lucrative socialculture of the six. 
The Radical Chics are ranked among the higher income groups and are as lucrative as the Suits. They are very close to the artistic and creative world and have liberal views and dispositions. 
Employment for Radical Chics derive from jobs in designing (i.e. clothing and interior spaces,) researching, and cosmetic surgery. 
Radical Chics get attracted to a city by "evolving" from Fringes. This group favors services in education and retail. 
The Suits are a wealthy community whom conduct business transactions within industries. 
Suits are attracted to a city by "evolving" from Blue Collars. 
They demand quality services in safety and healthcare among others. 
Their employment will derive from jobs in financial advising, auditing, accounting, and stock trading. 
However, profits from business are not guaranteed at a fixed rate. 
For example, building a vegan restaurant in a city with a low population of Radical Chics will result in less than maximum income. 
Similarly, a casino won't turn maximum profit until there are Elites. 
In this way, the game forces the player to partially develop the richer communities in order to make their larger businesses viable. 
City Life (video game) 
Emrich "Imi" Lichtenfeld (May 26, 1910 – January 9, 1998) was a Hungarian-Jewish, later Israeli martial artist who founded the Krav Maga self-defense system.[1][2] He was also known as Imi Sde-Or, the Hebrew calque of his name.[3] 
Early life 
Lichtenfeld was born on May 26, 1910,[4][5] to a Hungarian Jewish family in Budapest in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He grew up in Bratislava, Slovakia. 
His father, Samuel Lichtenfeld, was a chief inspector on the Bratislava police force and a former circus acrobat.[6] Lichtenfeld trained at the Hercules Gymnasium, which was owned by his father, who taught self-defense. 
Lichtenfeld was a successful boxer, wrestler, and gymnast since his youth.[3] He competed at national and international levels and was a champion and member of the Slovakian National Wrestling Team.[7] In 1928, he won the Slovakian Youth Wrestling Championship, and in 1929, the adult championship in the light and middleweight divisions. 
That year, he also won the national boxing championship and an international gymnastics championship. 
Development of Krav Maga 
In the late 1930s, anti-Semitic riots threatened the Jewish population of Bratislava. Together with other Jewish boxers and wrestlers, Lichtenfeld helped to defend his Jewish neighborhood against racist gangs. 
He quickly decided that sport has little in common with real combat and began developing a system of techniques for practical self-defense in life-threatening situations.[8][9] 
Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov (Russian: Анатолий Степанович Дятлов; March 3, 1931 – December 13, 1995) was vice chief engineer of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, and the supervisor of the fatal experiment which resulted in the Chernobyl disaster. 
On April 26, 1986, Dyatlov supervised a test at Reactor 4 of the nuclear plant, which resulted in the worst nuclear plant accident in history. 
In 1987, he was found guilty "for criminal mismanagement of potentially explosive enterprises" and was sentenced to ten years in prison. 
He was released in five years. 
He wrote a book[1] in which he claimed that poor plant design, rather than plant personnel, was primarily responsible for the accident. 
During the accident, Dyatlov received a radiation dose of 390 rem (5.5 Sv). 
He died of heart failure in 1995.[2] 
References 
How it happened" (in Russian) ↑ http://accidont.ru/memo/ChNPP.pdf 
Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Jeff Davis, and is the original show in the Criminal Minds franchise. 
It premiered on September 22, 2005, on the broadcast network CBS, and is produced by The Mark Gordon Company, in association with CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios. 
Criminal Minds is set primarily at the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) based in Quantico, Virginia, and in accordance with the show's plot, Criminal Minds differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal, called the unsub or "unknown subject", rather than the actual crime itself. 
Vadim Alexandrovich Shipachyov[1] (Russian: Вадим Александрович Шипачёв; born 12 March 1987) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward who currently plays for SKA Saint Petersburg of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). 
He has previously played with Severstal Cherepovets.[2] 
Aleksander Aleksandrovich "Sasha" Barkov, Jr. (born September 2, 1995) is a Finnish professional ice hockey centre. 
He is currently playing for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). 
Barkov was selected by the Florida Panthers in the first round (second overall) of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. 
He is the son of former Russian hockey player Aleksander Barkov, Sr., and holds dual Finnish and Russian citizenship.[1] He grew up in Tampere, Finland where his father was playing for Tappara of the Finnish SM-Liiga. 
Playing career 
On July 15, 2013, Barkov signed his first NHL contract with the Florida Panthers.[2] He became the youngest player since the 1967 NHL expansion to score a goal on October 3, 2013, which he did it in a road game against Kari Lehtonen of the Dallas Stars at the age of 18 years, 31 days. 
Jordan Staal had previously held that record (for the post-expansion era), scoring his first NHL goal at the age of 18 years, 32 days.[3][4] 
In the midst of a successful 2015-16 season, the Florida Panthers signed Barkov to a six-year $35.4 million dollar contract extension on January 26, 2016.[5] 
International play 
In December 2011, he was chosen to play for Finland men's national junior ice hockey team as the youngest Finnish player in the Ice Hockey World Junior Championships.[6] During the quarter-final match on January 2, 2012 against Slovakia, Barkov became the second youngest player to score a goal at the World Juniors at the age of 16 years, 4 months. The record is held by Kazakhstan's Viktor Alexandrov, who set the record in 2001 at the age of 15. 
Barkov's father, Aleksander, played hockey in Russia, Italy, and Finland, spending the last ten seasons of his career with Tappara Tampere.[7] Olga, Barkov's mother, was a basketball player for Russia. 
[8] Barkov has one older brother, Juri.[9] 
References 
Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 2010–11 Tappara Jr. 
5 2 3 5 2 — — — — — 2012–13 Tappara SM-l 53 21 27 48 8 5 0 5 5 2 2013–14 Florida Panthers NHL 54 8 16 24 10 — — — — — 2014–15 Florida Panthers NHL 71 16 20 36 16 — — — — — 2015–16 Florida Panthers NHL 66 28 31 59 8 6 2 1 3 2 Liiga totals 85 28 36 64 12 5 0 5 5 2 NHL totals 192 52 67 119 34 6 2 1 3 2 
Esa Lindell (born May 23, 1994) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman. 
He is currently playing with the Dallas Stars in the National Hockey League (NHL). 
Lindell was selected by the Stars in the third round (74th overall) of the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. 
Playing career 
Lindell made his SM-liiga debut playing with Jokerit during the 2012–13 SM-liiga season.[1] On May 7, 2014, Lindell was signed to a three-year entry level contract with the Dallas Stars.[2] 
He was re-assigned to the Finnish Liiga for the 2014–15 season, joining Ässät Pori. 
Lindell established a career high year in registering 14 goals and 35 points in 57 games with the club, which also led the entire Liiga in defenseman scoring, before he was re-assigned by the Stars to AHL affiliate, the Texas Stars, on March 16, 2015. 
During the 2015–16 season, on January 18, 2016, Lindell received his first NHL recall to the Dallas Stars.[3] He made his debut the following day on January 19, 2016 against the Los Angeles Kings. 
References 
Megan Nicole Flores (born September 1, 1993), simply known as Megan Nicole, is an American singer-songwriter and actress and model who debuted on YouTube in 2009.[1] 
Megan Nicole was born in Houston, Texas to parents Tammy and Frankie Flores, she has a sister named Maddie Taylor.[1] She was raised in Katy, Texas and became interested in music around age 10, when her father purchased a karaoke machine for her.[1] Nicole also participated in her church's music programs, taking part in a church band during high school and choir during middle school.[1] 
In 2009, Nicole uploaded her first video to YouTube, her cover of "Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon.[2] She followed with more covers on her YouTube channel, which includes songs by Bruno Mars, Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, Taylor Swift, Selena Gomez, Lorde and other artists.[1][2] She has several collaborations from fellow YouTube artists such as Tiffany Alvord, Alyssa Bernal, Madilyn Bailey, Tyler Ward, Dave Days, Conor Maynard and Lindsey Stirling. 
Alleged crime 
Privilege Style is a charter airline based in Madrid, Spain. It operates passenger charter services throughout Europe. 
Its main base is Madrid, Barajas Airport.[1] 
According to the airline, its VIP customers include several Spanish companies and also teams from Spain's first football league.[2] In June 2014, Privilege Style operated Finnair's Flights 5 and 6 from Helsinki Airport to New York JFK while one of Finnair's A330 planes was out of service for extended maintenance.[3] The same happened on the New York JFK route (flights AY 5 and AY 6) in December 2015.[4] In the Summer of 2015, the airline wet leased its 767-300 for El-Al Israel Airlines.[5] 
A Privilege Style Boeing 757-200 landing in Malta. 
A Privilege Style Boeing 777-200ER in New York City. 
Privilege Style Fleet Aircraft In service Orders Introduced Notes Boeing 757-200 2 0 2003 Both planes are operating for Jet2.com and El Al Boeing 767-300ER 1 0 2013 Leased from AWAS, operating for El Al Boeing 777-200ER 1 0 2015 Leased from AerCap, operating for El Al[7] Embraer ERJ 145 1 1 2012 Operating for Air Europa Total 5 1 
Privilege Style Privilege Style Fleet 
Tianhe-2 or TH-2 (Chinese: 天河-2; pinyin: tiānhé-èr; literally: "Heavenriver-2", that is, "Milky Way 2") is a 33.86-petaflop supercomputer located in National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou.[3] It was developed by a team of 1,300 scientists and engineers. 
It is the world's fastest supercomputer according to the TOP500 lists for June 2013, November 2013, June 2014, November 2014, June 2015, and November 2015.[4][5] In 2015, plans of the Sun Yat-sen University in collaboration with Guangzhou district and city administration to double its computing capacities were stopped by a US government rejection of Intel's application for an export license for the CPUs and coprocessor boards. 
According to NUDT, Tianhe-2 would have been used for simulation, analysis, and government security applications.[1] 
With 16,000 computer nodes, each comprising two Intel Ivy Bridge Xeon processors and three Xeon Phi coprocessor chips, it represented the world's largest installation of Ivy Bridge and Xeon Phi chips, counting a total of 3,120,000 cores.[3] Each of the 16,000 nodes possessed 88 gigabytes of memory (64 used by the Ivy Bridge processors, and 8 gigabytes for each of the Xeon Phi processors). The total CPU plus coprocessor memory was 1,375 TiB (approximately 1.34 PiB).[1] The system has a 12.4 PiB H2FS file system consisting of IO forwarding nodes providing a 1 TiB/s burst rate backed by a Lustre file system with 100 GiB/s sustained throughput.[11] [12] 
Tianhe-2 ran on Kylin Linux, a version of the operating system developed by NUDT. Resource management is based on Slurm Workload Manager.[1] 
Researchers have criticized Tianhe-2 for being difficult to use. 
"It is at the world's frontier in terms of calculation capacity, but the function of the supercomputer is still way behind the ones in the US and Japan," says Chi Xuebin, deputy director of the Computer Network and Information Centre. 
"Some users would need years or even a decade to write the necessary code", he added.[13] 
An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers. Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system. 
However, a compromised immune system, a penetrating injury, or a lack of competition from normal commensals presents an opportunity for the pathogen to infect. 
Immunodeficiency or immunosuppression can be caused by: 
Malnutrition Fatigue Recurrent infections Immunosuppressing agents for organ transplant recipients Advanced HIV infection Chemotherapy for cancer Genetic predisposition Skin damage Antibiotic treatment leading to disruption of the physiological microbiome, thus allowing some microorganisms to outcompete others and become pathogenic (e.g. disruption of intestinal flora may lead to Clostridium difficile infection Medical procedures Pregnancy Ageing Leukopenia (i.e. neutropenia and lymphocytopenia) 
Since opportunistic infections can cause severe disease, much emphasis is placed on measures to prevent infection. 
Such a strategy usually includes restoration of the immune system as soon as possible, avoiding exposures to infectious agents, and using antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections. 
Treatment depends on the type of opportunistic infection, but usually involves different antibiotics. 
The Alvão Natural Park (Portuguese: Parque Natural do Alvão) is a protected area located in the municipalities of Mondim de Basto and Vila Real, in northern Portugal. 
It was created in 1983 and extends through 70 km² of mountainous land.[1] Alvão Natural Park is the smallest national park in Portugal with a population of less than 700. 
Alvão Natural Park Alvão Natural Park Night in the Alvão Natural Park 
This Vila Real location article is a stub. 
You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e 
A W16 engine from the Bugatti Veyron. Beneath the valve cover on the right is the head, one of the two double-row cylinder banks. 
A W16 engine is a sixteen cylinder piston internal combustion engine in a four-bank W configuration. All W16 engines consist of two 'offset double-row' banks of eight cylinders,[1] coupled to a single crankshaft. 
Volkswagen Group is the only automotive manufacturer currently producing W16 engines. Volkswagen Group's design is a stretched form of its W12 engine, which is itself based on technology from its VR6 engine. 
The W16 engine was introduced with the Bentley Hunaudieres concept car, a mid-engined sports car, which was never intended for production (Bentley Motors Limited has been a Volkswagen Group holding since 1998). 
This W16 was later used in the Audi Rosemeyer concept car, and is also used in the Bugatti Veyron. 
W engine design 
The VR6 engine is a narrow-angle V6 engine, which could also be described as a staggered-inline six-cylinder piston engine. 
The VR6 is designed to fit within the confined engine bay of a front-wheel drive compact car. 
It is very short in length compared to an inline-six engine, because the cylinders are staggered, even cylinders moved forward, odd cylinders moved backward, but all contained in one cylinder bank, to reduce the length. 
Joining two such designs together into a W engine creates a design that is much shorter than an inline engine with the same number of cylinders, but not too much wider. 
Volkswagen Group's W12 engines utilise two VR6-like sets of cylinders mated at 72 degrees, and the W8 engine consisted of two VR4 engines at the 72-degree angle. 
In the W16, each side is made up of two VR8 banks and the 'bank' angle is increased to 90 degrees. The narrow angle of each set of cylinders allows just two overhead camshafts to drive each pair of banks, so just four are needed in total. 
For this reason, the engine is sometimes described as a WR16. 
Note that this design differs from the triple-bank W18 engine that Volkswagen produced for concept cars of 1998 and 1999. 
W16 engine specifications 
The Volkswagen Group W16 engine as configured for the Bugatti Veyron EB16.4 is a 16 cylinder quad-turbocharged engine with four valves per cylinder. 
The engine is 71 centimetres (28 in) long, and weighs approximately 400 kilograms (882 lb). 
Maximum power output is 736 kilowatts (1,001 PS; 987 bhp) at 6,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), with a maximum torque of 1,250 newton metres (922 lbf·ft) (127.5 kgf·m) from 2,200 to 5,500 rpm.[2] Some automotive press outlets have also reported that the W16 engine has been considered for use in other Volkswagen Group products - specifically a Bentley.[3] Cylinder firing order on WR-16; 1-14-9-4-7-12-15-6-13-8-3-16-11-2-5-10. 
References 
W16 engine 
The Oberbauenstock is a mountain of the Urner Alps, overlooking Lake Lucerne in Central Switzerland. 
Its 2,117 metre high summit is located on the border between the cantons of Nidwalden and Uri. 
Established in 1997 The British International School Bratislava is one of the longest serving international schools in Slovakia. 
The school belongs to Nord Anglia Education, commonly referred to as Nord Anglia, an international provider of international schools. Nord Anglia Education operates 42 schools globally for children between 2 and 18, with over 34 000 students across 15 countries. 
The British International School in Bratislava is attended every day by nearly 700 children from 47 countries. 
The school is located on two sites in Bratislava, Peknikova site for primary and secondary students (5-18) and Dolinskeho site for Early Years (children aged 2–5). 
The school follows a curriculum based on the National Curriculum of British schools offering IGCSE and IBDP (International Baccalaureate Diploma). 
The school also provides an Enrichment Programme that expects all children to take part in sporting activities and outdoor pursuits, public speaking activities, performing arts, music, and service work as part of its commitment to leadership training. 
The language of instruction is English and there is a comprehensive programme to support mother tongue language development in Slovak, German, French, Russian, Korean and Mandarin. 
No. 10 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) maritime patrol squadron based at RAAF Base Edinburgh, South Australia, as part of No. 92 Wing. 
The squadron was formed in 1939 and saw active service during the Second World War, conducting anti-submarine operations and patrols from bases in the United Kingdom until it disbanded in late 1945. 
It was re-formed in Australia in 1949 and since then has contributed to Australia's East Timor intervention, and has been deployed to the Middle East as part of the War on Terrorism and the 2003 Gulf War. 
No. 10 Squadron was formed on 1 July 1939 at RAAF Base Point Cook, under the command of Wing Commander Leon Lachal.[3] Later that month aircrew and ground staff from the squadron departed for Britain to be trained on the Short Sunderland aircraft which had been acquired to equip the squadron. 
While it was intended that the aircrew would fly these aircraft to Australia after completing their training, following the outbreak of war the Australian government offered to retain the squadron in Britain. 
As a result, No. 10 Squadron was both the first RAAF squadron and the first British Commonwealth squadron to see active service in the Second World War, when one of its aircraft made a flight to Tunisia on 10 October 1939. 
It was also the only RAAF squadron to see continuous active service throughout the war.[1][4] 
No. 10 Squadron Sunderland sets out on patrol in 1941 
The squadron's major tasks during the war were escorting convoys, conducting anti-submarine patrols, and air-sea rescue. 
It sank its first U-boat on 1 July 1940.[4] Operating mainly from bases in southern Britain such as RAF Mount Batten in Plymouth,[5] the unit flew missions as far afield as Oban in Scotland, where a detachment was based between late 1940 and mid-1940,[6] and Malta and Gibraltar in the Mediterranean Sea.[7] 
No. 10 Squadron sank a total of six U-boats between February 1940 and May 1945. 
It also set a Coastal Command record in February 1944 for the most patrol hours flown in a single month: 1143.[1] The unit lost 19 aircraft during the war,[4] most of which, according to author Norman Barnes, are thought to have been shot down by long range German fighter aircraft.[8] In June 1945, the squadron ceased operations as part of Coastal Command and a reorganisation of RAAF units in Britain resulted in No. 466 Squadron RAAF being redesignated as No. 10 Squadron and moving to Bassingbourn, in Cambridgeshire.[8] Following the end of hostilities in Europe, No. 10 Squadron began preparations to deploy to the Pacific Theatre; however, this was curtailed by the Japanese surrender and it remained in Britain, disbanding on 26 October 1945.[4] Wartime casualties amounted to 161 personnel killed.[1] 
No. 10 Sqn. 
SP-2H with a USN P-5 and a RNZAF Sunderland in 1963 
No. 10 Squadron was re-formed at Townsville on 1 March 1949 to increase the RAAF's reconnaissance capability. 
Operating modified Lincoln heavy bombers the squadron conducted maritime and anti-submarine patrols over northern Australia and the South Pacific. 
In June 1950, a detachment from the squadron was sent to Darwin to carry out search and rescue duties.[9] The squadron continued in this role after re-equipping with Neptune aircraft in March 1962, and the longer range of the Neptune allowed the squadron to operate over South East Asia and the Central Pacific in an area that was equal to "one tenth of the world's surface".[10] 
During the Vietnam War, Neptune aircraft from No. 10 Squadron operating from Utapao supported US Air Force B-52 bombing missions on an opportunity basis whilst transiting Thai airspace, using their AN/APS-120 radar to provide early warning of surface-to-air missiles.[11] The Neptune's electronic equipment was also used during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation in the mid-1960s to monitor Indonesian radars.[12] For a six-month period between June 1968 and January 1969, the squadron was commanded by a US naval officer, Lieutenant Commander J.A. Mueller.[13] 
Throughout 1978–79, No. 10 Squadron was re-equipped with P-3C Orion aircraft and relocated to RAAF Base Edinburgh in South Australia.[10] With the similarly equipped No. 11 Squadron, No. 10 Squadron continues to operate in the maritime patrol, surveillance and anti-shipping roles.[10][14] 
Since the 1980s, No. 10 Squadron has contributed to the RAAF maritime patrol detachment based at Butterworth Air Base in Malaysia as part of Operation Gateway.[10] More recently, it supported the Australian-led intervention into East Timor in 1999,[15] and has contributed to the Australian maritime patrol detachment based in the Persian Gulf since 2003. 
In this role the squadron has supported coalition operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, and undertaken border protection duties as part of Operation Resolute. 
It is currently assigned to No. 92 Wing.[16] 
The squadron has operated the following aircraft:[10] 
Short Sunderland (1939–1945); Short S.26 G-Boat (1941);[5] Avro Lincoln (1949–1962); Lockheed P2V-7S Neptune (1962–1977); Lockheed P-3C Orion (1977–2002) AP-3C Orion (2002–Current) 
No. 10 Squadron was also equipped with small numbers of Supermarine Seagull, Supermarine Southampton, de Havilland DH60 Moth floatplane, Consolidated Catalina and Supermarine Walrus aircraft for training purposes prior to receiving its Sunderland aircraft.[17] 
No. 10 Squadron RAAF No. 10 Squadron's crest Active 1939–45 1949–current Country Australia Branch Royal Australian Air Force Role Maritime patrol Part of No. 92 Wing Base RAAF Base Edinburgh Motto(s) "Strike First" Engagements World War II East Timor Iraq Afghanistan Battle honours Atlantic 1939–45, Biscay 1940–45, Mediterranean 1940–43, Biscay Ports 1940–45, English Channel and North Sea 1939–45, Bismarck, Normandy 1944[1] Commanders Notable commanders William Brill (1949–50)[2] Aircraft flown Patrol AP-3C Orion 
No. 10 Squadron RAAF 
Rugby sevens at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from August 17 to August 20. 
The events took place at the Youth Olympic Sports Park in Nanjing, China. 
This marked the debut of Rugby sevens at the Youth Olympics as it was voted an Olympic sport for the 2016 Summer Olympics. 
A total of 6 teams will participate in each gender. 
Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) can enter a maximum of 2 teams of 12 athletes, 1 per each gender. 
As hosts, China was given a spot to compete in the girls’ tournament. 
The six male and five other female teams were decided at the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens held in Moscow, Russia from 28-30 June 2013.[2] The top ranking nation from each of the six regional unions qualified a team (in the girls’ tournament NACRA and CONSUR were combined).[3] 
However, due to the rule where nations may only qualify a single team sport (field hockey, football, handball and rugby sevens) in each gender some teams had to make a choice in which sport to participate in. 
Any declined teams were reallocated to the next best ranked team at the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens in the same regional union. 
Should none remain the spot would go to the next best ranked team not yet qualified.[3] 
To be eligible to participate at the Youth Olympics athletes must have been born between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1997.[3] 
Event Date Event Day Starting Time Event Details August 17 Sunday 09:00 16:00 Boys' Group Stage Girls' Group Stage August 18 Monday 09:00 16:00 Boys' Group Stage Girls' Group Stage August 19 Tuesday 09:00 Boys' Group Stage Girls' Group Stage August 19 Tuesday 15:30 Boys' 5-6 Match Girls' 5-6 Match Boys' Semifinals Girls'Semifinals August 20 Wednesday 09:00 Boys' Medal Matches Girls' Medal Matches 
Rugby sevens at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics 
Medal Summary 
Events 
References 
Regional Unions Boys Girls Africa (CAR) Kenya Tunisia Asia (ARFU) Japan China Europe (FIRA-AER) France Spain North America and Caribbean (NACRA) United States Canada United States South America (CONSUR) Argentina - Oceania (FORU) Fiji Australia 
Alexandros Panagoulis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Παναγούλης) (2 July 1939 – 1 May 1976) was a Greek politician and poet. He took an active role in the fight against the Regime of the Colonels (1967–1974) in Greece. 
He became famous for his attempt to assassinate dictator Georgios Papadopoulos on 13 August 1968, but also for the torture that he was subjected to during his detention. 
After the restoration of democracy he was elected to the Greek parliament as a member of the Center Union (E. K.). 
Biography 
Alexandros Panagoulis was born in the Glyfada neighbourhood of Athens. 
He was the second son of Vassilios Panagoulis, an officer in the Greek Army, and his wife Athena, and the brother of Georgios Panagoulis, also a Greek Army officer and victim of the Colonels' regime, and Efstathios, who became a politician. 
His father was from Divri (Lampeia) in Elis (Western Peloponnese) while his mother was from the Ionian island of Lefkada. 
Panagoulis spent part of his childhood during the Axis Occupation of Greece in the Second World War on this island. 
US Airways Flight 1549 (AWE1549) was an Airbus A320-214 flying from New York's LaGuardia Airport to a stopover at Charlotte Douglas International Airport that experienced an emergency water landing in the Hudson River. 
Pilots Captain Chesley B. 
"Sully" Sullenberger and First Officer Jeffrey Skiles glided the plane to ditch in the river after multiple bird strikes led to the failure of both engines. 
All 155 passengers and crew aboard the Airbus A320 successfully evacuated from the partially submerged airframe as it sank into the river; they were rescued by nearby watercraft. 
Several occupants suffered injuries, a few of them serious, but only two required hospitalization overnight. 
The incident came to be known as the "Miracle on the Hudson", and Captain Sullenberger and the crew were hailed as heroes.[4][5][6] 
US Airways Flight 1549 
Samsung Galaxy Note is a series of Android-based high-end smartphones and high-end tablets developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics. 
The line is primarily oriented towards pen computing; all Galaxy Note models ship with a stylus pen and incorporate a pressure-sensitive Wacom digitizer. 
All Galaxy Note models also include software features that are oriented towards the stylus and the devices' large screens, such as note-taking and digital scrapbooking apps, and split-screen multitasking. 
The Galaxy Note smartphones have been considered the first commercially successful examples of "phablets"—a class of smartphone with large screens that are intended to straddle the functionality of a traditional tablet with that of a phone. Samsung sold over 50 million Galaxy Note devices between September 2011 and October 2013. 
10 million units of the Galaxy Note 3 have been sold within its first 2 months, 30 million were of the Note II, while the original Galaxy Note sold around 10 million units worldwide. 
Tablet 
Models 
The redcurrant, or red currant (Ribes rubrum) is a member of the genus Ribes in the gooseberry family. 
It is native to parts of western Europe (Belgium, Great Britain, France, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, northern Italy, northern Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Croatia).[2] The species is widely cultivated and has escaped into the wild in many regions.[3][4] 
Ribes rubrum is a deciduous shrub normally growing to 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) tall, occasionally 2 m (7 ft), with five-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems. 
The flowers are inconspicuous yellow-green, in pendulous 4–8 cm (2–3 in) racemes, maturing into bright red translucent edible berries about 8–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) diameter, with 3–10 berries on each raceme. 
An established bush can produce 3–4 kg (7–9 lb) of berries from mid to late summer.[4] 
Redcurrant berries 
There are several other similar species native in Europe, Asia and North America, also with edible fruit. 
These include Ribes spicatum (northern Europe and northern Asia), Ribes alpinum (northern Europe), R. schlechtendalii (northeast Europe), R. multiflorum (southeast Europe), R. petraeum (southwest Europe) and R. triste (North America; Newfoundland to Alaska and southward in mountains). 
While Ribes rubrum and R. nigrum are native to northern and eastern Europe, large berried cultivars of the redcurrant were first produced in Belgium and northern France in the 17th century. 
In modern times, numerous cultivars have been selected; some of these have escaped gardens and can be found in the wild across Europe and extending into Asia.[5] 
The white currant is also a cultivar of Ribes rubrum.[6] Although it is a sweeter and albino variant of the redcurrant, not a separate botanical species, it is sometimes marketed with names such as Ribes sativum or Ribes silvestre, or sold as a different fruit. 
Close-up of blossom 
Currant bushes prefer partial to full sunlight and can grow in most types of soil.[6] They are relatively low-maintenance plants and can also be used as ornamentation. 
Currant and gooseberry output in 2005 
A fruiting redcurrant bush near an abandoned house in a semi-deserted village in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia at 59 degrees northern latitude 
With maturity, the tart flavour of redcurrant fruit is slightly greater than its blackcurrant relative, but with the same approximate sweetness. 
The albino variant of redcurrant, often referred to as white currant, has the same tart flavour but with greater sweetness. 
Although frequently cultivated for jams and cooked preparations, much like the white currant, it is often served raw or as a simple accompaniment in salads, garnishes, or drinks when in season. 
In the United Kingdom, redcurrant jelly is a condiment often served with lamb, game meat including venison, turkey and goose in a festive or Sunday roast. 
It is essentially a jam and is made in the same way, by adding the redcurrants to sugar, boiling, and straining.[7] 
In France, the highly rarefied and hand-made Bar-le-duc or Lorraine jelly is a spreadable preparation traditionally made from white currants or alternatively redcurrants. 
The pips are taken off by hand with a goose feather, before cooking.[citation needed] 
In Scandinavia and Schleswig-Holstein, it is often used in fruit soups and summer puddings (Rødgrød, Rote Grütze or Rode Grütt). 
In Germany it is also used in combination with custard or meringue as a filling for tarts. 
In Linz, Austria, it is the most commonly used filling for the Linzer torte.[8] It can be enjoyed in its fresh state without the addition of sugar. 
In German-speaking areas, syrup or nectar derived from the redcurrant is added to soda water and enjoyed as a refreshing drink named Johannisbeerschorle. 
It is so named because the redcurrants (Johannisbeeren, "John's berry" in German) are said to ripen first on St. John's Day, also known as Midsummer Day, June 24. 
In Russia, redcurrants are ubiquitous and used in jams, preserves, compotes and desserts; while leaves have many uses in traditional medicine. 
In Mexico, redcurrants are a popular flavour for iced/frappé drinks and desserts, most commonly in 'raspado' (scraped ice) form. 
In a 100 gram serving, redcurrants (or white) supply 56 calories and are a rich source of vitamin C, providing 49% of the Daily Value (DV, table). 
Vitamin K is the only other essential nutrient in significant content at 10% of DV (table). 
Some Ribes fruits, such as red and blackcurrants, are known for their tart flavor, a characteristic provided by a relatively high content of organic acids and mixed polyphenols.[9] As many as 65 different phenolic compounds may contribute to the astringent properties of redcurrants, with these contents increasing during the last month of ripening.[10] Twenty-five individual polyphenols and other nitrogen-containing phytochemicals in redcurrant juice have been isolated specifically with the astringent flavor profile sensed in the human tongue.[11] 
Jostaberry Blackcurrant 
Now You See Me is a 2013 American heist thriller film film directed by Louis Leterrier and written by Ed Solomon, Boaz Yakin & Edward Ricourt. 
The film features an ensemble cast of Jesse Eisenberg, Mark Ruffalo, Woody Harrelson, Mélanie Laurent, Isla Fisher, Dave Franco, Michael Caine and Morgan Freeman. 
The plot follows an FBI agent and an Interpol detective who track a team of illusionists who pull off bank heists during their performances and reward their audiences with the money. 
The film premiered in New York City on May 21, 2013 before its official release on May 31, 2013 by Summit Entertainment. 
The film received mixed reviews from critics but became a box office success, grossing $351.7 million worldwide against a budget of $75 million. 
A sequel was released on June 10, 2016. 
On October 25, 2011, Summit Entertainment officially announced a release date for Now You See Me, set for July 18, 2013.[4] On November 3, 2011, the company revealed the film's first synopsis and teaser poster.[5] 
On January 16, 2012, shooting began in New Orleans, Louisana, which lasted until March 26, 2012.[6] Additional filming took place in New York City on February 13[7] and in Las Vegas from April 9, 2012 to the following day.[8] 
On-set incident 
During filming of the scene where Henley Reeves tries to escape from a tank of water and piranhas, Isla Fisher came close to drowning. 
Fisher had become stuck and tried to alert the crew by banging on the window she was facing, but the cast and crew did not think anything of it because that was what the character was supposed to be doing. 
She was able to untangle the chain and get out of the tank safely.[9] 
Now You See Me (film) 
Pillow talk is the relaxed, intimate conversation that often occurs between two sexual partners after sexual activity, usually accompanied by cuddling, caresses, and other physical intimacy. It is associated with honesty, sexual afterglow, and bonding,[1] and is distinguished from dirty talk which usually forms part of foreplay. 
Pillow talk, more broadly may also refer to conversations between parties that may be of a more casual and flirting nature, and are not necessarily engaged in a physical relationship. 
References 
Hainan Airlines Company Limited (HNA) (SSE: 600221) (Chinese: 海南航空公司; pinyin: Hǎinán Hángkōnggōngsī; Hainanese: Hái-nâm Hang-khun-kông-si) is an airline headquartered in Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China. It is the largest privately-owned air transport company and the fourth-largest airline in terms of fleet size in the People's Republic of China. It operates scheduled domestic and international services on 500 routes from Hainan and nine locations on the mainland, as well as charter services. 
Its main base is Haikou Meilan International Airport,[2] with a hub at Beijing Capital International Airport and several focus cities. 
Hainan Airlines is one of eight airlines, all based in Asia, rated as five-star by Skytrax, along with All Nippon Airways, Asiana Airlines, Cathay Pacific, EVA Air, Garuda Indonesia, Qatar Airways, and Singapore Airlines. 
Official website HNA Group 
Hainan Airlines was established in October 1989 as Hainan Province Airlines in Hainan, the largest special economy zone in China. 
Hainan Province Airlines became China's first joint-stock air-transport company following a restructuring in January 1993 and began scheduled services on 2 May 1993. The initial 250 million yuan (US$31.25 million) was financed by the Hainan government (5.33%) and the corporate staff (20%). 
The rest came from institutional shareholders.[3] In 1996, the provincial airline was renamed Hainan Airlines. 
Destinations 
Hainan Airlines destinations. 
Hainan Airlines has established nine airline bases in Beijing, Xi'an, Taiyuan, Urumqi, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Lanzhou, Dalian and Shenzhen, as well as an extensive network across the People's Republic of China, and connecting Asia, Europe, America and Africa. 
It serves nearly 500 domestic and international routes and flies to more than 90 cities. 
Codeshare agreements 
As of November 2015, Hainan has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[18] 
Fleet 
A Hainan Airlines Boeing 737-800 at Chengdu Airport, 2011 
A Hainan Airlines Airbus A330-200 at Sheremetyevo International Airport, 2009 
A Hainan Airlines Airbus A330-300 
A Hainan Airlines Boeing 767-300ER at Budapest Airport, 2010 
A Hainan Airlines Boeing 787-8 at Beijing Capital International Airport, 2014 
Hainan Airlines Fleet Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers Notes C Y Total Airbus A330-200 9 — 36 186 222 Airbus A330-300 14 1 32 260 292 Boeing 737-700 6 — 8 120 128 Boeing 737-800 117 3 8 156 164 Boeing 767-300ER 3 — 34 199 233 Boeing 787–8 10 — 36 177 213[25] Boeing 787–9 4 26 30 258 288 COMAC C919 — 22 TBA Total 162 53 
Howard Robard Hughes Jr. 
(December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American entrepreneur, known during his life as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world. 
First making a name for himself as a film producer, he then became an influential figure in the aviation industry. Later in life, he became known for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle which was caused in part by a worsening obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronic pain from a plane crash. 
As a maverick film tycoon, Hughes gained prominence in Hollywood from the late 1920s, making big-budget and often controversial films like The Racket (1928), Hell's Angels (1930), Scarface (1932), and The Outlaw (1943). 
Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers and designers. 
He spent the rest of the 1930s setting multiple world air speed records and building the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules (the "Spruce Goose"). He acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines and later acquired Air West, renaming it Hughes Airwest. 
Hughes was included in Flying Magazine's list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation, ranked at No. 25.[4] Today, his legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 
Marcus Rashford (born 31 October 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Manchester United and the England national team. 
A Manchester United player from the age of seven, he scored twice in both his first-team debut (Europa League) after the warm-up injury of striker Anthony Martial and in his first Premier League game in February 2016 (against Arsenal). 
He also scored in his first Manchester derby game, and his first League Cup game. 
Rashford scored on his England debut in May 2016, becoming the youngest English player to score in his first senior international game. 
He was chosen for UEFA Euro 2016. 
Club career 
Born in Wythenshawe, Manchester, Rashford began playing football for Fletcher Moss Rangers at the age of five and joined the academy system at Manchester United at the age of seven.[4][5] 
Rashford was named on the first-team bench for the first time on 21 November 2015 for a Premier League game against Watford, which Manchester United won 2–1.[6] On 25 February 2016, Rashford was a late addition to the Manchester United starting line-up for their UEFA Europa League round of 32, second leg tie against Midtjylland after Anthony Martial was injured in the warm-up; Rashford marked his first-team debut with two goals in the second half of a 5–1 win.[7] Rashford's goals made him Manchester United's youngest ever scorer in European competition, beating a record previously held by George Best.[8][9] Rashford made his Premier League debut against Arsenal three days later; he again scored twice and provided the assist for the other goal in a 3–2 home victory, making him the third youngest scorer for United in Premier League history after Federico Macheda and Danny Welbeck.[10] On 20 March, Rashford scored the only goal in the Manchester derby, his team's first away league win over Manchester City since 2012.[11] Aged just 18 years and 141 days, Rashford made his mark as the youngest ever scorer in a Manchester derby in the Premier League era.[12] 
On 30 May 2016, Rashford signed a new contract with United, keeping him at the club until 2020, with an option to extend for a further year.[13] 
Career statistics 
Club 
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Manchester United 2015–16[20] Premier League 11 5 4 1 0 0 3[lower-alpha 1] 2 — 18 8 2016–17[21] Premier League 4 3 0 0 1 1 1[lower-alpha 1] 0 1[lower-alpha 2] 0 7 4 Career total 15 8 4 1 1 1 4 2 1 0 25 12 
International 
Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals England 2016 3 1 Total 3 1 
Honours 
Club 
Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986,[1] and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS-DOS. 
It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. 
Brain was written by two brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi,[2] from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 
Brain affects the IBM PC computer by replacing the boot sector of a floppy disk with a copy of the virus. 
The real boot sector is moved to another sector and marked as bad. 
Infected disks usually have five kilobytes of bad sectors. 
The disk label is changed to ©Brain, and the following text can be seen in infected boot sectors: 
BEWARE OF THE er..VIRUS : this program is catching program follows after these messages....$#@%$@!! 
There are many minor and major variations to that version of the text. The virus slows down the floppy disk drive and makes seven kilobytes of memory unavailable to DOS. Brain was written by Amjad Farooq Alvi, who at the time lived in Chairman, near Lahore Railway Station, in Lahore, Pakistan. 
The brothers told TIME magazine they had written it to protect their medical software from piracy, and it was supposed to target copyright infringement only.[3] The cryptic message "Welcome to the Dungeon", a safeguard and reference to an early programming forum on Dungeon BBS, appeared after a year because the brothers licensed a beta version of the code. The brothers could not be contacted to receive the final release of this version of the program. 
Brain lacks code for dealing with hard disk partitioning, and avoids infecting hard disks by checking the most significant bit of the BIOS drive number being accessed. 
Brain does not infect the disk if the bit is clear, unlike other viruses at the time, which paid no attention to disk partitioning and consequently destroyed data stored on hard disks by treating them in the same way as floppy disks. 
Brain often went undetected, partially due to this deliberate non-destructiveness, especially when the user paid little to no attention to the slow speed of floppy disk access. 
The virus came complete with the brothers' address and three phone numbers, and a message that told the user that their machine was infected and to call them for inoculation: 
This program was originally used to track a heart monitoring program for the IBM PC, and pirates were distributing illicit copies of the disks. 
This tracking program was supposed to stop and track illegal copies of the disk, however program also sometimes used the last 5k on an Apple floppy, making additional saves to the disk by other programs impossible. 
Author response 
When the brothers began to receive a large number of phone calls from people in United Kingdom, United States and elsewhere, demanding that they disinfect their machines, they were stunned and tried to explain to the outraged callers that their motivation had not been malicious. Their phone lines were overloaded. 
The brothers with another brother Shahid Farooq Alvi are still in business in Pakistan as Brain NET Internet service providers with a company called Brain Telecommunication Limited. 
Ashar is an older version of Brain. 
There are six variants, each with a different message. 
BrainNET website at the Wayback Machine (archived February 4, 2005) Description of (c)Brain at F-Secure site BRAIN Searching for the first PC virus in Pakistan Information on the Brain Virus And Variants at textfiles.com TED talk by Mikko Hyppönen Fighting viruses, defending the net 
Bloggerine. 
pretty Easy privacy (p≡p) is a pluggable data encryption and verification system, which provides automatic cryptographic key management through a set of libraries (providing p≡p adapters for application developers' used programming languages and development environments) for written digital communications. 
Its main goal is to turn the default in written digital communications towards end-to-end encryption for all users in the most easy way possible and on all channels they use already today, including e-mails, SMS or other types of messages. 
It exists as plugin for Microsoft Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbird and also as mobile apps for Android and iOS. p≡p works under Microsoft Windows, Unix-like, Mac OS X operating systems and also under Android. 
Its cryptographic functionality is handled by open source p≡p engine relying on already existing cryptographic implementations in software like GnuPG, a modified version of netpgp and (as of p≡p v2.0) GNUnet. 
In its default configuration, pEp does not rely on a web of trust or any form of centralised trust infrastructure, but instead lets users verify each others' authenticity by comparing cryptographic fingerprints in the form of natural language strings, which the pEp developers have chosen to call "trustwords". 
pretty Easy privacy was first released in 2016. 
All source code of software already released, that is of p≡p engine, adapters, apps and addons (including Microsoft Outlook) are free and open-source software. 
Above all, p≡p – contrary to existing cryptographic solutions – shall be easy to install, use and understand. 
Furthermore, for their communications p≡p users don’t depend on any specific (web or operating system) platform, message transport system (SMS, E- Mail, XMPP etc.) or centrally provided client–server or "cloud" infrastructures: p≡p is 100% peer-to-peer by design.[1] 
Enigmail support 
Enigmail has announced its support for the new "pretty Easy privacy" (p≡p) encryption scheme in a joint Thunderbird extension to be released in December 2015.[2] As of June 2016 according to a p≡p FAQ note it will be available in Q3 2016[3] and Patrick Brunschwig, head of Enigmail himself, announced to have p≡p core functionality implemented in Enigmail during October 2016, ready for Mozilla Festival then taking place in London.[4] 
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.[4] The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental abilities.[2] A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow.[2] As the disease advances, uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent.[1] Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk.[1][2] Mental abilities generally decline into dementia.[4] The specific symptoms vary somewhat between people.[1] Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age, but can start at any age.[4][3] The disease may develop earlier in life in each successive generation.[1] About eight percent of cases start before the age of 20 years and typically present with symptoms more similar to Parkinson's disease.[3] People with HD often underestimate the degree of their problems.[1] 
HD is typically inherited, although up to 10% of cases are due to a new mutation.[1] The disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in either of an individual's two copies of a gene called Huntingtin.[2] This means a child of an affected person typically has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease.[4] The Huntingtin gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called "huntingtin".[1] Expansion of CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) triplet repeats in the gene coding for the Huntingtin protein results in an abnormal protein, which gradually damages cells in the brain, through mechanisms that are not fully understood.[4] Diagnosis is by genetic testing, which can be carried out at any time, regardless of whether or not symptoms are present.[5] This fact raises several ethical debates: the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing; whether parents have the right to have their children tested; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results.[4] 
There is no cure for HD.[1] Full-time care is required in the later stages of the disease.[2] Treatments can relieve some symptoms and in some improve quality of life.[3] The best evidence for treatment of the movement problems is with tetrabenazine.[3] HD affects about 4 to 15 in 100,000 people of European descent.[1][3] It is rare among Japanese, while the occurrence rate in Africa is unknown.[3] The disease affects men and women equally.[3] Complications such as pneumonia, heart disease, and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy.[3] Suicide is the cause of death in about 9% of cases.[3] Death typically occurs fifteen to twenty years from when the disease was first detected.[4] 
The first likely description of the disease was in 1841 by Charles Oscar Waters.[7] The condition was described in further detail in 1872 by the physician George Huntington, after whom it is named.[7] The genetic basis was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort led by the Hereditary Disease Foundation.[8][9] Research and support organizations began forming in the late 1960s to increase public awareness, to provide support for individuals and their families, and to promote research.[9][10] Current research directions include determining the exact mechanism of the disease, improving animal models to aid with research, testing of medications to treat symptoms or slow the progression of the disease, and studying procedures such as stem cell therapy with the goal of repairing damage caused by the disease.[8] 
Emissions trading or cap and trade is a government-mandated, market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.[1] In contrast to command-and-control environmental regulations such as best available technology (BAT) standards and government subsidies, cap and trade schemes are a type of flexible environmental regulation[2] that allows organizations to decide how best to meet policy targets. Various countries, states and groups of companies have adopted such trading systems, notably for mitigating climate change.[3] 
A central authority (usually a governmental body) allocates or sells a limited number of permits to discharge specific quantities of a specific pollutant per time period.[4] Polluters are required to hold permits in amount equal to their emissions. 
Polluters that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them.[1][5][6][7][8] Financial derivatives of permits can also be traded on secondary markets.[9] 
In theory, polluters who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the emission reduction at the lowest cost to society.[10] Cap and trade is meant to provide the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth.[11] 
A coal power plant in Germany. 
Due to emissions trading, coal may become a less competitive fuel than other options. 
Market-based instruments are regulations that encourage behavior through market signals rather than through explicit directives regarding pollution control levels or methods 1 2 3 Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2016). "Constraining or Enabling Green Capability Development? How Policy Uncertainty Affects Organizational Responses to Flexible Environmental Regulations". 
2014 Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ↑ http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_chapter13.pdf ↑ "Key points: Update Paper 6: Carbon pricing and reducing Australia's emissions". Garnaut Climate Change Review. 
"What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 
JSTOR 2647033. ↑ Bryner, Gary C. Blue Skies, Green Politics: the Clean Air Act of 1990. Washington, D.C.:Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1951. ↑ (Hall, JV and Walton, AL, ‘A case study in pollution markets: dismal science US. Dismal reality’ (1996) XIV Contemporary Economic Policy 67.) ↑ (Boswall, J. and Lee, R. (2002). 
Retrieved 2010-01-27. ↑ "Carbon Place . EU - Market with carbon credits - EUA, CER, ERU, VER, AAU-S, AAU-G". Retrieved 25 September 2015. ↑ Kanter, James (2007-06-20). 
Retrieved 2010-01-27. ↑ (Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride.) ↑ (Boswall, J. and Lee, R. (2002). Economics, ethics and the environment. London: Cavendish 62.) ↑ Burton, Ellison, and William Sanjour (1967) An Economic Analysis of the Control of Sulphur Oxides Air Pollution DHEW Program Analysis Report No. 1967-69 Washington, D.C.: Ernst and Ernst. ↑ Burton, Ellison, and William Sanjour. 
CPA 22-69-17. Washington, D.C.: Ernst and Ernst. ↑ Burton, E. S., and William Sanjour (1970) A Simulation Approach to Air Pollution Abatement Program Planning. Socio-Economic Planning Science 4: 147–150. ↑ Burton, Ellison S., Edward H. Pechan III, and William Sanjour. 
Environmental Science and Technology 7: 412. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1972). The Economics of Clean Air, Annual Report of the Environmental Protection Agency to the Congress of the United States. 
Innovation processes in governance: the development of emissions trading as a new policy instrument. Science and Public Policy 34: 329–343. ↑ Coase, Ronald H. (1960). "The Problem of Social Cost". 
New York, W. W. Norton & Co.: 61–86. ↑ Dales, John H. 1968. Land, Water, and Ownership. The Canadian Journal of Economics 1(4) 791–804. ↑ "http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/clean-development-mechanism-review-of-first-international-offset-program.pdf" (PDF). 
Retrieved 1-13-2011 ↑ (Grimeaud, D, ‘An overview of the policy and legal aspects of the international climate change regime’ (2001) 9(2) Environmental Liability 39.) ↑ (Stewart, R, ‘Economic incentives for environmental protection: opportunities and obstacles’, in Revesz, R, Sands, P and Stewart, R (eds), Environment Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development, 2000, Cambridge: CUP.) ↑ (create shortcut for Kyoto Protocol)(Boswall, J. and Lee, R. (2002). Economics, ethics and the environment. London: Cavendish 63.) 1 2 Roos, Joseph A.; Barber, Valerie; Brackley, Allen M. 
Cap and Trade: Offsets and Implications for Alaska (PDF) http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/C/713310520.pdf. Retrieved 27 October 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ "China's national carbon market to start in 2016 -official". 
Routledge. ↑ "Majority of Poll Respondents Say U.S. Should Limit Greenhouse Gases", Washington Post ↑ "Poll Position: New Zogby Poll Shows 71% Support for Waxman-Markey", Wall Street Journal ↑ "Poll: Americans Support Strong Climate, Energy Policies",Yale Climate & Energy Institute 1 2 Roberts, David (26 Jun 2009). "What can we learn from polls on cap-and-trade?". grist. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ↑ "IBD editorial board claims that cap-and-trade is unpopular in America", PolitiFact 1 2 3 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (January 2011). 
"CAP AND TRADE KEY TERMS GLOSSARY" (PDF). CLIMATE CHANGE 101: CAP AND TRADE. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ↑ Chomitz, Kenneth M (1999). 
The World Bank http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=630729. Missing or empty |title= (help); |contribution= ignored (help) 1 2 3 Rosen and Gayer, Harvey S. and Ted (2008). Public Finance. 
New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-0-07-351128-3. ↑ Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (January 2011). "CAP AND TRADE KEY TERMS GLOSSARY" (PDF). 
Carbon Tax and Cap-and-trade Tools : Market-based Approaches for Controlling Greenhouse Gases. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 9781608761371. ↑ Durning, Alan (July 2009). "carBon tax vS. cap and trade" (PDF). 
Cap and Trade 101 A Federal Climate Policy Primer: 28. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ↑ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/opticon1826/archive/issue9/researchnotes/S_H_Calel.pdf ↑ Yujie Lu; Xinyuan Zhu; Qingbin Cui (2012). "Effectiveness and equity implications of carbon policies in the United States construction industry". 
49: 259–269. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.002. ↑ Ramseur, Jonathan L. (April 16, 2010), "Estimating Offset Supply in a Cap-and-Trade Program" (PDF), Congressional Research Service: 1, retrieved February 15, 2011 ↑ Map: Pollution hotspots, BBC map of areas that suffer from intense local pollution, BBC News, 2004-12-13. Retrieved 2009-10-19. ↑ "Chicago Climate Exchange prices". 
Retrieved 2009-11-03. ↑ Weitzman, M. L. (1974-10). "Prices vs. Quantities". The Review of Economic Studies. 
Check date values in: |date= (help) ↑ Philibert, Cédric (October 2006). "Certainty versus ambition economic efficiency in mitigating climate change" (PDF). International Energy Agency Working Paper Series. 
"World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change" (PDF). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. Retrieved 2010-04-06. ↑ Barker, T.; et al. 
Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 
Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Retrieved 2010-04-05. ↑ Goldemberg, J.; et al. 
Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. 
In (book chapter): Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. In (book): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. 
This version: IPCC website. Retrieved 2010-04-05. ↑ Houser, Trevor; Rob Bradley; Britt Childs Staley; Jake Werksman; Robert Heilmayr (2008). Leveling The Carbon Playing Field: International Competition and U.S. Climate Policy Design. 
Peterson Institute for International Economics. ↑ "Kyoto Protocol". UNFCCC website. Retrieved 2009-09-16. ↑ "Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report" (PDF). 
2007-05-04. pp. Item 25, page 33. Retrieved 2007-05-10. [dead link] ↑ Robert W., Hahn (November 2011). "The effect of Allowance Allocations on Cap-and-Trade System Performance" (PDF). 
Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Retrieved 2010-04-23. ↑ "LULUCF under the Kyoto Protocol". 
Sydney: The UNSW Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets (CEEM). Retrieved 2009-11-03. Missing or empty |title= (help); |contribution= ignored (help) ↑ "Abbott defends carbon tax interview". 
Sydney Morning Herald. ↑ "Opposition vows to repeal carbon tax". Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-10-02. ↑ http://indymedia.org.au/2013/09/20/abbott-governments-first-actions-trash-climate-change-education-carbon-pricing Accessed 8/11/2013 ↑ "Carbon tax scrapped: PM Tony Abbott sees key election promise fulfilled after Senate votes for repeal". 
"Historic climate change legislation passes". New Zealand Government Media Release. Retrieved 10 September 2008. ↑ "Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 No 85". www.legislation.govt.nz. 
"Balanced new law important step on climate change". New Zealand Government Press Release. Retrieved 14 June 2010. ↑ "ETS Amendment Bill passes third reading" (Press release). 
Retrieved 12 November 2012. ↑ MfE (October 2012). "New Zealand's Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2010 and Net Position Snapshot". Ministry for the Environment. 
Questions and answers about amendments to the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government (www.climatechange.govt.nz). Retrieved 16 May 2010. ↑ "Waste - New Zealand Climate change information". 
In the short term, the Government is unlikely to sell emission units because the Kyoto units allocated to New Zealand will be needed to support New Zealand's international obligations, as well as allocation to eligible sectors under the emissions trading scheme. ↑ "Who will get a free allocation of emission units?". Questions and answers about the emissions trading scheme. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government. 
The Bill changes the allocation provisions of the existing CCRA from allocating a fixed pool of emissions to an uncapped approach to allocation. There is no longer an explicit limit on the number of New Zealand units (NZUs) that can be allocated to the industrial sector. ↑ MfE (14 January 2010). "How will free allocation of emission units to the industrial sector work now?". 
Retrieved 15 October 2009. The allocation of free carbon credits to industrial processes is extremely generous and removes the carbon price signal where New Zealand needs one the most ↑ "Revised ETS an insult to New Zealanders" (Press release). Greenpeace New Zealand. 
We now have on the table a pathetic ETS which won’t actually do anything to reduce emissions ↑ "Issues statement for public consultation". NZ ETS Review 2011. Ministry for the Environment. 
"Chapter 1. Global Prospects and Policy Issues". World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook, Globalization and Inequality. 
Retrieved 2010-04-26. |contribution= ignored (help) ↑ Climate Change: The European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) ↑ "Britain, California to join forces on global warming". The Washington Times. 2006-07-31. 
Retrieved 2009-11-03. ↑ Wagner, M.: Firms, the Framework Convention on Climate Change & the EU Emissions Trading System. Corporate Energy Management Strategies to Address Climate Change and GHG Emissions in the European Union. Lüneburg: Centre for Sustainability Management 2004, p.12 CSM Lüneburg 1 2 http://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/docs/factsheet_ets_en.pdf 1 2 CCC (December 2008). 
"Chapter 4: Carbon markets and carbon prices. In: Building a low-carbon economy – The UK's contribution to tackling climate change. The First Report of the Committee on Climate Change. 
External link in |publisher= (help) ↑ Grubb, M.; et al. (3 August 2009). "Climate Policy and Industrial Competitiveness: Ten Insights from Europe on the EU Emissions Trading System". 
"Carbon Trading & Prcing". book Fulton Publishing, publication (December 2006) 68:69 ↑ IEA (2007). "European Commission Environment - EU action against climate change" (PDF). European Commission Environment. p. 24. 
Retrieved 2010-08-01. ↑ Norwegian Ministry of the Environment (2007). "The Norwegian Government accepts to include the EU Emissions Trading Directive in the EEA agreement". European Commission Environment. p. 24. 
Retrieved 2010-08-03. ↑ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2010). "Economic Survey of Norway 2010: Sustainable development: climate change and fisheries policiesEconomic Survey of Norway 2010: Sustainable development: climate change and fisheries policies". Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. pp. n/a. 
Retrieved 2010-08-03. [dead link] ↑ "EU greenhouse gas emissions and targets". European Commission. Retrieved Oct 23, 2014. ↑ "Tokyo Metropolitan Government Leads Japan, Launches Own GHG Emissions Cap-and-Trade Program". 
Artcraft Japan For your Japanese Heart and Soul. July 16, 2010. 1 2 http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/china-cluster/SEI-FORES-2012-China-Carbon-Emissions.pdf ↑ "Tokyo emissions trading plan may become a model for others". 
Retrieved 2010-12-29. ↑ "Urban Environment and Climate Change - Publications". Retrieved 25 September 2015. ↑ "Emissions Trading Worldwide ICAP Status Report 2015" (PDF). ↑ "Acid Rain Program 2007 Progress Report". Clean Air Markets - Air & Radiation. 
"Calif. cap-trade plan dealt blow by S.F. judge". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 9 February 2011. ↑ Western Climate Initiative ↑ California, New Mexico and 3 Canadian provinces outline regional cap-and-trade program, Los Angeles Times, July 28, 2010 ↑ Barack Obama (2008-11-17). 
Retrieved 21 May 2012. ↑ The carbon market Fiona Harvey, FT April 27, 2007 ↑ http://www.weforum.org/pdf/g8_climatechange.pdf ↑ List of climate leaders EPA December 12 ↑ "Meeting the Energy Challenge A White Paper on Energy May 2007" (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). UK Department of Trade and Industry. Retrieved 2009-11-03. |contribution= ignored (help) ↑ "Exxon supports carbon tax". 
International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP). Retrieved 26 Oct 2014. ↑ Tiwari, Gopal Nath; Agrawal, Basant (2010). Building integrated photovoltaic thermal systems : for sustainable developments. 
Retrieved 2010-04-28. ↑ Ellerman, A.D.; B.K. Buchner (2007). "The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: Origins, Allocation, and Early Results" (PDF). Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 
Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: GRID-Arendal website. 
"Fiscal Implications of Climate Change" (PDF). International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department. Retrieved 2010-04-26. ↑ "Climate change; The greening of America". 
Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. 
"Memorandum by the Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research. European Union – Minutes of Evidence, Wednesday 8 October 2008. European Union Committee, Session 2007-2008, Thirty-third Report: The Revision of the EU's Emissions Trading System". 
"Senate can strengthen climate legislation by reducing corporate welfare and boosting true consumer relief" (PDF). Centre for Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved 2010-01-27. ↑ https://icapcarbonaction.com/index.php?option=com_attach&task=download&id=241 ↑ Burtraw, D., Palmer, K. L., Munnings, C., Weber, P., & Woerman, M., 2013: Linking by Degrees: Incremental Alignment of Cap-and-Trade Markets. 
SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2249955 ↑ Flachsland, C., Marschinski, R., & Edenhofer, O., 2009: To link or not to link: benefits and disadvantages of linking cap-and-trade systems. Climate Policy, 9(4), 358–372. doi:10.3763/cpol.2009.0626 ↑ Ranson, M., & Stavins, R., 2013: Linkage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Systems - Learning from Experience. Discussion Paper Resources For The Future, No. 42 ↑ The House of Commons Energy and Climate Committee, 2015: Linking emissions trading systems. 
There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases, which may cause dangerous climate change, permit units are often called carbon credits. 
The largest greenhouse gases trading program is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme,[12] which trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs); the Californian scheme trades in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units.[9][2] The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.[13] 
Pollution is the prime example of a market externality. 
An externality is an effect of some activity on an entity (such as a person) that is not party to a market transaction related to that activity. Emissions trading is a market-based approach, among others, to address pollution. 
The overall goal of an emissions trading plan is to minimize the cost of meeting a set emissions target.[14] 
In an emissions trading system, the government sets an overall limit on emissions, and defines permits (also called allowances), or limited authorizations to emit, up to the level of the overall limit. 
The government may sell the permits, but in many existing schemes, it gives permits to participants (regulated polluters) equal to each participant's baseline emissions. 
The baseline is determined by reference to the participant's historical emissions. To demonstrate compliance, a participant must hold permits at least equal to the quantity of pollution it actually emitted during the time period. 
If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits.[15] Because permits can be bought and sold, a participant can choose either to use its permits exactly (by reducing its own emissions); or to emit less than its permits, and perhaps sell the excess permits; or to emit more than its permits, and buy permits from other participants. In effect, the buyer pays a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. 
In many schemes, organizations which do not pollute (and therefore have no obligations) may also trade permits and financial derivatives of permits. 
In some schemes, participants can bank allowances to use in future periods.[16] In some schemes, a proportion of all traded permits must be retired periodically, causing a net reduction in emissions over time. Thus, environmental groups may buy and retire permits, driving up the price of the remaining permits according to the law of demand.[17] In most schemes, permit owners can donate permits to a nonprofit entity and receive a tax deduction. 
Usually, the government lowers the overall limit over time, with an aim towards a national emissions reduction target.[14] 
Hovig Demirjian (Greek: Χουίγ Δεμιργιαν, Armenian: Հովիկ Դեմիրճյան, born 3 January 1989), better known by the mononym Hovig, is a Cypriot singer of Armenian origin. 
He will represent Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017.[1] 
Demirjian or Demirdjian was born on 3 January 1989 in Nicosia, Cyprus, and is of Armenian descent.[2] He studied marketing and worked in business, but quickly gave up in order to become a singer. He learned to play the guitar and piano and also studied jazz and vocals. His first major achievement was placing second in a musical competition in Larnaca. 
He became well known in Cyprus with the nickname "The Music Messenger". 
In June 1, 2009, he released "Den mou milas alithina (Istoria exei teleiwsei)" (in Greek "Δεν μού μιλάς - ἱστορία έχει τελειώσει") under the mononym Hovig accompanied by a music video in preparation for the Greek X Factor. The song was written by Argiro Christodoulidou and music video directed by Kostas Voniatis. 
Following The X Factor Greece, Demirjian competed to represent Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest on two occasions; 2010 and 2015. 
In 2010, he placed third with "Goodbye", and in 2015, he placed fourth with "Stone in a River".[4] 
On 21 October 2016, Demirjian was announced as the Cypriot entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017.[5] His song will be written by Swedish composer Thomas G:son.[6] 
S/2004 N 1 is a small moon of Neptune, about 18 km (11 mi) in diameter, which orbits the planet in just under one Earth day. 
Its discovery on 1 July 2013 increased Neptune's retinue of known satellites to fourteen.[4] The moon is so dim that it was not observed when Voyager 2 flew by in 1989. 
Mark Showalter of the SETI Institute found it by analyzing archived Neptune photographs the Hubble Space Telescope captured between 2004 and 2009.[5] 
Philip "Phil" Oakey (born 2 October 1955) is an English singer, songwriter and producer. He is best known as the lead songwriter, frontman and co-founder of the English synthpop band The Human League. 
Aside from the Human League, he has had an extensive solo music career and collaborated with numerous other artists and producers.[1] 
Oakey was one of the most visually distinctive music artists of the early 1980s. 
At the height of their success, The Human League released the triple platinum album Dare and Oakey co-wrote and sang the multi-million selling single "Don't You Want Me", which was a number one single in both the U.S. and UK, where it remains the 25th highest selling single of all time.[2] Oakey has been lead singer of The Human League for over 30 years, with whom he has sold more than 20 million records worldwide.[3][4] He continues recording and performing internationally.[1] 
Totara LMS is an open source distribution[1] of Moodle developed for the corporate and government market.[2] Totara is translated into 24 languages[3] and has over 5 million subscribers.[4] The current version of Totara LMS is 2.9 and is based on Moodle 2.9.[5] Totara releases a full but unsupported version of the product publicly via Github prior to each major release[6] 
Cloud Technology and Mobile features Supports SCORM 1.2, AICC, OLSA,[7] xAPI Immediate loading of any file: Word, Excel, PDF, video, audio 24 supported languages[8] Individual development plans Classroom management Team management Competency management Learning paths Program management Sophisticated reporting Enhanced search Interfaces with HR and ERP applications and authentication systems such as LDAP and Active Directory Open Badges Performance Management Certifications 
Totara LMS is programmed in PHP and JavaScript and can use a variety of databases including MySQL and PostgreSQL. 
Totara is SCORM compliant. 
2015 New Zealand Hi Tech Awards - Cisco Hi-Tech Emerging Company of the Year Highly Commended [9] 2012 Best of Elearning! Award of Excellence - Best Open Source Solutions[10] 2012 Winner; Open Source Use in Business - NZ Open Source Awards[11] 2011 Brandon Hall Excellence in Technology Awards - Best Advance in Learning Management Technology[12] 
The team that have developed TotaraLMS have also worked on other open source learning software including the ePortfolio system Mahara, Moodle Networks (M-Net), and contributing to the core code of Moodle. 
The first release of TotaraLMS was 1 March 2011. 
Official Totara website 
A Pentatonix Christmas is the fourth studio album by American a cappella group Pentatonix. 
It is also their second full-length holiday album since That's Christmas to Me in 2014. 
Featuring two new original songs, "Good to Be Bad" and "The Christmas Sing-Along",[1] A Pentatonix Christmas debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 3 with 52,000 albums sold in its first week.[2] The album also debuted atop the Billboard Holiday Albums chart, their second number one on that chart after That's Christmas to Me.[2] 
Track listing 
Credits adapted from AllMusic.[1] 
Personnel 
European Fireball Network is an international organization based in Central Europe (Germany and Czech Republic). 
Its purpose is systematic and simultaneous night observation of meteors and other nebular object purposes. 
The network was initially located at the Ondřejov Observatory, Czech Republic, after the fall of the Příbram meteorite on 7 April 1959, which was the first meteorite simultaneously observed by several stations. 
By 1963, the network consisted of five stations. 
It was later (about 1968) expanded by the installation of about 15 new stations in Germany and named the European Fireball Network.[1] 
All-sky photo with the Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 (the light track across the picture going from the south to the north) taken at Červená hora, one of the stations of the European Fireball Network. 
The bright track on the left is the Moon. 
Cameras at Ondřejov, Czech Republic 
3D triangulation of the atmospheric trajectory of Neuschwanstein by the European Fireball Network stations. 
The network currently consists of at least 34 camera stations located in Germany, Czech Republic, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Austria at elevations up to 1846 m above mean sea level. 
The cameras are separated by a distance of about 100 kilometres (62 mi); they cover an area of about 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) and photograph the entire visible sky. 
Cameras of Czech stations are equipped with fisheye lenses and are directed towards the zenith. 
Sky recordings are made every night with a long exposure time. 
Quickly moving bright objects (meteors) appear as broken traces in the images, and from the exposure time, the burn time and the angular velocity of the object can be determined. 
An important feature of the network is the simultaneous observation of an object from several stations that allows accurate three-dimensional reconstruction of its trajectory using triangulation. 
The network is jointly operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Institute of Planetary Research in Prague (Ondřejov Observatory). 
It produces about 10,000 images per year documenting about 1200 hours of clear sky observations. 
Its cameras detect about 50 large meteors per year.[1][2] 
The most significant observation by the network to date is the fall of the Neuschwanstein meteorite on 6 April 2002. 
Detailed data obtained from several stations allowed accurate reconstruction not only of the meteor path in the Earth atmosphere, but also of its orbit around the Sun. 
The similarity of the reconstructed orbits of the Neuschwanstein and Příbram allowed associating these meteorites to the same parent body.[3][4][5][6][7] 
European Fireball Network A network camera at Daun, Germany. The camera itself is located on top of the tripod and collects light from the reflecting hemisphere in the middle of the construction. Formation 1959 (1959) Type Camera network Legal status Active Purpose Record meteorite falls Region served Germany, Czech Republic, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Austria Parent organization The German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Institute of Planetary Research in Prague (Ondřejov Observatory). 
1 2 Oberst, J.; Molau, S.; Heinlein, D.; Gritzner, C.; Schindler, M.; Spurny, P.; Ceplecha, Z.; Rendtel, J.; Betlem, H. "The "European Fireball Network": Current status and future prospects". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 
33 (1): 49. Bibcode:1998M&PS...33...49O. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1998.tb01606.x. some excerpts ↑ European Fireball Network page at DLR (in German) ↑ Oddbjorn Engvold (2007). Reports on Astronomy 2003-2005 (IAU XXVIA): IAU Transactions XXVIA. 
Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-521-85604-3. ↑ "Meteor Neuschwanstein". DLR — Institute of Planetary Research (in German). ↑ J. Colonel; D. Heinlein; U. Köhler; P. Spurný (2004). 
"The multiple meteorite fall of Neuschwanstein: Circumstances of the event and meteorite search campaigns". 
Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 39 (10): 1627–1641. Bibcode:2004M&PS...39.1627O. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00062.x. ↑ P. Spurný; J. Oberst; D. Heinlein (2003). 
"Photographic observations of Neuschwanstein, a second meteorite from the orbit of the Pribram chondrite". Nature. 423 (6936): 151–153. 
Bibcode:2003Natur.423..151S. doi:10.1038/nature01592. PMID 12736679. ↑ Kornoš, Leonard; Tóth, Juraj; Vereš, Peter (2007). "Orbital Evolution of Příbram and Neuschwanstein". 
Earth, Moon, and Planets. 102 (1-4): 59. arXiv:1104.3115. Bibcode:2008EM&P..102...59K. doi:10.1007/s11038-007-9213-z. 
2014–2016: Hometown 
Brendan Murray (born 16 November 1996) is an Irish singer, and former member of the Irish boyband Hometown. He will represent Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 as a solo artist. 
In 2014, Murray became a member of the Irish boyband Hometown, managed by Louis Walsh. 
The band achieved three chart successes in their home country, including the number-one singles "Where I Belong" in 2014, and "Cry for Help" in 2015. 
Their debut album, HomeTown, was released in November 2015 and peaked at number-four in Ireland.[1] In December 2016, the band announced that they'd be going on an indefinite hiatus.[2] 
On 16 December 2016, Murray was announced as the Irish representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017.[3] 
Brendan Murray Murray (top right) with Hometown in 2015 Background information Born (1996-11-16) 16 November 1996 Galway, Ireland Genres Pop Occupation(s) Singer Instruments Vocals Years active 2014–present Associated acts Hometown 
Hung Medien (Steffen Hung). Cite web URL http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Hometown Title Discography Hometown Last name Hung First name Steffen Publisher Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien (Steffen Hung) ↑ "Irish band HomeTown split to pursue individual journeys". 
Hot Press. 8 December 2015. 
Retrieved 13 December 2016. Citeweb URL http://www.hotpress.com/Hometown/news/Irish-band-HomeTown-split-to-pursue-individual-journeys/19190037.html?r15=1 Title Irish band HomeTown split to pursue individual journeys Source date 8 December 2015 Website Hot Press URL access date 13 December 2016 ↑ Gallagher, Robyn (16 December 2016). "Ireland: Brendan Murray will sing at Eurovision 2017". wiwibloggs.com. 
Wiwibloggs. 
Kodi Kodi 14.1 Home Screen Developer(s) XBMC Foundation Initial release 2002 (as Xbox Media Player), 2003[1] (as Xbox Media Center) Stable release 16.1 / 24 April 2016 (2016-04-24)[2] Preview release Neutral build from Git / Nightly (codename: Kodi 17.0 "Krypton" beta 6)[3] Repository github.com/xbmc/xbmc Development status Active Written in C++ core, with C++ (binary) or Python scripts as addons (plug-in extentions) from third-party developers Operating system Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Apple TV OS, Linux, and FreeBSD Platform ARM, ARM64, MIPS, PowerPC, IA-32 (x86), and x64 (x86-64) Available in 75+ languages[4] Type Media player software, Smart TV platform, digital media player, digital video recorder License GNU GPL (GPLv2) Website kodi.tv 
Kodi (formerly XBMC) is a free and open-source media player software application developed by the XBMC Foundation, a non-profit technology consortium.[5] Kodi is available for multiple operating systems and hardware platforms, with a software 10-foot user interface for use with televisions and remote controls. 
It allows users to play and view most streaming media, such as videos, music, podcasts, and videos from the internet, as well as all common digital media files from local and network storage media.[6] 
1 2 3 http://www.transifex.com/teamxbmc/kodi-main/ Translation project for strings hosted at Transifex for XBMC master ↑ "About Kodi". kodi.tv. 
Retrieved 26 April 2016. 
Cite web URL http://kodi.tv/about/ Title About Kodi Publisher kodi.tv URL access date 26 April 2016 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Patrick Schmid (5 November 2004). 
"Modding The Xbox Into The Ultimate Multimedia Center". Tom's Hardware. 
Cite web URL http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/modding-xbox-ultimate-multimedia-center,807.html Title Modding The Xbox Into The Ultimate Multimedia Center Last name Patrick Schmid Source date 5 November 2004 Website Tom's Hardware ↑ Adam Pash (7 December 2008). "Hive Five Best Media Center Applications". Lifehacker. ↑ Adam Pash (16 December 2008). 
Kodi (software) 
Chaotic rotation involves the irregular and unpredictable rotation of an astronomical body. 
Unlike Earth's rotation, a chaotic rotation may not have a fixed axis or period. 
Because of the conservation of angular momentum, chaotic rotation is not seen in objects that are spherically symmetric or well isolated from gravitational interaction, but is the result of the interactions within a system of orbiting bodies, similar to those associated with orbital resonance. 
Chaotic rotation 
Cannabis in Slovakia is illegal. 
Possession or use of small amounts of cannabis (or only 1 joint) is punishable by up to eight years in prison.[1][2] In April 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that Robert Fico, the incoming Slovak prime minister, might push for partial legalisation of cannabis possession, and has argued for the legalisation of possession of up to three doses of cannabis for personal use.[2] 
↑ "High contrast". The Economist. London: Economist Newspaper. 
Cite news URL http://www.economist.com/node/16891809 Source title High contrast Source date 26 August 2010 Publisher Economist Newspaper Newspaper The Economist Location of publication London ISSN 0013-0613 OCLC 60625410 URL access date 25 June 2012 1 2 Rousek, Leos (3 April 2012). "Slovakia's Incoming Leftist Premier Wants to Relax Tough Cannabis Laws". The Wall Street Journal. 
Va banque or Vabanque is a gambling term from the card game of Pharo or Faro, which was popular in the 18th and 19th century. 
It is similar to the decision to "go bank" (or "banco") in chemin de fer, a form of baccarat. 
It means that a player bets equal to the current amount of money in the game's "bank". 
Vabanque is generally a risky choice in that the player puts everything at stake, he or she is "all in", and can lose everything, or gain an equal amount. 
Va banque became a particularly noted expression due to its uses in a reported dialogue between Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring as the Polish crisis reached its peak before World War II. 
Göring urged Hitler not to go too far with his gamble of playing off the English against the Poles, to which Hitler replied that throughout his life he had always played vabanque.[1] 
Veneration 
Passage to Soviet Union, captivity and death 
Ján Kellner, S.J. (December 26, 1912–July 7, 1941) was a Slovak Jesuit priest, missionary to USSR, executed during Stalinism in 1941.[1] 
Ján Kellner was born in Hradisko (Kisvár), Austria-Hungary, today Slovakia in 1912,[2] near the town of Levoča, where his family subsequently moved in 1922. 
He started attending the Catholic boys' elementary school and a year later the Gymnasium in Levoča, from which he graduated in 1931.[3] In 1931, he leaves for Rome to study at Collegium Russicum. 
After two years of study of Philosophy and four years of study of Theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University he was ordained priest on December 25, 1937.[4] For two more years he studied at the Pontifical Oriental Institute and in 1939, he relocates to Augustinian monastery in Prague to serve at a Russian/Ruthenian Catholic parish,[1] with the prospect of passage to Russia.[5] At the beginning of WWII, on demand of the Gestapo and under the threat of forceful deportation, he left for Slovakia, where he worked in a paper factory in Ružomberok.[1] 
In November 1940, Ján Kellner received a letter from the Jesuit Superior Wlodimir Ledóchowski to bishop Michal Buzalka stating that the passage to USSR for Ján Kellner was prepared.[3] Subsequently, Ján Kellner was issued a false passport under the name 'Relovský'.[3] Theodore Romzha, later bishop and martyr, dissuaded him from clandestine passage for the great dangers it posed;[5] despite his advice, on December 6, 1940, he crossed the border into USSR. 
In spite of the spiritual and pastoral nature of their mission, the secret service of Soviet Union regarded the catholic missionaries to USSR educated in Collegium Russicum as spies of Vatican and treated them as such.[6] Ján Kellner was arrested on December 9, 1940, after being handed to authorities by a peasant he approached for help.[7] His initial interrogation lasted for three days and three nights (December 17–19, 1940) and he stated in detail that he has been preparing for long time for his mission into the USSR and that he planned to “cross the border in the region of Sambor, then secretly make his way to Lwów, and from there he would go to Moscow and get a job at some factory, and then he planned to attend meetings of militant atheists and speak out against atheism.” 
He would do this with the intention of “preaching the teaching of Christ among young people, in order to foster the work of unifying the Churches.”[1][5] He was subsequently transferred to the special NKVD prison in Kiev, where he was subjected to the total of thirteen interrogation sessions.[7] Following the attack of Nazi Germany on USSR on June 22, 1941 and triggered by the internal command from Moscow to review the lists of those arrested by NKVD to identify those suitable for execution, he was sentenced to capital punishment as "an enemy of the people" on July 7, 1941 and shot dead the same day.[1][5] 
Ján Kellner, S.J. Born December 26, 1912 Hradisko, Austria-Hungary Died July 7, 1941 (aged 28) Kiev, USSR Cause of death Execution by shooting Other names Jan Kellner Brincko, Jan Kellner Brinsko, Jan Kölner-Brinsko, Jan Andreevich Kellner Brinsko Occupation Catholic Priest Title Religious, priest & missionary 
A plaque commemorating the life and death of Ján Kellner has been installed in the ante-hall of the church in his native village of Hradisko. 
A video editing suite 
Post-production, or postproduction, is part of the process of filmmaking, video production, and photography. 
It occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, radio programs, advertising, audio recordings, photography, and digital art. 
It is a term for all stages of production occurring after shooting or recording individual program segments.[1] 
Traditional (analogue) post-production has been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system (NLE). 
A modern digital sound control room at Tainted Blue Studios, 2010 
Post-production is many different processes grouped under one name. 
These typically include: 
Video editing the picture of a television program using an edit decision list (EDL) Writing, (re)recording, and editing the soundtrack. 
Adding visual special effects - mainly computer-generated imagery (CGI) and digital copy from which release prints will be made (although this may be made obsolete by digital-cinema technologies). 
Sound design, sound effects, ADR, foley, and music, culminating in a process known as sound re-recording or mixing with professional audio equipment. Transfer of colour motion picture film to video or DPX with a telecine and color grading (correction) in a color suite. 
The post-production phase of creating a film usually takes longer than the actual shooting of the film and can take several months to complete because it includes the complete editing, colour correction, and the addition of music and sound. 
The process of editing a movie is also seen as the second directing because through post-production it is possible to change the intention of the movie. 
Furthermore, through the use of color grading tools and the addition of music and sound, the atmosphere of the movie can be heavily influenced. 
For instance, a blue-tinted movie is associated with a cold atmosphere and the choice of music and sound increases the effect of the shown scenes to the audience. 
Post-production was named a "dying industry" by Phil Izzo.[2] The once exclusive service offered by high-end post-production facilities have been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system (NLE). 
As such, traditional (analogue) post-production services are being surpassed by digital, leading to sales of over $6 billion annually. 
In television, the phases of post-production include: editing, video editing, sound editing, animation and visual effects insertions, viewing and the start of the airing process. 
It is imperative that post-production executes and oversees the preparation until the final product is completely ready. 
Professional post-producers usually apply a certain range of image editing operations to the raw image format provided by a photographer or an image-bank. 
There is a range of proprietary and free and open-source software, running on a range of operating systems available to do this work. 
The first stage of post-production usually requires loading the RAW images into the post-production software. 
If there is more than one image, and they belong to a set, ideally post-producers try to equalize the images before loading them. 
After that, if necessary, the next step would be to cut the objects in the images with the Pen Tool for a perfect and clean cut. 
The next stage would be cleaning the image using tools such as the healing tool, clone tool, and patch tool. 
The next stages depend on what the client ordered. 
If it's a photo-montage, the post-producers would usually start assembling the different images into the final document, and start to integrate the images with the background. 
In advertising, it usually requires assembling several images together in a photo-composition. 
Types of work usually done: 
Advertising that requires one background (as one or more images to assemble) and one or more models. 
(Usually, the most time consuming as a lot of times these are image bank images which don't have much quality, and they all have different light and color as they were not controlled by only one photographer in one set location) Product-photography that usually requires several images of the same object with different lights, and assembled together, to control light and unwanted reflections, and/or to assemble parts that would be difficult to get in one shot, such as a beer glass for a beer advertising. 
(Sometimes to composite one image of a beer glass it requires 4 or 5 images: one for the base, one for the beer, one for the label, one for the foam, and one or more for splashing beer if that is desired) Fashion photography that usually requires a really heavy post-production for editorial and/or advertising. 
Techniques used in music post-production include comping (compiling the best portions of multiple takes into one superior take), timing and pitch correction (perhaps through beat quantization), and adding effects. 
This process is typically referred to as mixing and can also involve equalization and adjusting the levels of each individual track to provide an optimal sound experience.[3] Contrary to the name, post-production may occur at any point during recording and production process and is non-linear and nonveridic.[3] 
Men in the image 
Lunch atop a Skyscraper (New York Construction Workers Lunching on a Crossbeam) is a famous black-and-white photograph taken during construction of 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Manhattan, New York City, United States. 
The photograph depicts eleven men eating lunch, seated on a girder with their feet dangling 840 feet (260 meters)[1] above the New York City streets. 
The photo was taken on September 20, 1932, on the 69th floor of the RCA Building during the last months of construction. 
According to archivists, the photo was in fact prearranged.[1] Although the photo shows real ironworkers, it is believed that the moment was staged by Rockefeller Center to promote its new skyscraper.[1] The photo appeared in the Sunday photo supplement of the New York Herald Tribune on October 2. 
The glass negative is now owned by Branded Entertainment Network, who acquired it from the Acme Newspictures archive in 1995. 
Formerly attributed to "unknown", it has been credited to Charles C. Ebbets since 2003[2][3] and erroneously to Lewis Hine. 
The Corbis corporation officially returned its status to unknown although sources continue to credit Ebbets.[4][5][6][7] 
There have been numerous claims regarding the identities of the men in the image. 
The movie Men at Lunch[8] traces some of the men to possible Irish origin, but the director plans to do further interviews to follow up among other claims from Swedish relatives.[9] From the left, number three is Joseph Eckner, number four is Michael Breheny, number five is Albin Svensson and number six with the cigarette is Peter Rice, a Mohawk ironworker from Kahnawake, Canada. 
The first man from the right is Slovak worker Gustáv (Gusti) Popovič from the village of Vyšný Slavkov in the Levoča District. 
Gusti was originally a lumberjack and carpenter. 
In 1932 he sent his wife Mariška a postcard with this photograph on which he wrote, "Don´t you worry, my dear Mariska, as you can see I'm still with bottle. 
Your Gusti."[10][11] He came back to Vyšný Slavkov at the beginning of World War II and became a farmer. 
By the end of World War II, Gusti was killed by a grenade in his village. 
His and Mariška's joint grave is in the Vyšný Slavkov cemetery.[12] The third from the right is Joe Curtis.[13] The man sitting fourth from the right is allegedly Irishman Francis Michael Rafferty with his lifelong best friend and fellow Irishman, Stretch Donahue, sitting to his right.[14] 
Throughout his time as Manchester United manager, Sir Alex Ferguson used the image as a motivational tool, showing it to all his players when they made the team. 
Noting that there are eleven men in the picture, Sir Alex said, "What is the greatest thing a team can do? 
They can sacrifice their life for each other and sometimes when one falls two can save him."[15] 
Lunch Atop A Skyscraper: The Story Behind The 1932 Photo short documentary, part of TIME's 100 photos series 
1 2 3 Malm, Sara (September 20, 2012). "The picture that proves why iconic photograph of workers eating their lunch on Rockefeller beam was all a publicity stunt". London: Daily Mail. 
Retrieved 29 September 2012. ↑ A photo finished | StarNewsOnline.com ↑ Ormond woman, daughter document legacy | News-JournalOnline.com ↑ Reuters photographer blog, "", September 20, 2012. ↑ Pollak, Michael (March 9, 2012). "Answers to Questions About New York". The New York Times. ↑ "Image". 
The New York Times. March 11, 2012. ↑ Robinson, Dean (September 2, 2011). "Reaching the Heights". 
The New York Times. ↑ Men at Lunch at the Internet Movie Database ↑ Högt över New York satt bondpojkarna från Okome - Halland - www.hallandsposten.se ↑ Oběd na vrcholu mrakodrapu: jak to opravdu bylo - iDNES.cz ↑ "Tak stavjame Ameriku, písal Gusti zo slávnej fotografie". August 12, 2016 – via www.sme.sk. ↑ http://www.slovenskezahranicie.sk/sk/udalost/162/okamih-slavy-gusti-popovica-nad-manhattanom-slovak-ktory-vosiel-do-historie-vdaka-fotografii ↑ Identified in the movie "Men at Lunch" around minute 27. ↑ Malm, Sara (September 21, 2012). "The picture that proves why iconic photograph of workers eating their lunch on Rockefeller beam was all a publicity stunt". 
GIMPS Prime95 and MPrime download page - software for Windows 64-bit, Windows 32-bit, macOS, Linux 64-bit, Linux 32-bit, FreeBSD 64-bit, FreeBSD 32-bit GIMPS Prime95 and MPrime FTP Server - contains various versions of Prime95 and MPrime GIMPS Prime95 and MPrime FTP Mirror - mirrors the FTP server (uses HTTP) How to use Prime95 for stress (torture) testing 
Prime95 is the freeware application written by George Woltman that is used by GIMPS, a distributed computing project dedicated to finding new Mersenne prime numbers. More specifically, Prime95 refers to the Windows and macOS versions of the software. 
MPrime is the Linux command-line interface version of Prime95, to be run in a text terminal or in a terminal emulator window as a remote shell client. 
It is identical to Prime95 in functionality, except it lacks a graphical user interface. 
Although most of the GIMPS software's source code is publicly available, it is technically not free software as users must abide by the project's distribution terms if the software is used to discover a prime number with at least 100,000,000 decimal digits and wins the $150,000 bounty offered by the EFF.[2] As such, a user who uses Prime95 to discover a qualifying prime number would not be able to claim the prize directly ($50,000 will go to the person who finds the prime number, $50,000 will go to a mathematics-related charity, $50,000 will be kept as reserve by GIMP). 
A free software package would not have this restriction. 
Prime95 currently does not have GPU support, although Woltman has indicated that it is under development. 
However, there are third-party programs, such as CUDALucas, that make use of the processing power of GPUs. 
As of 2014, 14 new Mersenne prime numbers have been found by the network of participants, and a new Mersenne prime was discovered approximately every year until 2009; the latest was four years later. 
Scott Kurowski wrote the Internet PrimeNet Server that supports the Prime95/MPrime software on GIMPS, one of the earliest grid computing projects, researching Mersenne prime numbers, to demonstrate Entropia-distributed computing software, a company he founded in 1997. 
A table of selected benchmarks is provided below. 
The complete list can be found at the official GIMPS website.[5] 
Prime95 Prime95 28.7 running on an Intel quad-core Windows 10 system Developer(s) George Woltman Stable release 28.9 / March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)[1] Operating system Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux (MPrime), FreeBSD (MPrime) Type Mersenne prime finder / system stability tester License GIMPS prize terms Website mersenne.org 
Comparison of CPU core power Frequency Cores FFT Trial factoring TDP Prime95 benchmark[5][6] (per core) 2048k 4096k 64-bit Platform CPU model MHz ms ms ms Watts Intel Atom 330 1600 2 621 1166 46 8 Intel Atom D510 1664 2 586 1954 25.7 13 Intel Pentium III 1151 1 438 923 50.6 30 AMD Athlon 1054 1 457 774 56.0 68 AMD Fusion E-350 1596 2 222 491 15.2 18 AMD Athlon XP 2000+ 1640 1 201 448 32.8 ~60 Intel Pentium 4 3078 1 72.4 162 14.9 86 AMD Phenom II X4 3414 4 34.9 76.3 4.59 125 Intel Core 2 Duo E8600 3334 2 34.2 73.1 4.89 65 Sandy Bridge Pentium G620T 2159 2 41.1 72.5 4.99 35 AMD Phenom II X6 1100T 3310 6 32.7 69.5 3.85 125 Intel Core i5-2500K 3330 4 23.9 53.2 3.49 95 Intel Core i5-2500K 4400 4 3.3 7.1 2.61 95 Intel Core i7-2600K 3463 4 21.8 45.4 3.67 95 Intel Core i7-3770K 4222 4 3.978 9.450 3.788 77 
Nelstar Entertainment, Inc. (also known as Nelstar Music or simply Nelstar) is a Canadian independent record label founded in 2009 by Nelly Furtado. 
The label was founded in cooperation with Last Gang Records and Eleven Seven Music. 
Furtado released the album Mi Plan through the imprint in 2009, and is scheduled to release The Ride through it in 2017.[1][2][3] 
Nelstar Entertainment Founded 2009 (2009) Founder Nelly Furtado Distributor(s) Last Gang Records Genre Various Country of origin Canada 
↑ Harding, Cortney (13 December 2016). "Nelly Furtado Launches Indie Label". Billboard. 
Retrieved 16 March 2009. Cite web URL http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/269204/nelly-furtado-launches-indie-label Title Nelly Furtado Launches Indie Label Last name Harding, Cortney Source date 13 December 2016 Website Billboard URL access date 16 March 2009 ↑ Corner, Lewis (13 December 2016). "Nelly Furtado will take us along for The Ride with her brand new album". 
Retrieved 13 December 2016. Cite web URL http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a816757/nelly-furtado-new-album-2017-the-ride/ Title Nelly Furtado will take us along for The Ride with her brand new album Last name Corner, Lewis Source date 13 December 2016 Website Digital Spy URL access date 13 December 2016 ↑ "Steve Kline Named Chief Operating Officer at Eleven Seven Music Group". Music Business Worldwide. 
11 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Cite web URL http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/steve-kline-named-chief-operating-officer-eleven-seven-music-group/ Title Steve Kline Named Chief Operating Officer at Eleven Seven Music Group Source date 11 December 2016 Website Music Business Worldwide URL access date 13 December 2016 
The history of alphabetic writing goes back to the consonantal writing system used for Semitic languages in the Levant in the 2nd millennium BCE. 
Most or nearly all alphabetic scripts used throughout the world today ultimately go back to this Semitic proto-alphabet.[1] Its first origins can be traced back to a Proto-Sinaitic script developed in Ancient Egypt to represent the language of Semitic-speaking workers in Egypt. 
This script was partly influenced by the older Egyptian hieratic, a cursive script related to Egyptian hieroglyphs.[2][3] 
↑ Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). 
Writing systems: a linguistic introduction. 
Stanford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-8047-1254-9. 
Cite book URL https://books.google.com/?id=tVcdNRvwoDkC&pg=PA9&dq=Sampson,+Geoffrey+%281985%29.+Writing+systems:+a+linguistic+introduction#v=onepage&q=Sampson%2C%20Geoffrey%20%281985%29.%20Writing%20systems%3A%20a%20linguistic%20introduction&f=false Title Writing systems: a linguistic introduction Last name Sampson First name Geoffrey Publisher Stanford University Press Year of publication 1985 ISBN 0-8047-1254-9 Page 77 ↑ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21. ↑ Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). 
"How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". 
Biblical Archaeology Review. 
Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. 
36 (1). ISSN 0098-9444. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. 
Cite journal Last name Goldwasser First name Orly Author link Orly Goldwasser Source date Mar–Apr 2010 Title How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs URL http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=02&ArticleID=06 Journal Biblical Archaeology Review Location of publication Washington, DC Publisher Biblical Archaeology Society Volume 36 Issue 1 ISSN 0098-9444 URL access date 6 Nov 2011 ↑ Coulmas, Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 
History of the alphabet 
A sugar daddy is a man who offers support (typically financial and material) to a younger companion, i.e. a sugar baby (compare kept woman and kept man); the female analog of a sugar daddy is a sugar mama. 
Sugar Daddies, a 1927 film starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy Sugar Daddies (play), a 2004 play by Alan Ayckbourn "Sugar Daddy" (Ugly Betty), an episode of Ugly Betty Sugar Daddy, a 2007 novel by Lisa Kleypas 
Sugardaddy, a UK band Sugar Daddy Live, a live album by the Melvins "Sugar Daddy" (The Bellamy Brothers song), a 1980 single by The Bellamy Brothers "Sugar Daddy" (The Jackson 5 song), a 1971 single by The Jackson 5 "Sugar Daddy" (Thompson Twins song), a 1989 single by Thompson Twins "Sugar Daddy" (1999 song), a song from the off-Broadway show and film Hedwig and the Angry Inch "Sugar Daddy", a song by Fleetwood Mac from their 1975 album Fleetwood Mac "Sugar Daddy", a single by Nina Sky "Sugar Daddy", a song by Laika from their album Silver Apples of the Moon "Sugar Daddy", a song by The Badloves "Sugar Daddy", a song by AC/DC "Sugah Daddy", a song by D'Angelo from his album Black Messiah 
Alma de Bretteville Spreckels (the person who came up with the term "sugar daddy") Aristo (disambiguation) Enjo kōsai, a similar concept in Japan Gold digging The Sugar Man, a 1971 album by Stanley Turrentine 
Sugar daddy 
Ponyo (Japanese: 崖の上のポニョ, Hepburn: Gake no Ue no Ponyo, literally "Ponyo on the Cliff"), initially titled in English as Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea, is a 2008 Japanese animated fantasy comedy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and produced by Studio Ghibli.[3] It is the eighth film Miyazaki directed for Ghibli, and his tenth overall. 
The film stars the voices of Tomoko Yamaguchi, Kazushige Nagashima, Yūki Amami, George Tokoro, Yuria Nara, Hiroki Doi, Rumi Hiiragi, Akiko Yano, Kazuko Yoshiyuki and Tomoko Naraoka. The plot centers on a goldfish named Ponyo who befriends a five-year-old human boy, Sōsuke, and wants to become a human girl. 
The film was released in Japan on July 19, 2008, in the US and Canada on August 14, 2009, and in the UK on February 12, 2010.[4] It earned over US$201 million worldwide[1] and won several awards, including the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year.[5] 
Retrieved on 2014-05-12. ↑ Miyazaki, Hayao (2009-08-14), Ponyo, retrieved 2016-12-06 ↑ "'Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea' brings in 15 billion yen during opening weekend". 
Japan News Review. 
Ponyo Japanese release poster Directed by Hayao Miyazaki Produced by Toshio Suzuki Written by Hayao Miyazaki Starring Tomoko Yamaguchi Kazushige Nagashima Yūki Amami George Tokoro Yuria Nara Hiroki Doi Rumi Hiiragi Akiko Yano Kazuko Yoshiyuki Tomoko Naraoka Music by Joe Hisaishi Cinematography Atsushi Okui Edited by Takeshi Seyama Production company Studio Ghibli Distributed by Toho Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (United States) Release date July 19, 2008 (2008-07-19) Running time 103 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese, English Budget ¥3.4 billion (US$34 million) Box office US$201.8 million[1][2] 
A once-human wizard/scientist who now lives underwater along with his daughter, Brunhilde, and her numerous smaller sisters. 
One day, while she and her siblings are on an outing with their father in his four-flippered submarine, Brunhilde sneaks off and floats away on the back of a jellyfish. 
After an encounter with a fishing trawler (the net of which is scraping the trash-strewn bottom of the harbor), she ends up stuck in a glass jar. 
She drifts to the shore of a small fishing town and is found and rescued by a small five-year-old boy named Sōsuke. 
Shattering the jar open with a nearby rock, Sōsuke cuts his finger in the process. 
Brunhilde licks his wound when he picks her up and the wound heals almost instantly, much to his surprise. 
After taking a great liking to her and thinking her merely a goldfish, Sōsuke renames her Ponyo and promises to protect her forever. 
Meanwhile, a distraught Fujimoto searches frantically for his taken daughter. 
Because of his own unpleasant memories of the human world, he believes that Sōsuke has kidnapped her and that she is in great danger, he calls his wave spirits to recover her. 
After the wave spirits retrieve Ponyo from Sōsuke, the boy is heartbroken. 
He goes home with his mother, Lisa, who tries to cheer him up. 
Classification and list 
Creational patterns 
Behavioral patterns 
In software engineering, a software design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design. 
It is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into source or machine code. 
It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. 
Design patterns are formalized best practices that the programmer can use to solve common problems when designing an application or system. 
Design patterns may be viewed as a structured approach to computer programming intermediate between the levels of a programming paradigm and a concrete algorithm. 
Design patterns were originally grouped into the categories: creational patterns, structural patterns, and behavioral patterns, and described using the concepts of delegation, aggregation, and consultation. 
For further background on object-oriented design, see coupling and cohesion, inheritance, interface, and polymorphism. 
Another classification has also introduced the notion of architectural design pattern that may be applied at the architecture level of the software such as the Model–View–Controller pattern. 
Object-oriented design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying the final application classes or objects that are involved. 
Patterns that imply mutable state may be unsuited for functional programming languages, some patterns can be rendered unnecessary in languages that have built-in support for solving the problem they are trying to solve, and object-oriented patterns are not necessarily suitable for non-object-oriented languages. 
Fleurcup small size (left) and large size (right). 
The stem may be trimmed. 
A menstrual cup is a type of feminine hygiene product which is usually made of medical grade silicone, shaped like a bell and is flexible. 
It is worn inside the vagina during menstruation to catch menstrual fluid (blood). 
About every 4–12 hours (depending on the amount of flow), the menstruating woman removes the menstrual cup from her vagina, empties the collected menstrual blood into a toilet or sink, washes the cup under running water and inserts it again. 
At the end of the monthly period, the cup can be sterilized, usually by boiling in water. Unlike tampons and pads, the cup collects menstrual fluid rather than absorbing it.[1][2][3] 
Manufacturers have different recommendations for when to replace the cups, but in general they can be reused for five years or more. 
Most brands have a smaller and a larger size. 
The smaller size is normally recommended for women under 30 who have not given birth vaginally. 
The larger size is normally recommended for women who are over 30, have given birth vaginally, or have an unusually heavy flow. 
The menstrual cups with the smallest size diameter are recommended for teenagers, as well as menstruating women and girls who are more physically fit, as those with stronger pelvic floor muscles may find a larger cup uncomfortable. 
Length also needs to be considered: if a female's cervix sits particularly low, she may want to use a shorter cup. 
Capacity is important to women who have a heavier flow; however, all of the menstrual cups currently available have a larger capacity than a regular tampon.[4] 
A final consideration in selecting a menstrual cup is firmness or flexibility. 
Some companies offer a range of firmness levels in their cups. 
A firmer cup pops open more easily after insertion and may hold a more consistent seal against the vaginal wall (preventing leaks), but many women find softer cups more comfortable.[5] 
Most menstrual cups come in colorless, translucent silicone. 
Several brands offer colored cups in addition to (or instead of) the colorless ones. Colored cups use a dye that is certified to be safe for food. 
Translucent cups lose their initial appearance faster than colored – they tend to get yellowish stains with use. 
The shade of a colored cup may change over time, though stains are often not as obvious on colored cups. Stains on any color of cup can often be removed or at least lightened by soaking the cup in diluted hydrogen peroxide and/or leaving it out in the sun for a few hours. 
The menstrual cup is first folded or pinched, and then inserted into the vagina. 
It will normally unfold automatically and create a light seal against the vaginal walls. In some cases, the user may need to twist the cup or flex the vaginal muscles to ensure the cup is fully open. In most cases, a menstrual cup will migrate upwards and sit against the cervix. 
If correctly inserted, the cup shouldn't leak or cause any discomfort, as with a tampon. Those who are familiar with inserting a non-applicator tampon should learn faster how to insert a cup, though there is still a learning curve. 
There are a number of different folding techniques that can be used for insertion.[6] One of the most common folds is in the shape of letter "C". 
After about 4–12 hours of use (depending on the amount of flow), the cup is removed by reaching up to the stem of the cup in order to find the base. 
Simply pulling on the stem is not recommended to remove the cup, as pulling it down will create suction. 
The base of the cup is pinched to release the seal, and the cup is removed. 
After emptying, a reusable cup should be rinsed or wiped and reinserted. 
It can be washed with a mild soap, and sterilized in boiling water for a few minutes at the end of the cycle. 
Alternatively, sterilizing solutions (usually developed for baby bottles and breast pump equipment) may be used to soak the cup. 
Specific cleaning instructions vary by menstrual cup. For disposable menstrual cups, after a single use the cup should be discarded and a new one inserted. 
Reusable menstrual cups must be removed before penetrative vaginal sex, although disposable ones can be used while having sex. 
Menstrual cups are safe when used as directed and no health risks related to their use have been found.[8][9] However, no medical research was conducted to ensure that menstrual cups were safe prior to introduction on the market.[10] 
One case report in the journal Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation noted the development of endometriosis and adenomyosis in one menstrual cup user.[11] Additionally, one survey with a small sample size indicated a possible link; Associated Pharmacologists & Toxicologists and the Endometriosis Research Centre issued a combined statement that urged further research.[10] However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration declined to remove menstrual cups from the market, saying that there was insufficient evidence of risk.[12] 
When using a menstrual cup, the menstrual fluid is collected away from the cervix and held in liquid form as opposed to it being absorbed and held in semi-coagulated form against the cervix, as is the case with tampons.[19] Menstrual cups collect menstrual fluid inside the vagina and do not leak (if emptied often enough and inserted properly). 
However, some women have experienced leakage due to improper use or size of their menstrual cups. 
For example, a woman may experience leakage when using a menstrual cup if the cup is not inserted correctly and does not pop open completely and seal against the walls of the vagina. 
If a user needs to track the amount of menses she is producing (e.g., for medical reasons), a menstrual cup allows her to accurately measure this. 
Some cups even have measuring marks on them. 
Some women report that they bleed less or have shorter periods[20] or fewer cramps[21] when using a menstrual cup as opposed to tampons. 
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a potentially fatal bacterial illness. 
Scientists have recognized an association between TSS and tampon use, although the exact connection remains unclear.[22] TSS caused by menstrual cup use appears to be very rare to virtually nonexistent.[15][23] The probable reason for this is that menstrual cups are not absorbent, do not irritate the vaginal mucosal tissue, nor do they change the vaginal flora in any measurable amount.[24] Conversely, vaginal dryness and abrasions may occur when women use tampons which are more absorbent than needed for the amount of their menstrual flow.[22] Research has shown that the cup has no impact on the vaginal flora, which means there is no effect on the presence of S. aureus, the bacterium that can cause TSS.[24] The risk of TSS associated with cervical caps used for contraception in the female barrier method is also very low.[25] Cervical caps are similar to menstrual cups with regards to the material used: mostly medical grade silicone or latex. 
Reusable menstrual products (including menstrual cups) are more economical than disposable ones; in the long run, a user will save money by using a menstrual cup.[15] 
One of the highlighted assets of the menstrual cup is its reusability. 
According to manufacturers, a cup can last a decade if used properly. 
Considering that a woman in a developed country will spend an average of US$60 per year on pads and tampons and that the menstrual cycle repeats itself for 35 to 40 years, this adds up to a net expense of $2,400 on pads and tampons during a lifetime. 
Considering that the potential life of a menstrual cup is 10 years and that it costs around 30 dollars, this adds up to a gross cost of $120 during a lifetime.[26] 
Each year, an estimated 20 billion pads and tampons are discarded in North America. 
They typically end up in landfills or are incinerated, which can have a great impact on the environment. 
Most of the pads and tampons are made of cotton and plastic. 
Plastic takes about 50 or more years and cotton starts degrading after 90 days if it’s composted.[30] 
Menstrual cups may be emptied into a small hole in the soil or in compost piles, since menstrual fluid is a valuable fertilizer for plants and any pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases will quickly be destroyed by soil microbes.[31] The water used to rinse the cups can be disposed of in the same way. 
This reduces the amount of wastewater that needs to be treated. 
Some women experience difficulty in inserting or removing the menstrual cup, depending on previous experience and certain physical factors. 
Remedies for this include: good coaching from experienced women; selecting a different size, shape, or material; using a water-based lubricant to ease insertion; changing the folding method for insertion; and practice.[41] For some women, these difficulties disappear with practice, for others they remain. 
Some women find menstrual cups uncomfortable. 
This may lessen with practice inserting the cup.[15] Selecting a smaller or softer cup, and/or trimming the stem of the cup, if there is one, may also help.[42] Women with pelvic organ prolapse may not be able to use menstrual cups (or tampons) comfortably or safely.[43] Many companies recommend that women using IUDs for contraception consult their gynecologists before using menstrual cups. 
There have been rare cases in which women have dislodged their IUDs when removing their menstrual cups; this can also happen with tampon use. 
Removing a menstrual cup can be messy. Sometimes menstrual blood can spill during removal, although many women remove the device while hovering over a toilet to catch such spillage. 
Cleaning a menstrual cup in a public toilet can pose problems as the handwashing sinks are usually, though not always, in a public space rather than in the toilet cubicle. 
Some manufacturers suggest wiping out the cup with a clean tissue and cleaning the cup at the next private opportunity. 
The user could also carry a small bottle of water in her handbag to rinse the cup privately over the toilet. 
Another option is to use wet wipes. 
Since menstrual cups may only need to be emptied every 6–12 hours, many users do not have to empty them in public restrooms but rather in the comfort of their own home. 
Cervical cap Culture and menstruation Diaphragm (contraceptive) Environmental impact of menstrual cups Menstrual taboo Menstrual hygiene day 
Sizing and selection 
See also 
Environmental sustainability 
Health and convenience aspects 
Companies promote menstrual cups as a better alternative to pads and tampons by marketing them as more practical, cheaper, and eco-friendly. 
The menstrual cup is a bell-shaped cup made of rubber (latex), silicone or thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). 
It is reusable and designed to last for up to 10 years. 
Some brands recommend replacement each year, as it is a hygiene product. Other brands recommend replacement after 5–10 years, stating that women have been comfortable using them for up to 10 years. 
MeLuna Menstrual cups come in a wide variety of colors, stem styles, capacities and 'firmness' levels 
Most of the cups produced do not usually have any other additives to them, except for the colored cups. However, the coloring used is reported to be safe and approved by the FDA for medical use and food coloring. 
A menstrual cup (purple) seals against the vagina and catches all the fluid that comes out of the uterus (green). 
If lubrication is necessary for insertion, it should be water-based, as some lubricant ingredients can be damaging to the silicone. 
Since they are reusable, menstrual cups help to reduce solid waste.[27] Some disposable sanitary napkins and plastic tampon applicators can take 25 years to break down in the ocean and can cause a significant environmental impact.[28] Biodegradable sanitary options are also available,[29] and these decompose in a short period of time, but they must be composted, and not disposed of in a landfill. 
Given that the menstrual cup is reusable, its use greatly decreases the amount of waste generated from menstrual cycles, as there is no daily waste and the amount of discarded packaging decreases as well. 
After their life span is over, the silicone cups are put in landfills or incinerated. 
Women in Europe for a Common Future, Netherlands and Germany 1 2 3 "Alternative Menstrual Products". Center for Young Women's Health. 
Boston Children's Hospital. 28 March 2013. 
Retrieved 30 March 2013. 
1 2 Smith, Sue (March 14, 2011). 
"How a Menstrual Cup Saves you $1000". 
Brokelyn. 
Retrieved 9 April 2014. ↑ Safi, Aminah Mae (29 November 2012). 
"How I learned to stop hating my period, and love the menstrual cup". 
Blisstree. 
1 2 "Tampons and Asbestos, Dioxin, & Toxic Shock Syndrome". 
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 
13 May 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015. ↑ MA Mitchell; S Bisch; S Arntfield; SM Hosseini-Moghaddam (August 2015). "A confirmed case of toxic shock syndrome associated with the use of a menstrual cup". 
Canadian Journal of Infectious Disease & Medical Microbiology. 
26 (4): 218–220. 
1 2 North B. B., Oldham M. J. (2011). 
"Preclinical, Clinical, and Over-the-Counter Postmarketing Experience with a New Vaginal Cup: Menstrual Collection". Journal of Women's Health. 
20 (2): 303–311. PMC 3036176 . 
PMID 21194348. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1929. ↑ Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care (2007). Female Barrier Methods. London: p.3 ↑ Caitlyn Shaye Weir, BSc Combined Honours, Environmental Science and Gender and Women Studies, Dalhousie University (2015) April 3rd , 2015 ↑ Bharadwaj S, Patkar A. Menstrual hygiene and management in developing countries: Taking stock; Junction Social 2004. ↑ "The Environmental Impact of Everyday Things". 
The Chic Ecologist. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ↑ van Schagen, Sarah (8 November 2008). "A review of eco-minded feminine products". 
Grist. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ↑ Lili Li; Margaret Frey; Kristie J Browning (2010). "Biodegradability Study on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics" (PDF). 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 5. ↑ CalRecycle. 
"Composting Reduces Growers’ Concerns About Pathogens". Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 3 April 2017. ↑ Tellier M, Hyttel M, Gad M. Assessing acceptability and hygienic safety of menstrual cups as a menstrual management method for vulnerable young women in Uganda Red Cross Society’s Life Planning Skills Project, Kampala: WoMena, 2012. ↑ Hoffmann V, Adelmen S, Sebastian A. Learning by doing something else: Experience with alternatives and adoption of a high-barrier menstrual hygiene technology; 2014. ↑ UNESCO (2014). 
The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/26/kenyan-girls-sanitary-problem-banana-fibre-pad. 26 Sep 2014. ↑ Kirk, J.; Sommer, M. (2006): Menstruation and Body Awareness. 
Linking Girls Health With Girls Education. Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam ↑ Natural Parents Network. 
"Reusable Menstrual Products". ↑ Hearn, Amanda. 
"Menstrual Cups: One Size Does Not Fit All". 
The Eco Friendly Family:. 
Retrieved 2014-08-23. ↑ "What Is Pelvic Organ Prolapse?". 
Band Back Together. ↑ "Attitudes towards, and the acceptability of, menstrual cups". 
Safety 
Additives 
Use 
Beneficial aspects 
Notable deaths attributed to speedball use 
Speedball (also referred to as powerballing) is a term commonly referring to the (sometimes intravenous) use of cocaine with heroin or morphine (if intravenously, in the same syringe).[1] The speedball can also be taken by insufflation. 
The original speedball used cocaine hydrochloride mixed with morphine sulfate, as opposed to heroin.[2] The term can also be applied to use of pharmaceutical opioids, benzodiazepines or barbiturates along with stimulants. 
Cocaine acts as a stimulant, whereas heroin/morphine acts as a depressant. 
Co-administration is meant to provide an intense rush of euphoria with a high that is supposed to combine the effects of both drugs, while hoping to reduce the negative effects, such as anxiety, hypertension, palpitations and other common side effects of stimulants and sedation/drowsiness from the depressant. While this is somewhat effective, as one drug (the CNS stimulant) triggers the sympathetic nervous system and the other (the CNS depressant) triggers the parasympathetic nervous system, the two systems that regulate the fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest responses, respectively, and simultaneous activity of the two pathways is what normally keeps one's body in natural homeostasis, there is an imperfect overlap in the effects of stimulants and depressants. 
Additionally, by suppressing the typical negative side-effects of the two drugs, the user may falsely believe they have a higher tolerance, or that they are less intoxicated than they actually are. 
This can cause users to misjudge the intake of one or both of the drugs, sometimes fatally. 
Jean-Michel Basquiat,[5] though some sources list his death as heroin overdose only.[6] John Belushi[5] Ken Caminiti[7] Chris Farley,[5] died of cocaine and morphine sulfate overdose.[8] Pete Farndon[9] Zac Foley[10] Trevor Goddard[11] Mitch Hedberg[12] Philip Seymour Hoffman,[13] died of cocaine, heroin, benzodiazepines, and amphetamines overdose.[5][14][15] Sebastian Horsley[16] Chris Kelly[17] Brent Mydland[18] River Phoenix[19] DJ Rashad[20] Eric Show[21] Judee Sill[22] Layne Staley[23] Joey Stefano,[24] died of cocaine, morphine, heroin and ketamine overdose. 
"Speedball" Cocaine powder Heroin powder 
Arisztid Dessewffy. 
Arisztid Dessewffy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɒristid dɛʒøːfi]; 2 July 1802 in Csákány/Čakanovce – 6 October 1849 in Arad) was a honvéd general in the Hungarian Army. 
He was executed for his part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and is considered one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad. 
He commanded 100,000 men against Russian troops and surrendered because of the massive size of the encroaching Russian army. By doing so, he spared his men. 
On the night of his execution, he was said to be sleeping, with no anxiety about his impending death. 
He was executed around 4 AM by firing squad, along with three others. The Prince of Liechtenstein intervened at the last minute to spare the three from hanging, which was considered public humiliation.[1] 
After the 1848 revolution broke out he entered military service again on Sept. 22, as a major in the National Guard and was involved in organizing the Saros county militia. 
On November 26, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and Brigade Commander of the Upper Tisza Corps. 
He took part in 11 December battle and was in the engagement. On January 4 of 1849, at the battle of Kassa he was commended for his valour and perseverance in leading his troops against General Schlik with minimal losses. 
He participated in the reorganization of the Upper Tisza Corps and victoriously fought against the Schleicher Corps. 
On February 14, he was promoted to colonel. 
On 18 February, commanding a small cavalry force, he defeated an Imperial detachment. 
He distinguished himself in this battle, and the battle of the spring campaign, for which he received the Hungarian Order of Military Merit III on April 18, and on April 30 was appointed commander of the I Corps cavalry division. 
The Corps was present at the siege of Budapest. 
On June 2 he was given command of the IX Corps, and also received the appointment of major general. 
On 5 July, he married a second time, to Emma Szinnyei Merse. 
Beginning in July, he was tasked as the top cavalry commander to hinder the advance of the Russian army. 
The cavalry were heavily engaged in the July 20 Tura battle. became corps commander. 
He took part in the August 5 Szőreg battle then again in the August 9 Timisoara battle. 
He handed over command of the army on August 16 to Colonel William Lazarus. 
After the final defeat and surrounding of the army, he had the opportunity to escape to Turkey, but one of his comrades, a Lieutenant-General, encouraged by Prince Franz von Liechtenstein, on 19 August next to Karánsebes laid down their arms before the Imperial troops. 
They were given terms that the soldiers would be spared but the officers would be subject to military discipline. 
General Liechtenstein later pleaded to his comrades at the military court to spare the lives of most, but to no avail; the Arad military court sentenced to death Dessewfy Arisztidet by hanging. 
However the prince was able to convince the court to execute them by firing squad, which was seen as less of an insult since it was a military death rather than a criminal one. 
He was executed in the second group of four in front of a firing squad. 
The executed were buried around the Arad castle. 
His body was later exhumed by his family and moved to castle Kicsempésztette in secret. 
His body has been resting at the Margonyai estate since 1850. 
It was said that while the execution was taking place, the Austrian generals were loudly clinking their beer steins together in celebration of the Hungarian defeat. 
From that day, Hungarians vowed to not clink their beer glasses for 150 years. 
Though the time frame passed in 1999, it’s still considered bad manners to clink beer glasses in Hungary. 
He was born into the wealthy Hungarian, evangelical Abaúj family. 
He graduated high school in Kassa (Košice) and Eperjes (Prešov) and, at 18, applied to the Imperial Army 5th (Radetzky) huszárezredébe cadets. 
Over a long period of peace after the Napoleonic wars he served in the fifth Artillery corps of miners and the fifth hussar regiment. 
However, he did not favor a military career, and thus in 1839 at the rank of captain, decommissioned, got married and began farming in Presov. 
His wife and children all died before the revolution. 
↑ Hermann Róbert. "Az 1849-1850. évi kivégzések". Aetas. 
2000 (1-2). 
Arisztid Dessewffy 
Life 
References 
Death 
Ferenc Aurél Pulszky de Cselfalva et Lubócz (17 September 1814 – 9 September 1897) was a Hungarian politician and writer. 
He was born at Eperjes, now Prešov in Slovakia. 
After studying law and philosophy at the high schools of his native town and Miskolc, he travelled abroad. 
England particularly attracted him, and his book, Aus dem Tagebuch eines in Grossbritannien reisenden Ungarns (From the Diary of a Hungarian Travelling in Britain) (Pesth, 1837) gained for him the membership of the Hungarian Academy. 
Elected to the Diet of Hungary of 1840, he was in 1848 appointed to a financial post in the Hungarian government, and was transferred in a similar capacity to Vienna under Esterházy. 
However, he was suspected of intriguing with the revolutionists of that year and fled to Budapest, where he became an active member of the Committee of National Defence. 
When obliged to flee after Hungary's defeat in the 1848–49 war of independence, he joined Lajos Kossuth in England and with him made a tour in the United States. 
In collaboration with his wife he wrote a narrative of this voyage entitled White, Red, Black (2 vols., London, 1853). 
He also wrote a historical introduction to his wife's Memoirs of a Hungarian Lady (by Theresa Pulszky, London, 1850). 
Pulszky was condemned to death in contumaciam (in contempt of court, Pulszky having not attended) by a council of war in his home country in 1852. 
In 1860 he went to Italy, took part in Giuseppe Garibaldi's ill-fated expedition to Rome (1862), and was interned as a prisoner of war in Naples. 
Pulszky's salon in a villa in S. Margherita a Montici, Florence, was the liveliest in town. 
He financed the newspaper "Il Progresso." 
His son, Giulio Francesco Pulszky died on November 19, 1863, age 14, and is buried at English Cemetery, Florence. 
His surviving children were Augustus, Charles, Polixena, and Garibaldi.[1] 
In addition to his political activity, Pulszky was president of the literary section of the Hungarian Academy and director of the National Museum in Budapest, where he became distinguished for his archaeological researches. 
He employed his influence to promote both art and science and liberal views in his native country. 
He died in Budapest on 9 September 1897. 
Pulszky was initiated in 1863 into Lodge Dante Alighieri in Turin and was soon raised to the 33rd grade of the Scottish Rite. 
After his return to Hungary he contributed to re-establishing Hungarian freemasonry, first as Master of the Lodge "Einigkeit in Vaterland/Egység a hazában” (Unity in the Homeland), then as first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of St John. 
After the establishment of the Symbolic Grand Lodge of Hungary (combining the Grand Lodge of St John and the Grand Orient at 1886) he became its first Grand Master. 
In 1875, he supported Countess Helene Hadik Barkóczy's initiation into a Masonic lodge. 
Amnestied by the emperor of Austria in 1866, Pulszky returned home and re-entered public life. 
He was in 1867–76 and again in 1884 a member of the newly reformed Diet of Hungary, where he joined the Deák party. 
Among his writings are Die Jacobiner in Ungarn (The Jacobins in Hungary) (Leipzig, 1851) and Életem és korom (My Life and Times) (Pest, 1880), and many treatises on Hungarian questions in the publications of the Hungarian Academy of Pest. 
Related events 
With a stadium capacity of 66,000 for the final, a total amount of 41,500 tickets are available to fans and the general public, with the two finalist teams receiving 18,000 tickets each and with 5,500 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 17 to 28 March 2017 in four price categories: £390, £275, £140, and £60. 
The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee, UEFA and national associations, commercial partners and broadcasters, and to serve the corporate hospitality programme.[16] 
The 2017 UEFA Women's Champions League Final will be held two days prior, on 1 June 2017, at the Cardiff City Stadium in Cardiff. 
The 2017 UEFA Champions League Final will be the final match of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, the 62nd season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 25th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. 
It will be played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales on 3 June 2017,[1] between Italian side Juventus and Spanish side and title holders Real Madrid, in a repeat of the 1998 final. 
The winners will earn the right to play against the winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, Manchester United, in the 2017 UEFA Super Cup. 
They will also qualify to enter the semi-finals of the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup as the UEFA representative. 
Ticketing 
Officials 
German referee Felix Brych was announced as the final referee by UEFA on 12 May 2017.[19] 
The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw. 
Juventus v Real Madrid 3 June 2017 (2017-06-03) 19:45 BST Juventus v Real Madrid Report Millennium Stadium, Cardiff Referee: Felix Brych (Germany) 
1 2 "Cardiff to host 2017 Champions League final". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 
30 June 2015. 
Retrieved 13 May 2017. ↑ "2016/17 Champions League: all you need to know". 
UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 5 June 2016. ↑ "One Year Countdown to 2017 Champions League Final". faw.cymru. 
Retrieved 13 May 2017. ↑ "Cardiff 2017 final identity launched". UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 
25 August 2016. 
Retrieved 13 May 2017. ↑ "2017 Champions League final tickets now on sale". 
UEFA.com. 
Union of European Football Associations. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017. ↑ "The Black Eyed Peas to perform at Champions League final". 
Retrieved 13 May 2017. ↑ "Felix Brych appointed Champions League final referee". UEFA.com. 
Union of European Football Associations. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017. ↑ "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2016/17 Season" (PDF). 
See also 
Null may refer to: 
Null (SQL) (or NULL), a special marker and keyword in SQL indicating that something has no value. 
Null character, the zero-valued ASCII character, also designated by NUL, often used as a terminator, separator or filler. 
This symbol has no visual representation. 
Null device, a special computer file that discards all data written to it Null modem, a specially wired serial communications cable Null Object pattern, a software design pattern using an object with defined neutral behavior Null pointer (sometimes written NULL, nil, or None), used in computer programming for an uninitialized, undefined, empty, or meaningless value Null string, the unique string of length zero (in computer science and formal language theory) Null-terminated string, a character string of which the length is determined by the first null-character (in programming language C and related languages) Nullable type, a feature of some statically-typed programming languages which allows a data type to be set to the special value NULL 
Null (mathematics), a zero value in several branches of mathematics Null set, a set that is negligible in some sense Also an older term for the empty set 
Null allele (genetics) Null cipher, a ciphertext symbol Null hypothesis, a concept in statistical hypothesis testing Null morpheme, a concept in linguistics Null (radio), a concept in electromagnetism Null result, the absence of a hypothesized effect in the outcome of a scientific experiment Null vectors or curves in the causal structure of a Lorentzian manifold such as a Minkowski space-time Null (physics), a point in a field where the field quantity is zero 
Christopher Null (born 1971), American film critic Eduard van der Nüll (1812–1868), Austrian architect Gary Null (born 1945), American radio host and author on alternative medicine Keith Null (born 1985), American football player 
Null and void, having no legal validity Null-A, a term used in science fiction, referring to Korzybski's notation A ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {A}}} as an abbreviation for "non-Aristotelian" Type: Null, a Gen VII Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Sun and Moon. 
Ø (disambiguation) Null symbol (disambiguation) 0 (disambiguation) Nil (disambiguation) Nul (disambiguation) 
Computing 
KK Null (born 1961), Japanese musician Null, an identity of the character Gray Fox in the Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops video game Null, man-eating sentients in the Downs-Lord Triptich books by John Whitbourn Null, the Living Darkness, a Marvel Comics character Null, a villain from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Nulls, worm-like remains of defeated characters in the animated program ReBoot The Null Corporation, the current imprint for Nine Inch Nails Null (Intronaut EP) Null (Foetus EP), 1995 
World War II defenses 
Post war usage 
Cotentin Peninsula (Cherbourg peninsula) in Normandy 
Fortress Europe (German: Festung Europa) was a military propaganda term used by both sides of the Second World War which referred to the areas of Continental Europe occupied by Nazi Germany, as opposed to the United Kingdom across the Channel. 
D-day assault map of Normandy and northwest coastal France 
In British phraseology, Fortress Europe meant the battle honour accorded to Royal Air Force and Allied squadrons during the war, but to qualify, operations had to be made by aircraft based in Britain against targets in Germany, Italy and other parts of German-occupied Europe, in the period from the fall of France to the Normandy invasion. 
Far-right activists at a Identitarian Movement of Austria rally in Vienna on November 10, 2013. 
Currently, within Europe, the term is used either to describe dumping effect of external borders in commercial matters,[1] or as a pejorative description of the state of immigration into the European Union. 
This can be in reference either to attitudes toward immigration, or to the system of border patrols and detention centers that are used to help prevent illegal immigration into the European Union.[2] 
For conservative parties (e.g. the Freedom Party of Austria) 'Fortress Europe' is a positive term. 
They mostly claim that such a fortress does not really exist yet, and that illegal immigrants can enter Europe far too easily. 
They often charge the southern states with insufficient border control, claiming that the latter are acting on the knowledge that immigrants tend to be more attracted to western/northern states with more generous welfare systems (Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Sweden, etc.). 
Conservatives all over Europe want to end the Schengen Agreement and to re-install border controls because they say it did not only lead to mass migration of illegals but also to free traffic of criminals.[3] Changes in the Schengen treaties have come into effect in the wake of this criticism.[4] 
Hindenburg Line, German defences on the Western Front of World War I Siegfried Line, German defences against France in World War II Maginot Line, French defenses against Germany constructed for World War II Iron Curtain, dividing line through Europe during the Cold War Salpa Line, The last fortified defence line of Finland against the Soviet Union in World War II 
Simultaneously, the term Festung Europa was being used by Nazi propaganda, namely to refer to Hitler's and the Wehrmacht's plans to fortify the whole of occupied Europe, in order to prevent invasion from the British Isle's troops. 
These measures included the construction of the Atlantic wall, along with reorganization of the Luftwaffe for air defense. 
This use of the term Fortress Europe was subsequently adopted by correspondents and historians in the English language to describe the military efforts of the Axis powers at defending the continent from the Allies. 
↑ J. Hyun, Korean Automotive Foreign Direct Investment in Europe: Effects of Economic Integration Motivations and Patterns of FDI and Industrial Location, Springer, 2003, p. 101. ↑ "Autonomous rear Entrances to Fortress Europe?!". indymedia.org.uk. ↑ The City Paper Staff. 
"An end to Schengen?". The City Paper Bogotá. ↑ "EU moves to end passport-free Schengen travel". 
Telegraph.co.uk. 
12 May 2011. 
↑ "Cancer drugs are getting better and dearer". 
The Economist. Retrieved 2017-05-19. ↑ Enger, Eldon; et al. Concepts in Biology' 2007 Ed.2007 Edition. 
McGraw-Hill. p. 173. 
ISBN 978-0-07-126042-8. Retrieved 23 November 2012. ↑ "What Is Cancer?". National Cancer Institute. 
Retrieved 2009-08-17. ↑ "Cancer Fact Sheet". 
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. 2002-08-30. 
Retrieved 2009-08-17. ↑ Wanjek, Christopher (2006-09-16). "Exciting New Cancer Treatments Emerge Amid Persistent Myths". Retrieved 2009-08-17. ↑ Hayden, Erika C. (2009-04-08). 
"Cutting off cancer's supply lines". Nature. 
458 (7239): 686–687. doi:10.1038/458686b. PMID 19360048. ↑ Subotic, S; Wyler, S; Bachmann, A (2012). "Surgical treatment of localised renal cancer". 
European Urology Supplements. 
11 (3): 60–65. doi:10.1016/j.eursup.2012.04.002. ISSN 1569-9056. ↑ Mieog, JSD; van der Hage, JA; van de Velde, CJH (2007). "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer". 
British Journal of Surgery. 94 (10): 1189–1200. doi:10.1002/bjs.5894. PMID 17701939. ↑ Jafri, SH; Mills, G (2011). 
"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lung cancer". Therapy. 8 (1): 23–31. doi:10.2217/thy.10.82. ↑ Takimoto CH, Calvo E (2008). 
"Principles of Oncologic Pharmacotherapy". In Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ. Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach (11 ed.). ↑ Duarte, F J (Ed.), Tunable Laser Applications (CRC, New York, 2009) Chapters 5, 7, 8. ↑ Dolmans, DE; Fukumura D; Jain RK (May 2003). 
"Photodynamic therapy for cancer". 
Nat Rev Cancer. 3 (5): 380–7. doi:10.1038/nrc1071. PMID 12724736. ↑ Steven Mo; Robert Carlisle; Richard Laga; Rachel Myers; Susan Graham; Len Seymour; Constantin-C Coussios (2015). 
"Increasing the density of nanomedicines improves their ultrasound-mediated delivery to tumours". Journal of Controlled Release. 18 (10): 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.265. ↑ Damodar, S; Terunuma H; Abraham S (October 2006). 
"Autologous Immune Enhancement Therapy (AIET) for a Case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - Our Experience". Pasrm 2006-001. ↑ Sivaraman, G; Pandian A; Abraham S (October 2008). 
"Autologous Immune Enhancement therapy for Advanced Carcinoma of Pancreas-A Case Report". Pasrm 2008-004. ↑ Kleinman HK, Liau G (July 2001). "Gene therapy for antiangiogenesis". 
J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93 (13): 965–7. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.13.965. 
PMID 11438554. ↑ Kennedy RD, D'Andrea AD (2006). "DNA repair pathways in clinical practice: lessons from pediatric cancer susceptibility syndromes". J. Clin. 
Oncol. 24 (23): 3799–808. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4171. PMID 16896009. ↑ Shaheen M, Allen C, Nickoloff JA, Hromas R (2011). 
"Synthetic lethality: exploiting the addiction of cancer to DNA repair". Blood. 
117 (23): 6074–82. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-01-313734. PMID 21441464. ↑ Ledermann J, Harter P, Gourley C, Friedlander M, Vergote I, Rustin G, Scott CL, Meier W, Shapira-Frommer R, Safra T, Matei D, Fielding A, Spencer S, Dougherty B, Orr M, Hodgson D, Barrett JC, Matulonis U (2014). "Olaparib maintenance therapy in patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed serous ovarian cancer: a preplanned retrospective analysis of outcomes by BRCA status in a randomised phase 2 trial". 
Lancet Oncol. 15 (8): 852–61. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70228-1. 
PMID 24882434. ↑ Ding X, Ray Chaudhuri A, Callen E, Pang Y, Biswas K, Klarmann KD, Martin BK, Burkett S, Cleveland L, Stauffer S, Sullivan T, Dewan A, Marks H, Tubbs AT, Wong N, Buehler E, Akagi K, Martin SE, Keller JR, Nussenzweig A, Sharan SK (2016). "Synthetic viability by BRCA2 and PARP1/ARTD1 deficiencies". Nat Commun. 
7: 12425. doi:10.1038/ncomms12425. PMC 4979061 . PMID 27498558. ↑ Yao, Stephanie (19 December 2014). 
"FDA approves Lynparza to treat advanced ovarian cancer: First LDT companion diagnostic test also approved to identify appropriate patients". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ↑ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm533873.htm 1 2 3 Agrelo R, Cheng WH, Setien F, Ropero S, Espada J, Fraga MF, Herranz M, Paz MF, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Artiga MJ, Guerrero D, Castells A, von Kobbe C, Bohr VA, Esteller M (2006). "Epigenetic inactivation of the premature aging Werner syndrome gene in human cancer". 
Proc. Natl. Acad. 
Sci. U.S.A. 103 (23): 8822–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600645103. PMC 1466544 . 
PMID 16723399. ↑ "American Cancer Society | Information and Resources about for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2017-04-19. ↑ "American Cancer Society | Information and Resources about for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2017-04-19. ↑ "WHO's pain ladder". 
Cancer. World Health Organization. ↑ Kumar A, Soares H, Wells R, et al. (2005). 
"Are experimental treatments for cancer in children superior to established treatments? 
Observational study of randomised controlled trials by the Children's Oncology Group". BMJ. 331 (7528): 1295. doi:10.1136/bmj.38628.561123.7C. 
PMC 1298846 . PMID 16299015. ↑ Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C (July 2008). 
"MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer". Gynecol. 
Oncol. 110 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.04.033. PMID 18589210. as PDF ↑ Rabinowits G, Gerçel-Taylor C, Day JM, Taylor DD, Kloecker GH (January 2009). 
"Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung cancer". 
Clin Lung Cancer. 
10 (1): 42–6. doi:10.3816/CLC.2009.n.006. PMID 19289371. 1 2 "Aethlon Medical Announces Data Against Metastatic Melanoma - Sep 9, 2010". 
Aethlonmedical.investorroom.com. 2010-09-09. 
Retrieved 2013-06-21. ↑ Ichim TE, Zhong Z, Kaushal S, et al. (2008). "Exosomes as a tumor immune escape mechanism: possible therapeutic implications". 
J Transl Med. 6: 37. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-6-37. PMC 2504474 . 
PMID 18644158. ↑ Cassileth BR, Deng G (2004). "Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer". Oncologist. 
9 (1): 80–9. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80. PMID 14755017. ↑ What Is CAM? National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. retrieved 3 February 2008. ↑ Richardson MA, Sanders T, Palmer JL, Greisinger A, Singletary SE (1 July 2000). 
"Complementary/alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer center and the implications for oncology". J Clin Oncol. 18 (13): 2505–14. 
PMID 10893280. ↑ Vickers A (2004). 
"Alternative cancer cures: 'unproven' or 'disproven'?". CA Cancer J Clin. 
54 (2): 110–8. doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110. 
PMID 15061600. ↑ "The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on symptom burden, positive psychological outcomes, and biomarkers in cancer patients," (PDF). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Krebstherapie in der Schwangerschaft extrem schwierig" (in German). Curado. 
Associated Press. 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 
Treatment of cancer 
Specific types 
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.[8] These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells.[2] Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising problems, feeling tired, fever, and an increased risk of infections.[2] These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells.[2] Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy.[2] 
Treatment may involve some combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant, in addition to supportive care and palliative care as needed. 
Certain types of leukemia may be managed with watchful waiting.[3] The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person. 
Outcomes have improved in the developed world.[9] The average five-year survival rate is 57% in the United States.[5] In children under 15, the five-year survival rate is greater than 60 to 85%, depending on the type of leukemia.[12] In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years, the cancer is unlikely to return.[12] 
In 2015, leukemia was present in 2.3 million people and caused 353,500 deaths.[7][6] In 2012 it newly developed in 352,000 people.[9] It is the most common type of cancer in children, with three quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type.[3] However, about 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults, with AML and CLL being most common in adults.[3] It occurs more commonly in the developed world.[9] 
Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided into a variety of large groups. 
The first division is between its acute and chronic forms: 
Acute leukemia is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells. 
The crowding that results from such cells makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. 
Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia because of the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. 
Acute forms of leukemia are the most common forms of leukemia in children. 
Chronic leukemia is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells. 
Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells. 
Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. 
Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can occur in any age group. 
Additionally, the diseases are subdivided according to which kind of blood cell is affected. 
This divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid or myelogenous leukemias: 
In lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias, the cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form lymphocytes, which are infection-fighting immune system cells. 
Most lymphocytic leukemias involve a specific subtype of lymphocyte, the B cell. 
In myeloid or myelogenous leukemias, the cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form red blood cells, some other types of white cells, and platelets. 
Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories. 
Within each of these main categories, there are typically several subcategories. 
Finally, some rarer types are usually considered to be outside of this classification scheme. 
The most common symptoms in children are easy bruising, pale skin, fever, and an enlarged spleen or liver.[27] 
Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature white blood cells, results in a lack of blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. 
This means people with leukemia may easily become bruised, bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (petechiae). 
White blood cells, which are involved in fighting pathogens, may be suppressed or dysfunctional. 
This could cause the patient's immune system to be unable to fight off a simple infection or to start attacking other body cells. 
Because leukemia prevents the immune system from working normally, some patients experience frequent infection, ranging from infected tonsils, sores in the mouth, or diarrhea to life-threatening pneumonia or opportunistic infections. 
Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia, which may cause dyspnea and pallor. 
Some patients experience other symptoms, such as feeling sick, having fevers, chills, night sweats, feeling fatigued and other flu-like symptoms. 
Some patients experience nausea or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged liver and spleen; this can result in unintentional weight loss. 
Blasts affected by the disease may come together and become swollen in the liver or in the lymph nodes causing pain and leading to nausea.[28] 
If the leukemic cells invade the central nervous system, then neurological symptoms (notably headaches) can occur. 
Uncommon neurological symptoms like migraines, seizures, or coma can occur as a result of brain stem pressure. All symptoms associated with leukemia can be attributed to other diseases. Consequently, leukemia is always diagnosed through medical tests. 
The word leukemia, which means 'white blood', is derived from the characteristic high white blood cell count that presents in most afflicted patients before treatment. 
The high number of white blood cells are apparent when a blood sample is viewed under a microscope, with the extra white blood cells frequently being immature or dysfunctional. 
The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the level of other cells, causing further harmful imbalance in the blood count. 
Some leukemia patients do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. 
This less-common condition is called aleukemia. 
The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells which disrupt the normal production of blood cells, but they remain in the marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, where they would be visible in a blood test. For an aleukemic patient, the white blood cell counts in the bloodstream can be normal or low. 
Aleukemia can occur in any of the four major types of leukemia, and is particularly common in hairy cell leukemia.[29] 
"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. 
PMID 27733281. ↑ "Leukemia". 
NCI. Retrieved 13 June 2014. 1 2 3 4 5 World Cancer Report 2014. 
World Health Organization. 
2014. pp. Chapter 5.13. ISBN 9283204298. ↑ Vardiman, JW; Thiele, J; Arber, DA; Brunning, RD; Borowitz, MJ; Porwit, A; Harris, NL; Le Beau, MM; Hellström-Lindberg, E; Tefferi, A; Bloomfield, CD (30 Jul 2009). "The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes.". 
Blood. 114 (5): 937–51. 
PMID 19357394. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-03-209262. ↑ Cătoi, Alecsandru Ioan Baba, Cornel (2007). 
Comparative oncology. Bucharest: The Publishing House of the Romanian Academy. p. Chapter 17. ISBN 973-27-1457-3. 
1 2 3 4 American Cancer Society (2 March 2014). 
"Survival rates for childhood leukemia". ↑ Jameson, J. N. St C.; Dennis L. Kasper; Harrison, Tinsley Randolph; Braunwald, Eugene; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. (2005). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. 
ISBN 0-07-140235-7. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Finding Cancer Statistics » Cancer Stat Fact Sheets »Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia National Cancer Institute. ↑ Colvin G. A.; Elfenbein G. J. (2003). "The latest treatment advances for acute myelogenous leukemia". Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 
86 (8): 243–6. PMID 14582219. ↑ "Novartis Oncology". ↑ Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Continue to Do Well on Imatinib at 5-Year Follow-Up Medscape Medical News 2006. ↑ Updated Results of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in CML ASCO 2006 Conference Summaries. ↑ Else, M., Ruchlemer, R., Osuji, N. (2005). "Long remissions in hairy cell leukemia with purine analogs: a report of 219 patients with a median follow-up of 12.5 years". 
104 (11): 2442–8. PMID 16245328. doi:10.1002/cncr.21447. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Matutes Estella (1998). "T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of mature post-thymic T-cell leukemias, has distinct clinical and laboratory characteristics and a poor prognosis". 
Cancer Control Journal. 5 (1). ↑ Valbuena JR, Herling M, Admirand JH, Padula A, Jones D, Medeiros LJ (March 2005). "T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia involving extramedullary sites". 
American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 
123 (3): 456–64. PMID 15716243. doi:10.1309/93P4-2RNG-5XBG-3KBE. ↑ Elaine Sarkin Jaffe, Nancy Lee Harris, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Harald Stein, J. W. Vardiman (2001). 
Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 
World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. 3. Lyon: IARC Press. 
ISBN 92-832-2411-6. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Gotlib J (2015). "World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". American Journal of Hematology. 
90 (11): 1077–89. PMID 26486351. doi:10.1002/ajh.24196. ↑ Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM, Bloomfield CD, Cazzola M, Vardiman JW (2016). "The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia". 
Blood. 127 (20): 2391–405. PMID 27069254. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544. ↑ Reiter A, Gotlib J (2017). 
"Myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia". Blood. 129 (6): 704–714. 
PMID 28028030. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-695973. ↑ Reference list is found at image description page in Wikimedia Commons ↑ Clarke, RT; Van den Bruel, A; Bankhead, C; Mitchell, CD; Phillips, B; Thompson, MJ (October 2016). "Clinical presentation of childhood leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.". Archives of disease in childhood. 
101 (10): 894–901. PMID 27647842. ↑ "Leukemia". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. 
Retrieved 4 November 2011. 
1 2 American Cancer Society (2010). "How is Leukemia Diagnosed?". Detailed Guide: Leukemia – Adult Chronic. 
American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2010. 
1 2 Ross JA, Kasum CM, Davies SM, Jacobs DR, Folsom AR, Potter JD (August 2002). "Diet and risk of leukemia in the Iowa Women's Health Study". Cancer Epidemiol. 
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60 (2): 301–8. PMID 22610722. doi:10.1002/pbc.24192. ↑ "Sr-90 is known to increase the risk of bone cancer and leukemia in animals, and is presumed to do so in people; from google (nuclear reactor emit tritium) result 1, 2, 3". ↑ Pasmant, E; Ballerini, P; Lapillonne, H; Perot, C; Vidaud, D; Leverger, G; Landman-Parker, J (2009). "SPRED1 disorder and predisposition to leukemia in children". 
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1 2 3 Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks). 
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PMC 2668540 . PMID 19147079. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.10.022. ↑ American Cancer Society (22 March 2012). "Typical treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (except promyelocytic M3)". 
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1 2 3 Fausel C (October 2007). "Targeted chronic myeloid leukemia therapy: seeking a cure" (PDF). J Manag Care Pharm. 
13 (8 Suppl A): 8–12. PMID 17970609. ↑ Robak, T; Jamroziak, K; Gora-Tybor, J; Blonski, J. Z.; Kasznicki, M; Dwilewicz-Trojaczek, J; Wiater, E; Zdunczyk, A; Dybowicz, J; Dmoszynska, A; Wojtaszko, M; Zdziarska, B; Calbecka, M; Kostyra, A; Hellmann, A; Lewandowski, K; Stella-Holowiecka, B; Sulek, K; Gawronski, K; Skotnicki, A. B.; Nowak, W; Zawilska, K; Molendowicz-Portala, L; Kloczko, J; Sokolowski, J; Warzocha, K; Seferynska, I; Ceglarek, B; Konopka, L (2007). "Cladribine in a weekly versus daily schedule for untreated active hairy cell leukemia: Final report from the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial". 
Blood. 109 (9): 3672–5. PMID 17209059. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-08-042929. ↑ Saven, A; Burian, C; Adusumalli, J; Koziol, J. A. (1999). 
"Filgrastim for cladribine-induced neutropenic fever in patients with hairy cell leukemia". Blood. 93 (8): 2471–7. 
PMID 10194424. 1 2 3 4 Dearden CE, Matutes E, Cazin B (September 2001). "High remission rate in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia with CAMPATH-1H". 
Blood. 98 (6): 1721–6. PMID 11535503. doi:10.1182/blood.V98.6.1721. ↑ "JMMLfoundation.org". 
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1 2 3 Mathers, Colin D, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Alan D Lopez and Christopher JL Murray (2001). 
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"SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2006". 
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Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 3 November 2009. Table 1.4: Age-Adjusted SEER Incidence and U.S. Death Rates and 5-Year Relative Survival Rates By Primary Cancer Site, Sex and Time Period CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) 1 2 James G. Gurney, Malcolm A. Smith, Julie A. Ross (1999) Cancer Incidence and Survival among Children and Adolescents, United States SEER program 1975–1995, chapter on Leukemia Cancer Statistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, available online from the SEER web site ↑ Childhood Blood Cancers | The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society ↑ Facts 2012 from The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society ↑ "Leukaemia (all subtypes combined) statistics". 
The exact cause of leukemia is unknown. 
Different kinds of leukemia are believed to have different causes. 
Both inherited and environmental (non-inherited) factors are believed to be involved.[4] Risk factors include smoking, ionizing radiation, some chemicals (such as benzene), prior chemotherapy, and Down syndrome.[4][3] People with a family history of leukemia are also at higher risk.[3] There are four main types of leukemia — acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) — as well as a number of less common types.[3][9] Leukemias and lymphomas both belong to a broader group of tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid system, known as tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.[10][11] 
Four major kinds of leukemia Cell type Acute Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia (or "lymphoblastic") Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Myelogenous leukemia ("myeloid" or "nonlymphocytic") Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML or myeloblastic) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) 
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. 
It also affects adults, especially those 65 and older. 
Standard treatments involve chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 
The survival rates vary by age: 85% in children and 50% in adults.[13] Subtypes include precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt's leukemia, and acute biphenotypic leukemia. 
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. 
It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. 
Two-thirds of affected people are men. 
The five-year survival rate is 75%.[14] It is incurable, but there are many effective treatments. 
One subtype is B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a more aggressive disease. 
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurs more commonly in adults than in children, and more commonly in men than women. 
It is treated with chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate is 40%, except for APL (Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia), which has a survival rate greater than 90%.[15] Subtypes of AML include acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. 
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults; a very small number of children also develop this disease. 
It is treated with imatinib (Gleevec in United States, Glivec in Europe) or other drugs.[16] The five-year survival rate is 90%.[17][18] One subtype is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. 
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is sometimes considered a subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but does not fit neatly into this category. 
About 80% of affected people are adult men. 
No cases in children have been reported. 
HCL is incurable but easily treatable. 
Survival is 96% to 100% at ten years.[19] T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a very rare and aggressive leukemia affecting adults; somewhat more men than women are diagnosed with this disease.[20] Despite its overall rarity, it is the most common type of mature T cell leukemia;[21] nearly all other leukemias involve B cells. It is difficult to treat, and the median survival is measured in months. 
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia may involve either T-cells or NK cells; like hairy cell leukemia, which involves solely B cells, it is a rare and indolent (not aggressive) leukemia.[22] Adult T-cell leukemia is caused by human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), a virus similar to HIV. 
Like HIV, HTLV infects CD4+ T-cells and replicates within them; however, unlike HIV, it does not destroy them. 
Instead, HTLV "immortalizes" the infected T-cells, giving them the ability to proliferate abnormally. 
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II) are endemic in certain areas of the world. 
Clonal eosinophilias are caused by acquired genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells that leads to, or are associated with, a form of chronic eosinophilic leukemia or various forms of myeloid neoplasms, lymphoid neoplasms, myelofibrosis, or the myelodysplastic syndrome. 
The latter forms of clonal eosinophilia are commonly associated with blood or tissue eosinophilia.[23][24][25] 
Exocrine cancers 
Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. 
These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body.[10] There are a number of types of pancreatic cancer. The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 85% of cases, and the term "pancreatic cancer" is sometimes used to refer only to that type. 
These adenocarcinomas start within the part of the pancreas which makes digestive enzymes. 
Several other types of cancer, which collectively represent the majority of the non-adenocarcinomas, can also arise from these cells. One to two percent of cases of pancreatic cancer are neuroendocrine tumors, which arise from the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These are generally less aggressive than pancreatic adenocarcinoma.[6] 
Signs and symptoms of the most common form of pancreatic cancer may include yellow skin, abdominal or back pain, unexplained weight loss, light-colored stools, dark urine and loss of appetite.[1] There are usually no symptoms in the disease's early stages, and symptoms that are specific enough to suggest pancreatic cancer typically do not develop until the disease has reached an advanced stage.[1][2] By the time of diagnosis, pancreatic cancer has often spread to other parts of the body.[6][11] 
Pancreatic cancer rarely occurs before the age of 40, and more than half of cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma occur in those over 70.[2] Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes, and certain rare genetic conditions.[2] About 25% of cases are linked to smoking,[3] and 5–10% are linked to inherited genes.[2] Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by a combination of medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound or computed tomography, blood tests, and examination of tissue samples (biopsy).[3][4] The disease is divided into stages, from early (stage I) to late (stage IV).[11] Screening the general population has not been found to be effective.[12] 
The risk of developing pancreatic cancer is lower among non-smokers, and people who maintain a healthy weight and limit their consumption of red or processed meat.[5] A smoker's chance of developing the disease decreases if they stop smoking, and almost returns to that of the rest of the population after 20 years.[6] Pancreatic cancer can be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, palliative care, or a combination of these. 
Treatment options are partly based on the cancer stage. 
Surgery is the only treatment that can cure pancreatic adenocarcinoma,[11] and may also be done to improve quality of life without the potential for cure.[1][11] Pain management and medications to improve digestion are sometimes needed.[11] Early palliative care is recommended even for those receiving treatment that aims for a cure.[13][14] 
In 2015, pancreatic cancers of all types resulting in 411,600 deaths globally.[9] Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most common cause of death from cancer in the United Kingdom,[15] and the fourth most common in the United States.[16][17] The disease occurs most often in the developed world, where about 70% of the new cases in 2012 originated.[6] Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has a very poor prognosis: after diagnosis, 25% of people survive one year and 5% live for five years.[6][7] For cancers diagnosed early, the five-year survival rate rises to about 20%.[18] Neuroendocrine cancers have better outcomes; at five years from diagnosis, 65% of those diagnosed are living, though survival varies considerably depending on the type of tumor.[6] 
The pancreas has multiple functions, served by the endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans and the exocrine acinar cells. 
Pancreatic cancer may arise from any of these and disrupt any of their functions. 
The many types of pancreatic cancer can be divided into two general groups. 
The vast majority of cases (about 99%) occur in the part of the pancreas which produces digestive enzymes, known as the exocrine component. 
There are several sub-types of exocrine pancreatic cancers, but their diagnosis and treatment have much in common. 
The small minority of cancers that arise in the hormone-producing (endocrine) tissue of the pancreas have different clinical characteristics. 
Both groups occur mainly (but not exclusively) in people over 40, and are slightly more common in men, but some rare sub-types mainly occur in women or children.[19][20] 
The exocrine group is dominated by pancreatic adenocarcinoma (variations of this name may add "invasive" and "ductal"), which is by far the most common type, representing about 85% of all pancreatic cancers.[2] Nearly all these start in the ducts of the pancreas, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is often abbreviated as PDAC.[21] This is despite the fact that the tissue from which it arises – the pancreatic ductal epithelium – represents less than 10% of the pancreas by cell volume.[22] This cancer originates in the ducts that carry secretions (such as enzymes and bicarbonate) away from the pancreas. 
About 60–70% of adenocarcinomas occur in the 'head' of the pancreas.[2] 
The next most common type, acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, arises in the clusters of cells that produce these enzymes, and represents 5% of exocrine pancreas cancers.[23] Like the 'functioning' endocrine cancers described below, acinar cell carcinomas may cause over-production of certain molecules, in this case digestive enzymes, which may cause symptoms such as skin rashes and joint pain. 
1 2 3 4 5 "Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Patient Version". 
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Retrieved 8 June 2014. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (September 2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma" (PDF). 
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH (September 2013). "Recent progress in pancreatic cancer". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 
63 (5): 318–48. PMC 3769458 . PMID 23856911. doi:10.3322/caac.21190. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M (August 2011). "Pancreatic cancer" (PDF). Lancet. 
378 (9791): 607–20. PMID 21620466. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0. 1 2 "Can pancreatic cancer be prevented?". 
American Cancer Society. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. 
Chapter 5.7. ISBN 92-832-0429-8. 1 2 "Cancer Facts & Figures 2010" (PDF). 
American Cancer Society. 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2014. 
See p. 4 for incidence estimates, and p. 19 for survival percentages. ↑ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.". 
Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577 . 
PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. 1 2 GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). 
"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. 
PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. ↑ "What is Cancer? Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 
Retrieved 5 December 2014. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Bond-Smith G, Banga N, Hammond TM, Imber CJ (2012). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma" (PDF). 
BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 344: e2476. PMID 22592847. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2476. ↑ Bussom S, Saif MW (5 March 2010). 
"Methods and rationale for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. Highlights from the "2010 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium". Orlando, FL, USA. 
January 22–24, 2010". JOP : Journal of the pancreas. 11 (2): 128–30. 
PMID 20208319. ↑ Shahrokni A, Saif MW (10 July 2013). "Metastatic pancreatic cancer: the dilemma of quality vs. quantity of life". JOP : Journal of the pancreas. 
14 (4): 391–4. PMID 23846935. doi:10.6092/1590-8577/1663. ↑ Bardou M, Le Ray I (December 2013). "Treatment of pancreatic cancer: A narrative review of cost-effectiveness studies". 
Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology. 
27 (6): 881–92. PMID 24182608. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2013.09.006. ↑ Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund, 2015 ↑ Hariharan D, Saied A, Kocher HM (2008). "Analysis of mortality rates for pancreatic cancer across the world". 
HPB. 10 (1): 58–62. PMC 2504856 . 
PMID 18695761. doi:10.1080/13651820701883148. ↑ "Lifetime Risk of Developing or Dying From Cancer". American Cancer Society. 1 October 2014. 
Retrieved 1 December 2014. . The top three vary by gender, and include breast cancer for women and prostate cancer for men. 1 2 "Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version". 
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"The highest cure rate occurs if the tumor is truly localized to the pancreas; however, this stage of disease accounts for less than 20% of cases. In cases with localized disease and small cancers (<2 cm) with no lymph node metastases and no extension beyond the capsule of the pancreas, complete surgical resection is associated with an actuarial five-year survival rate of 18% to 24%." ↑ Harris, RE (2013). "Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer". 
Epidemiology of Chronic Disease. Jones & Bartlett. pp. 181–190. ISBN 978-0-7637-8047-0. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Öberg K, Knigge U, Kwekkeboom D, Perren A (October 2012). 
"Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up". Annals of Oncology. 23 Suppl 7: vii124–30. 
PMID 22997445. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds295. (Table 5 outlines the proposed TNM staging system for PanNETs.) ↑ Handbook of Pancreatic Cancer. New York: Springer. 
2009. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-387-77497-8. Retrieved 12 June 2016. 
1 2 Govindan R (2011). DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology (9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 
Chapter 35: Cancer of the Pancreas: Surgical Management. ISBN 978-1-4511-0545-2. Online edition, with updates to 2014 1 2 3 Tobias JS, Hochhauser D (2014). 
Cancer and its Management (7th ed.). p. 297. ISBN 978-1-118-46871-5. 1 2 3 "Types of Pancreas Tumors". 
The Sol Goldman Pancreas Cancer Research Center. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2012. 
Retrieved 18 November 2014. ↑ Farrell JJ, Fernández-del Castillo C (June 2013). "Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: management and unanswered questions". Gastroenterology. 
144 (6): 1303–15. PMID 23622140. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.073. 1 2 3 The PanNET denomination is in line with WHO guidelines for the classification of tumors of the digestive system published in 2010. 
Historically, PanNETs have also been referred to by a variety of terms, and are still commonly called "pancreatic endocrine tumors". See: Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, Lloyd RV, Suster S (August 2010). "The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems" (PDF). 
Pancreas. 39 (6): 707–12. PMID 20664470. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Burns WR, Edil BH (March 2012). "Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update". Current treatment options in oncology. 
13 (1): 24–34. PMID 22198808. doi:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2. ↑ The Medical Subject Headings indexing system refers to "islet cell carcinoma", which is subdivided into gastrinoma, glucagonoma, somatostatinoma and VIPoma. See: 2014 MeSH tree at "Pancreatic Neoplasms [C04.588.322.475]" 16 October 2014 1 2 "Islet Cell Tumors of the Pancreas / Endocrine Neoplasms of the Pancreas". 
The Sol Goldman Pancreas Cancer Research Center. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2012. 
Retrieved 5 January 2015. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 De La Cruz MS, Young AP, Ruffin MT (April 2014). "Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer". 
Am Fam Physician. 89 (8): 626–32. PMID 24784121. 
1 2 Alberts, SR; Goldberg, RM (2009). 
"Chapter 9: Gastrointestinal tract cancers". 
In Casciato, DA; Territo, MC. 
Manual of clinical oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 188–236. ISBN 978-0-7817-6884-9. ↑ Pannala R, Basu A, Petersen GM, Chari ST (January 2009). 
"New-onset diabetes: a potential clue to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer". The Lancet. Oncology. 
10 (1): 88–95. 
PMC 2795483 . PMID 19111249. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70337-1. ↑ "Chapter 15; Pancreas". Manual for Staging of Cancer (PDF) (2nd ed.). 
American Joint Committee on Cancer. pp. 95–8. 
See page 95 for citation regarding "... lesser degree of involvement of bones and brain and other anatomical sites." ↑ Sperti C, Moletta L, Patanè G (15 October 2014). "Metastatic tumors to the pancreas: The role of surgery". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 
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1 2 Mollberg N, Rahbari NN, Koch M, Hartwig W, Hoeger Y, Büchler MW, Weitz J (2011). 
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20 (31): 10740–51. PMC 4138454 . PMID 25152577. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10740. ↑ Polistina F, Di Natale G, Bonciarelli G, Ambrosino G, Frego M (2014). 
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7 (4): e1000267. PMC 2857873 . PMID 20422030. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000267. ↑ Christians KK, Evans DB (2014). 
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Surg. Oncol. 22 (6): 1755–8. PMID 25519932. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4307-0. ↑ Tsvetkova EV, Asmis TR (2014). 
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PMC 4117630 . PMID 25089113. doi:10.3747/co.21.2006. ↑ Zhan HX, Xu JW, Wu D, Zhang TP, Hu SY (2015). "Pancreatic cancer stem cells: New insight into a stubborn disease". 
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1 2 Tanase CP, Neagu AI, Necula LG, Mambet C, Enciu AM, Calenic B, Cruceru ML, Albulescu R (2014). "Cancer stem cells: Involvement in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and perspectives on cancer therapeutics". 
World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (31): 10790–801. PMC 4138459 . 
PMID 25152582. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10790. ↑ Allen VB, Gurusamy KS, Takwoingi Y, Kalia A, Davidson BR (2016). "Diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopy following computed tomography (CT) scanning for assessing the resectability with curative intent in pancreatic and periampullary cancer". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 7: CD009323. 
PMID 27383694. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009323.pub3. ↑ Heinemann V, Haas M, Boeck S (October 2013). 
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PMID 23852311. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt239. 1 2 3 Thota R, Pauff JM, Berlin JD (January 2014). "Treatment of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a review". 
Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.). 28 (1): 70–4. PMID 24683721. ↑ Ryan, DP (8 July 2014). 
"Chemotherapy for advanced exocrine pancreatic cancer: Topic 2475, Version 46.0" (subscription required). UpToDate. Wolters Kluwer Health. 
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3 July 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ↑ Borazanci E, Von Hoff DD; Von Hoff, DD (September 2014). "Nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine for the treatment of people with metastatic pancreatic cancer". 
Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8 (7): 739–47. 
PMID 24882381. doi:10.1586/17474124.2014.925799. ↑ Falconi M, Bartsch DK, Eriksson B, Klöppel G, Lopes JM, O'Connor JM, Salazar R, Taal BG, Vullierme MP, O'Toole D (2012). "ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system: Well-differentiated pancreatic non-functioning tumors". Neuroendocrinology. 
95 (2): 120–34. PMID 22261872. doi:10.1159/000335587. ↑ Jensen RT, Cadiot G, Brandi ML, de Herder WW, Kaltsas G, Komminoth P, Scoazec JY, Salazar R, Sauvanet A, Kianmanesh R (2012). 
"ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: Functional pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes". Neuroendocrinology. 95 (2): 98–119. 
PMID 22261919. doi:10.1159/000335591. ↑ Pavel M, Baudin E, Couvelard A, Krenning E, Öberg K, Steinmüller T, Anlauf M, Wiedenmann B, Salazar R (2012). "ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary". Neuroendocrinology. 
95 (2): 157–76. PMID 22262022. doi:10.1159/000335597. ↑ Rossi RE, Massironi S, Conte D, Peracchi M (2014). "Therapy for metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors". 
Annals of Translational Medicine. 2 (1): 8. PMC 4200651 . 
PMID 25332984. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2013.03.01 (inactive 2017-01-27). ↑ Nick Mulcahy (December 17, 2014). "FDA Approves Lanreotide for Neuroendocrine Tumors". Medscape Medical News. 
WebMD LLC. Retrieved December 25, 2014. ↑ Everolimus Approved for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors The ASCO Post. May 15, 2011, Volume 2, Issue 8 ↑ National Cancer Institute. 
Cancer Drug Information. FDA Approval for Sunitinib Malate. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors ↑ Tejani MA, Saif MW (2014). 
"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Does chemotherapy work?". JOP: Journal of the pancreas. 15 (2): 132–4. 
PMID 24618436. doi:10.6092/1590-8577/2301 (inactive 2017-01-27). ↑ Text is available electronically (but may require free registration) See: Benson AB, Myerson RJ, Sasson AR. Pancreatic, neuroendocrine GI, and adrenal cancers. Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13th edition 2010. 
ISBN 978-0-615-41824-7. ↑ Gulenchyn KY, Yao X, Asa SL, Singh S, Law C (2012). "Radionuclide therapy in neuroendocrine tumours: A systematic review". Clinical Oncology. 
24 (4): 294–308. PMID 22221516. doi:10.1016/j.clon.2011.12.003. ↑ Vinik AI (2014). "Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETS)". 
Endocrine Practice. 20 (11): 1–23. PMID 25297671. doi:10.4158/EP14373.RA. ↑ Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, van Eijck CH, Kam BL, van Essen M, Teunissen JJ, Krenning EP (2010). 
"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors". 
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 40 (2): 78–88. PMID 20113677. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2009.10.004. ↑ Bodei L, Cremonesi M, Kidd M, Grana CM, Severi S, Modlin IM, Paganelli G (2014). 
"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for advanced neuroendocrine tumors". Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 24 (3): 333–49. 
PMID 25065935. doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2014.04.005. ↑ Castellano D, Grande E, Valle J, Capdevila J, Reidy-Lagunes D, O'Connor JM, Raymond E (2014). "Expert consensus for the management of advanced or metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine and carcinoid tumors". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 
PMID 25480314. doi:10.1007/s00280-014-2642-2. ↑ Singh S, Dey C, Kennecke H, Kocha W, Maroun J, Metrakos P, Mukhtar T, Pasieka J, Rayson D, Rowsell C, Sideris L, Wong R, Law C (2014). "Consensus Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Guidelines from a Canadian National Expert Group". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 
22 (8): 2685–99. PMID 25366583. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4145-0. ↑ "Palliative or Supportive Care". American Cancer Society. 
Retrieved 20 August 2014. ↑ Buanes TA (14 August 2014). "Pancreatic cancer-improved care achievable". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 
20 (30): 10405–18. PMC 4130847 . PMID 25132756. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10405. ↑ "If treatment for pancreatic cancer stops working". 
American Cancer Society. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. 
Retrieved 20 August 2014. ↑ Arcidiacono PG, Calori G, Carrara S, McNicol ED, Testoni PA (2011). Arcidiacono PG, ed. "Celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain in adults". 
Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD007519. PMID 21412903. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007519.pub2. ↑ "Cancer Facts and Figures 2014" (PDF). American Cancer Society. 
Retrieved 5 January 2015. , Table, p. 18, rates adjusted for normal life expectancy ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". 
Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. ↑ Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ (2007). 
"Cancer statistics, 2007". CA. 57 (1): 43–66. 
PMID 17237035. doi:10.3322/canjclin.57.1.43. ↑ "What are the key statistics about pancreatic cancer?". American Cancer Society. 11 June 2014. 
Retrieved 11 November 2014. ↑ "Pancreatic cancer statistics". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 18 December 2014. ; "In 2010, in the UK, the lifetime risk of developing pancreatic cancer is 1 in 73 for men and 1 in 74 for women", noting "The lifetime risk ... has been calculated ... using the 'Current Probability' method; this is a different method used from most other cancer sites since the possibility of having more than one diagnosis of pancreatic cancer over the course of their lifetime is very low" ↑ "Pancreatic cancer statistics". 
1 2 Busnardo AC, DiDio LJ, Tidrick RT, Thomford NR (1983). "History of the pancreas" (PDF). American Journal of Surgery. 
PMID 6356946. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(83)90286-6. 1 2 3 4 Are C, Dhir M, Ravipati L (June 2011). "History of pancreaticoduodenectomy: early misconceptions, initial milestones and the pioneers". 
PMC 3103093 . PMID 21609369. doi:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00305.x. 1 2 Cameron JL, Riall TS, Coleman J, Belcher KA (July 2006). 
"One thousand consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies". Annals of Surgery. 244 (1): 10–5. 
PMC 1570590 . PMID 16794383. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000217673.04165.ea. ↑ Fernández-del Castillo C, Morales-Oyarvide V, McGrath D, Wargo JA, Ferrone CR, Thayer SP, Lillemoe KD, Warshaw AL (September 2012). "Evolution of the Whipple procedure at the Massachusetts General Hospital". 
Surgery. 152 (3 Suppl 1): S56–63. PMC 3806095 . 
PMID 22770961. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2012.05.022. ↑ Wolpin BM, Stampfer MJ (July 2009). "Defining determinants of pancreatic cancer risk: are we making progress?". 
J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 101 (14): 972–3. 
PMID 19561317. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp182. ↑ "What's new in pancreatic cancer research and treatment?". American Cancer Society. 11 June 2014. 
Retrieved 17 July 2014. ↑ "Pancreatic cancer research". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 17 July 2014. ↑ "Australian Pancreatic Genome Initiative". 
Garvan Institute. Retrieved 17 July 2014. ↑ Biankin AV, Waddell N, Kassahn KS, Gingras MC, Muthuswamy LB, Johns AL, Miller DK, Wilson PJ, et al. (November 2012). 
"Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes". Nature. 491 (7424): 399–405. 
Bibcode:2012Natur.491..399.. PMC 3530898 . PMID 23103869. doi:10.1038/nature11547. 
1 2 Pannala R, Basu A, Petersen GM, Chari ST (January 2009). "New-onset diabetes: a potential clue to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer". Lancet Oncol. 
10 (1): 88–95. PMC 2795483 . 
PMID 19111249. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70337-1. ↑ Graham JS, Jamieson NB, Rulach R, Grimmond SM, Chang DK, Biankin AV (November 2014). "Pancreatic cancer genomics: where can the science take us?". Clin. 
Genet. 88 (3): 213–9. PMID 25388820. doi:10.1111/cge.12536. ↑ "About EUROPAC". 
European Registry of Hereditary Pancreatitis and Familial Pancreatic Cancer (EUROPAC). 
University of Liverpool. Retrieved 17 July 2014. ↑ Zhang C, Yang G, Ling Y, Chen G, Zhou T (December 2014). "The early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and diabetes: what's the relationship?". 
Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 5 (6): 481–8. PMC 4226830 . 
PMID 25436129. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.055 (inactive 2017-01-27). ↑ Bruenderman EH, Martin RC (13 October 2014). 
"High-risk population in sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: guidelines for screening". The Journal of surgical research. 194 (1): 212–219. 
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"Systematic review of irreversible electroporation in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer". European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 
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"Nanomedicine strategies to overcome the pathophysiological barriers of pancreatic cancer". Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 13 (12): 750–765. 
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Ann. Oncol. 25 (7): 1260–70. 
PMID 24631947. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu013. 1 2 Tang SC, Chen YC (August 2014). "Novel therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer". 
World Journal of Gastroenterology. 
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1 2 Schober M, Jesenofsky R, Faissner R, Weidenauer C, Hagmann W, Michl P, Heuchel RL, Haas SL, Löhr JM (2014). 
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"Tumour-stroma interactions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: rationale and current evidence for new therapeutic strategies". Cancer Treat. Rev. 40 (1): 118–28. 
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Oncolytic Virotherapy: 35. doi:10.2147/OV.S53858. ↑ Pavelic J (October 2014). "Editorial: combined cancer therapy". Curr. 
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Staging 
Metastases 
Thyroid cancer is a cancer originating from follicular or parafollicular thyroid cells. These cells give rise to both well-differentiated cancers – papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) – and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), whose anaplastic cells are poorly differentiated. 
The second cell type, the C or parafollicular cell, produces the hormone calcitonin and is the cell of origin for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).[1] 
The most effective management of aggressive thyroid cancers is surgical removal of thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) followed by radioactive iodine ablation and TSH-suppression therapy. 
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy may also be used in cases of distant metastases or advanced cancer stage.[2] Five year survival rates are 98.1% in the United States.[3] 
Micrograph of a lymph node with papillary thyroid carcinoma. 
Most often the first symptom of thyroid cancer is a nodule in the thyroid region of the neck.[4] However, many adults have small nodules in their thyroids, but typically under 5% of these nodules are found to be cancerous. Sometimes the first sign is an enlarged lymph node. 
Later symptoms that can be present are pain in the anterior region of the neck and changes in voice due to an involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. 
Thyroid cancer is usually found in a euthyroid patient, but symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism may be associated with a large or metastatic well-differentiated tumor. 
Thyroid nodules are of particular concern when they are found in those under the age of 20. 
The presentation of benign nodules at this age is less likely, and thus the potential for malignancy is far greater. 
Thyroid cancers are thought to be related to a number of environmental and genetic predisposing factors, but significant uncertainty remains regarding their causes. 
Environmental exposure to ionizing radiation from both natural background sources and artificial sources is suspected to play a significant role, and there are significant increased rates of thyroid cancer in those exposed to mantlefield radiation for lymphoma, and those exposed to iodine-131 following the Chernobyl,[5] Fukushima, Kyshtym, and Windscale[6] nuclear disasters.[7] Thyroiditis and other thyroid diseases also predispose to thyroid cancer.[8][6] 
Genetic causes include multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 which markedly increases rates, particularly of the rarer medullary form of the disease.[9] 
After a thyroid nodule is found during a physical examination, a referral to an endocrinologist or a thyroidologist may occur. Most commonly an ultrasound is performed to confirm the presence of a nodule and assess the status of the whole gland. 
Measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone and anti-thyroid antibodies will help decide if there is a functional thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis present, a known cause of a benign nodular goiter.[10] Measurement of calcitonin is necessary to exclude the presence of medullary thyroid cancer. 
Finally, to achieve a definitive diagnosis before deciding on treatment, a fine needle aspiration cytology test is usually performed and reported according to the Bethesda system. 
In adults without symptoms screening for thyroid cancer is not recommended.[11] 
Thyroid cancers can be classified according to their histopathological characteristics.[12][13] The following variants can be distinguished (distribution over various subtypes may show regional variation): 
Papillary thyroid cancer (75% to 85% of cases[14]) – often in young females – excellent prognosis. 
May occur in women with familial adenomatous polyposis and in patients with Cowden syndrome. 
Newly reclassified variant: noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features is considered an indolent tumor of limited biologic potential. 
Follicular thyroid cancer (10% to 20% of cases[14]) – occasionally seen in patients with Cowden syndrome Medullary thyroid cancer (5%[14] to 8% of cases) – cancer of the parafollicular cells, often part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.[15] Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer Anaplastic thyroid cancer (less than 5% of cases[14]) is not responsive to treatment and can cause pressure symptoms. 
Others Thyroid lymphoma Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma Sarcoma of thyroid 
The follicular and papillary types together can be classified as "differentiated thyroid cancer".[16] These types have a more favorable prognosis than the medullary and undifferentiated types.[17] 
Papillary microcarcinoma is a subset of papillary thyroid cancer defined as measuring less than or equal to 1 cm.[18] The highest incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in autopsy series was reported by Harach et al. in 1985, who found 36 of 101 consecutive autopsies were found to have an incidental microcarcinoma.[19] Michael Pakdaman et al. report the highest incidence in a retrospective surgical series at 49.9% of 860 cases.[20] Management strategies for incidental papillary microcarcinoma on ultrasound (and confirmed on FNAB) range from total thyroidectomy with radioactive iodine ablation to observation alone. Harach et al. suggest using the term "occult papillary tumor" to avoid giving patients distress over having cancer. 
It was Woolner et al. who first arbitrarily coined the term "occult papillary carcinoma" in 1960, to describe papillary carcinomas ≤ 1.5 cm in diameter.[21] 
Cancer staging is the process of determining the extent of the development of a cancer. 
The TNM staging system is usually used to classify stages of cancers but not of the brain. 
Detection of any metastases of thyroid cancer can be performed with a full body scintigraphy using iodine-131.[22][23] 
Thyroidectomy and dissection of central neck compartment is initial step in treatment of thyroid cancer in majority of cases.[4] Thyroid-preserving operation may be applied in cases, when thyroid cancer exhibits low biological aggressiveness (e.g. well-differentiated cancer, no evidence of lymph node metastases, low MIB-1 index, no major genetic alterations like BRAF mutations, RET/PTC rearrangements, p53 mutations etc.) in patients younger than 45 years.[24] If the diagnosis of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (e.g. papillary thyroid cancer) is established or suspected by FNA the surgery is indicated, whereas watchful waiting strategy is not recommended in any evidence-based guidelines.[24][25] Watchful waiting reduces overdiagnosis and overtreatment of thyroid cancer among old patients.[26] 
Radioactive Iodine-131 is used in patients with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer for ablation of residual thyroid tissue after surgery and for the treatment of thyroid cancer.[27] Patients with medullary, anaplastic, and most Hurthle cell cancers do not benefit from this therapy.[4] 
External irradiation may be used when the cancer is unresectable, when it recurs after resection, or to relieve pain from bone metastasis.[4] 
Sorafenib and sunitinib, approved for other indications show promise for thyroid cancer and are being used for some patients who do not qualify for clinical trials.[28] Numerous agents are in phase II clinical trials and XL184 has started a phase III trial.[28] 
The prognosis of thyroid cancer is related to the type of cancer and the stage at the time of diagnosis. 
For the most common form of thyroid cancer, papillary, the overall prognosis is excellent. 
Indeed, the increased incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma in recent years is likely related to increased and earlier diagnosis. 
One can look at the trend to earlier diagnosis in two ways. 
The first is that many of these cancers are small and not likely to develop into aggressive malignancies. A second perspective is that earlier diagnosis removes these cancers at a time when they are not likely to have spread beyond the thyroid gland, thereby improving the long-term outcome for the patient. 
There is no consensus at present on whether this trend toward earlier diagnosis is beneficial or unnecessary. 
The argument against early diagnosis and treatment is based on the logic that many small thyroid cancers (mostly papillary) will not grow or metastasize. 
This viewpoint holds the overwhelming majority of thyroid cancers are overdiagnosed (that is, will never cause any symptoms, illness, or death for the patient, even if nothing is ever done about the cancer). 
Including these overdiagnosed cases skews the statistics by lumping clinically significant cases in with apparently harmless cancers.[29] Thyroid cancer is incredibly common, with autopsy studies of people dying from other causes showing that more than one-third of older adults technically has thyroid cancer, which is causing them no harm.[29] It is easy to detect nodules that might be cancerous, simply by feeling the throat, which contributes to the level of overdiagnosis. 
Benign (non-cancerous) nodules frequently co-exist with thyroid cancer; sometimes, it is a benign nodule that is discovered but surgery uncovers an incidental small thyroid cancer. 
Increasingly, small thyroid nodules are discovered as incidental findings on imaging (CT scan, MRI, ultrasound) performed for another purpose ; very few of these people with accidentally discovered, symptom-free thyroid cancers will ever have any symptoms, and treatment in such patients has the potential to cause harm to them, not to help them.[29][30] 
Thyroid cancer is three times more common in women than in men, but according to European statistics,[31] the overall relative 5-year survival rate for thyroid cancer is 85% for females and 74% for males.[32] 
The table below highlights some of the challenges with decision making and prognostication in thyroid cancer. 
While there is general agreement that stage I or II papillary, follicular or medullary cancer have a good prognosis, it is not possible when evaluating a small thyroid cancer to determine which ones will grow and metastasize and which will not. 
As a result, once a diagnosis of thyroid cancer has been established (most commonly by a fine needle aspiration), it is likely that a total thyroidectomy will be performed. 
Retrieved 7 October 2012. ↑ Perros, Petros; Boelaert, Kristien; Colley, Steve; Evans, Carol; Evans, Rhodri M; Gerrard BA, Georgina; Gilbert, Jackie; Harrison, Barney; Johnson, Sarah J; Giles, Thomas E; Moss, Laura; Lewington, Val; Newbold, Kate; Taylor, Judith; Thakker, Rajesh V; Watkinson, John; Williams, Graham R. (July 2014). "Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer". 
Clinical Endocrinology. 
81: 1–122. doi:10.1111/cen.12515. 1 2 Sherman, Steven I (2009). "Advances in Chemotherapy of Differentiated Epithelial and Medullary Thyroid Cancers". 
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 
94 (5): 1493–99. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0923. 
1 2 3 Welch, H. Gilbert; Woloshin, Steve; Schwartz, Lisa A. (2011). 
Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health. 
[Malaysia?]: Beacon Press. pp. 61–34. 
ISBN 0-8070-2200-4. ↑ Hofman MS (2013). 
"Thyroid nodules: Time to stop over-reporting normal findings and update consensus guidelines". BMJ. 347: f5742. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5742. 
PMID 24068719. ↑ "Thyroid Cancer". 
MedicineNet.com. 
Retrieved 26 October 2011. 1 2 Numbers from EUROCARE, from Page 10 in: F. Grünwald; Biersack, H. J.; Grںunwald, F. (2005). 
Thyroid cancer. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-22309-6. ↑ "FDA approves new treatment for rare form of thyroid cancer" (Press release). 
Thyroid cancer Micrograph (high power view) of papillary thyroid carcinoma demonstrating diagnostic features (nuclear clearing and overlapping nuclei). H&E stain. Classification and external resources Specialty Oncology ICD-10 C73 ICD-9-CM 193 MedlinePlus 001213 eMedicine ent/646 MeSH D013964 
See also 
References 
A quasi-star (also called black hole star) is a hypothetical type of extremely massive star that may have existed very early in the history of the Universe. 
Unlike modern stars, which are powered by nuclear fusion in their cores, a quasi-star's energy would come from material falling into a central black hole.[1] 
A quasi-star is predicted to have formed when the core of a large protostar collapses into a black hole during its formation and the outer layers of the star are massive enough to absorb the resulting burst of energy without being blown away (as they are with modern supernovae). 
Such a star would have to be at least 1,000 solar masses (2.0×1033 kg).[1] Stars this large could only form early in the history of the Universe before the hydrogen and helium were contaminated by heavier elements; see Population III stars. 
Once the black hole had formed at the core of the protostar, it would continue generating a large amount of radiant energy from the infall of additional stellar material. 
This energy would counteract the force of the gravity, creating an equilibrium similar to the one that supports modern fusion-based stars.[2] A quasi-star is predicted to have had a maximum lifespan of about 7 million years,[3] after which the core black hole would have grown to about 1,000–10,000 solar masses (2×1033–2×1034 kg).[1][2] These intermediate-mass black holes have been suggested as the origin of the modern era's supermassive black holes. 
Quasi-stars are predicted to have surface temperatures limited to about 4,000 K (3,730 °C),[2] but, with diameters of approximately 10 billion kilometres (66.85 au) or 7,187 times that of the Sun, each one would produce as much light as a small galaxy.[1] 
Quasar Thorne–Żytkow object 
Size comparison of a quasi-star compared to several known giant stars. 
Even the largest known star, UY Scuti, is severely dwarfed. 
1 2 3 4 Battersby, Stephen (29 November 2007). "Biggest black holes may grow inside 'quasistars'". NewScientist.com news service. 
1 2 3 Begelman, Mitch; Rossi, Elena; Armitage, Philip (2008). "Quasi-stars: accreting black holes inside massive envelopes". MNRAS. 
387 (4): 1649–1659. arXiv:0711.4078 . Bibcode:2008MNRAS.387.1649B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13344.x. ↑ Schleicher, Dominik R. G.; Palla, Francesco; Ferrara, Andrea; Galli, Daniele; Latif, Muhammad (25 May 2013). "Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos". 
Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558: A59. arXiv:1305.5923 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321949. 
KATTIVA je slovenská módna značka a online obchod. 
Postupne boli do portfólia pridávané šperky. 
V lete bola spustená súťaž "Kattiva hľadá talenty", vrámci ktorej sa hľadali mladí talentovaní šperkári. 
Víťazkou súťaže sa stala Petra Žilinská alias Jašika, ktorá získala dlhodobú spoluprácu so značkou a navrhuje a vytvára kolekcie špeciálne pre značku Kattiva Trends. 
Na jar 2017 bol spustený prvý ročník súťaže "Face of KATTIVA", ktorý sa stretol s veľkým ohlasom. 
Víťazkou a novou tvárou značky sa stala Katka Lajcinová. 
Romani civilians in Asperg, Germany are rounded up for deportation by German authorities on 22 May 1940. 
The Romani genocide or the Romani Holocaust, also known as the Porajmos (Romani pronunciation: IPA: [pʰoɽajˈmos]), Pharrajimos ("Cutting up", "Fragmentation", "Destruction"), or Samudaripen ("Mass killing"), was the planned and attempted effort, often described as a genocide, during World War II by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani people of Europe. 
Under the rule of Adolf Hitler, a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws was issued on 26 November 1935, defining Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews. 
Thus, in some ways the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews.[1] Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Romani were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or 25% to over 50% of the slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.[1] Ian Hancock puts the death toll as high as 1.5 million.[2] In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.[3][4] In 2011 Poland passed a resolution for the official recognition of 2 August as a day of commemoration of the genocide.[5] 
1 2 3 4 "Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945". 
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). 
Retrieved 9 August 2011. 
1 2 Hancock, Ian (2005), "True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview", The Historiography of the Holocaust, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 383–396, ISBN 1-4039-9927-9 ↑ "Germany unveils Roma Holocaust memorial". aljazeera.com. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2015. ↑ "Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany". 
Telegraph.co.uk. 
27 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2015. 1 2 "OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland". 
16. ↑ Guri Hjeltnes: Den norske stat betalte Nazi-Tyskland for å transportere vekk norske rom, Dagbladet, 13 February 2015. ↑ Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. 
ISBN 0-231-11200-9. ↑ "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". 
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 January 2016. ↑ Karanth, Dileep (2009). 
The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's online encyclopedia of the Holocaust.[50][51] 
Country Roma population, 1939 Victims Low Estimate Victims High Estimate Albania 20,000 ? ? 
Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250 Belgium 600 350 500 Bulgaria 80,000 0 0 Czech Republic (Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) 13,000 5,000 6,500 Estonia 1,000 500 1,000 France 40,000 15,150 15,150 Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000 Greece ? 50 50 Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000 Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000 Latvia 5,000 1,500 2,500 Lithuania 1,000 500 1,000 Luxembourg 200 100 200 Netherlands 500 215 500 Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000 Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000 Slovakia 80,000 400 10,000 Soviet Union (1939 borders) 200,000 30,000 35,000 Yugoslavia 100,000 26,000 90,000 Total 947,500 130,565 285,650 
Alma Elizabeth Deutscher (born February 2005 in Oxford) is an English composer, pianist, violinist, and child prodigy. 
At age six she composed her first piano sonata. At age seven, she completed her first major composition, the opera The Sweeper of Dreams. 
Aged nine, she wrote a concerto for violin and orchestra, which she premiered in a 2015 performance.[1] 
At the age of ten she completed her first full-length opera, Cinderella, which had its European premiere in Vienna on 29 December 2016 under the patronage of conductor Zubin Mehta,[2][3] and in July 2017, at the age of 12, she premiered her first piano concerto, and performed it on the same evening as her full violin concerto.[4] 
Deutscher is the daughter of Janie Steen and the Israeli linguist Guy Deutscher.[5] 
She began playing piano at the age of two, followed by violin at three. 
At four she was composing and improvising on the piano, and by five had begun writing down her compositions. These first written notations were unclear, but by six she could write clear compositions by hand and had composed her first piano sonata. 
At seven she composed her first short opera, at nine a violin concerto, and her first full-length opera at age ten.[6][7] 
In a 2012 interview with the BBC, Steen said: "At three she heard a lullaby by Richard Strauss, and she came to us and said, '...how can music be so beautiful?' She was struck by the beauty of it."[10] 
Deutscher's initial media exposure may be traced to writer and comedian Stephen Fry publicising her YouTube channel when she was seven. 
Guy Deutscher and Fry knew each other through a shared interest in linguistics. 
Deutscher's channel originally was produced for the private viewing of her relatives. 
Her father said: "Then Stephen Fry saw [her family videos] and tweeted on Twitter, and that's how it became known to his millions of followers. 
And from there very quickly reporters were onto it and it snowballed." Fry wrote: "Simply mind-blowing: Alma Deutscher playing her own compositions. 
A new Mozart?", with a link to one of Deutscher's videos.[11] Television crews arrived at the family home the next day. 
Guy Deutscher spoke of his concerns surrounding Alma's initial press coverage and explained that the family had been unprepared for the intense exposure, and that they view as their most important task to protect her and ensure that she has a happy childhood.[7] 
Much of the initial critical response to Deutscher's compositions and recitals centred on her age and status as a child prodigy. 
Commenting on the public perception of child prodigies and their musical output, Deutscher has said "….I want my music to be taken seriously….and sometimes it's a little bit difficult for people to take me seriously because I'm just a little girl." [16] 
More recent responses have focused on Deutscher's compositions and performances. 
Reviewing the world premiere of her piano concerto at the opening concert of the Carinthian Summer Music Festival in Austria in July 2017, in which Deutscher performed as soloist both her piano concerto and her violin concerto,[30] the Austrian newspaper Kronen Zeitung titled its review: "Flying fingers, Grand Music" and hailed the concert as "a triumph of creativity: whether it is her sparkling and richly ornamented violin concerto no. 1 in G-minor, or the world-premiere of her striking and nuance-rich piano concerto in E-flat major: these are supple, powerful, sumptuous tones, with which this (still) child creates musical wonders."[31] 
According to the Guardian newspaper, conductor Simon Rattle declared that he was "absolutely bowled over" by her.[32] In an interview to BBC Radio in Jan 2017, Rattle said: "we’re living in a time where Britain has the greatest group of gifted living composers of any country, from Harrison Birtwistle in his eighties to Alma Deutscher who’s 11."[33] According to the Daily Telegraph, pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim said of Deutscher: "Everything that cannot be learnt, she already has".[26] In an interview with the Austrian newspaper Der Standard in November 2016, conductor Zubin Mehta described Alma Deutscher as "a genius"[34] and in on Austrian Television, he called her "one of the greatest talents of today".[35] 
The Composer Jörg Widmann called her an "extraordinary phenomenon" and said he had never met a talent like hers before.[36] 
The pianist and pedagogue Arie Vardi described his first meeting with Deutscher: "People had said that she was a prodigy, but usually I'm a little sceptical about this term, sceptical both about those who bestow this title and those on which it is bestowed.… Although I had reservations, from the moment I actually met this girl in the corridor and she said 'hello' – it was impossible not to love her. ...I have a feeling that with Alma the wonder will not be lost, because she has such wide horizons." 
The German violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter wrote that "it is absolutely extraordinary what this young girl has managed to achieve on the violin, the piano, and in her compositions. 
Her musical sensitivity and her powers of expression already at this age underline her exceptional talent."[37] 
The composer and musicologist Ron Weidberg said of Deutscher's melodies: "Alma's most important talent is the perfect connection between her inner world and the melodies she creates, which are so beautiful because they stem directly from this inner world. 
Few composers can write such tunes, which from the first moment are immediately impressed upon our memory, and thus turn into the possession of all those who listen to them. 
Alma is one of these composers, and this is why we are confident that the melodies she is writing now will remain with us even when we ourselves no longer remain the same as we were."[38] 
In January 2017, following the premiere of Deutscher's opera Cinderella in Vienna, an article entitled "Alma and the dangerous love of melody" appeared in the Viennese newspaper Der Standard, which expressed the hope that Deutscher's melodious music may help to change the prevailing attitudes in contemporary classical music and inject a new life into the world of opera, by steering it back towards melody.[39] The author, Robert Schediwy, notes the storm of enthusiasm with which Deutscher's Cinderella was received by the public, and asserts that the public would have loved the opera even if it had been written by a 40 year-old man, because (as many of the critics have noted) it is full of beautiful melodies. 
However, Schediwy also expresses the fear that if Deutscher's "uninhibited love of melody" continues as she grows older, and especially if the wider public continues enjoying her music, the response of 'advanced culture-theorists' would no longer be favorable. 
They would then regard Deutscher's love of melody as a threat, and accuse it of 'anachronism', 'cultural populism' and 'musical inferiority'. 
Nonetheless, Schediwy expresses the hope that Deutscher's love of melody may help to inject new life into the world of opera, which is now so often pronounced dead, and help it reconnect with the wider public. 
In February 2017, Deutscher herself made a statement about her style, her love of melody and her musical aesthetics, in a message to a press conference of the Carinthian Summer Music Festival in Austria. 
She explained that some people have expressed to her the view that one should not compose beautiful melodies in the 21st century, but that music must reflect the complexity and ugliness of the modern world. "But I think that these people just got a little bit confused. 
If the world is so ugly, then what's the point of making it even uglier with ugly music?".[40] She then cited the lullaby by Richard Strauss mentioned above as her early inspiration for trying to write beautiful music.[10] In July 2017, Deutscher further elaborted this point in an interview with the newspaper Der Standard. Asked about her dreams for the next 10 years, she said: "...but the best thing would be if people stopped telling me how it is allowed or not allowed to compose in the 21st century. I hope they will have stopped counting my disonances. 
And I hope that in ten years' time, it will not be considered a crime to want to compose beautiful music."[41] 
Deutscher has been compared to Mozart repeatedly, although she rejects the comparison, stating that "if I just wrote everything Mozart wrote again, it would be boring. 
I want to be Alma, not Mozart."[26] Her family members do not encourage the comparison, her father stating that "...there was one Mozart in human history", and that he does not want his daughter to feel burdened by being compared to other composers.[7][29][42] When asked about her musical idols, Deutscher cited the composers Mozart, Schubert, and Tchaikovsky. 
Sonata in E-flat for piano, aged 6[58] Andante for Violin, aged 6[59] Rondino (trio) in E♭ for violin, viola and piano, aged 7[55] The Sweeper of Dreams (opera), aged 7[60] Quartet movement in A major, aged 7[61] Sonata for viola and piano in C minor (1st movement), aged 8[62] Quartet movement in G major, Rondo, aged 8[63] "The Night Before Christmas", song to words by C. Moore, aged 8[64] Two songs from Cinderella: "If I Believe in Love", and "Reverie", aged 8[65] Sonata for violin and piano (1st movement), aged 8[66] Trio for violin, viola, and piano, aged 9[67] Concerto for violin and orchestra in G, aged 9[1] Dance of the Solent Mermaids, for symphony orchestra, aged 9[68] Cinderella, a full-length opera, aged 10[3] Piano Concerto in E-flat major, aged 11[69] 
Critical reception 
Comparison to Mozart 
Background 
Compositions 
Alma Elizabeth Deutscher Born February 2005 Oxford Residence Dorking, England Occupation Composer, pianist, and violinist Known for Child prodigy; music composition Parent(s) Guy Deutscher, Janie Steen Website www.almadeutscher.com 
According to her father, she could name the notes on a piano when she was two. "For her third birthday I bought her a little violin as a toy. 
She was so excited by it and tried playing on it for days on end, so we decided to try to find her a teacher. 
Within less than a year she was playing Handel sonatas."[8][9] 
Retrieved 27 November 2015. ↑ Newspaper report on Carinthian Summer opening concert, Retrieved 23 July 2017 ↑ Kronen Zeitung 18 July 2017, Retrieved 23 July 2017 ↑ Alma Deutscher, the 10-year-old who is making the music world listen, Retrieved 05 Feb 2016. ↑ "BBC - Radio 4 Front Row - Conductor Simon Rattle, artist Luba...". Retrieved 2017-01-17. ↑ "Zubin Mehta:"Ich leite hier einen Rolls-Royce"". Der Standard. 
Retrieved 2 December 2016. ↑ "ORF report about Cinderella". 
YouTube.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. ↑ [Impressionen, Mitteilungen der Anne-Sophie Mutter Stiftung, 35,|date = 1 July 2016, page 4] ↑ Mutter, Anne-Sophie (1 December 2015). 
"Impressionen, Mitteilungen der Anne-Sophie Mutter Stiftung, 35,". ↑ Dr Ron Weidberg, composer and musicologist, on Alma's compositions, Retrieved 20 Jan 2016. ↑ m.b.H., STANDARD Verlagsgesellschaft. "Alma und die gefährliche Liebe zur Melodie". derStandard.at. Retrieved 2017-01-25. ↑ "Why music should be beautiful",. 
Retrieved 01 March 2017. ↑ "Interview in Der Standard, July 2017", Retrieved 23 July 2017. 1 2 "Music prodigy, 7, next Mozart?". Nnbcnews.com. 
NBC News. 
Retrieved 27 November 2015. ↑ Alma Deutscher's YouTube Channel. 
"Alma and the dangerous love of melody" 
Hurts are an English synthpop duo formed in 2009, consisting of synthesist Adam Anderson and singer Theo Hutchcraft. 
Their first two albums, Happiness and Exile, both reached the top ten in the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, and Finland. 
Anderson (born 14 May 1984 in Manchester) and Hutchcraft (born 30 August 1986 in Richmond) met outside the 42nd Street nightclub in Manchester in November 2005, whilst their friends got involved in a fight. Too drunk to join in, they began discussing music instead; realising they had similar tastes, they decided to start a band. 
Over the next few months, they exchanged music and lyrics via e-mail, before forming Bureau in March 2006. 
They performed their first gig as a quintet in May at The Music Box in Manchester, and were shortly afterwards signed to independent record label High Voltage Sounds.[1] They released their first double A-side single "After Midnight"/"Dollhouse" in November, which was made Single of the Week on Xfm.[2] In 2007, Bureau disbanded and soon after Hutchcraft and Anderson formed the band Daggers. 
They signed to Label Fandango and in October released another double A-side single, "Money"/"Magazine", which, despite failing to chart, was nominated for the Popjustice £20 Music Prize.[3] 
Throughout 2008, Daggers continued to build a following and began working with producers Biff Stannard and Richard X, but after a disastrous A&R showcase in London in September, Theo and Adam returned to Manchester to reflect on the band's future. 
They recorded a mournful ballad called "Unspoken" together and they immediately realised that this was the sound that they wanted to develop as a duo. 
After informing the rest of the band that it was finished, they went on a short break to Verona in Italy, where they claim they discovered a musical genre called "Disco Lento".[4] Daggers split on 30 January 2009.[5] 
Now called Hurts, the duo recorded an amateur music video for a song called "Wonderful Life", with a female dancer who had responded to an advert they placed in a post office in Manchester, who was paid £20 for her time.[6] After uploading the video to their YouTube channel on 21 April 2009, it quickly went viral. 
The video has since had over 34 million views on YouTube. 
In July the band was signed to Sony subsidiary RCA Records as well as RCA imprint Major Label Records, run by their old friend Biff Stannard.[7][8][9] 
Hurts performing in Milan, 24 October 2010. 
Following success on Greek radio, Hurts were invited to perform at the MAD Video Music Awards ceremony in Athens in front of 11,000 people on 15 June.[7] Also in June, Kylie Minogue recorded a verse and backing vocals for the song "Devotion", which was to be included on the band's album. 
Hurts recorded a performance of Kylie's 1994 hit "Confide In Me" for newspaper The Sun's website,[17] and has since been a regular inclusion on their gig setlists. 
Kylie later returned the compliment by recording a performance of "Wonderful Life" in Radio 1's Live Lounge. 
Throughout the summer, Hurts performed at several music festivals including V Festival and T in the Park in the UK, Pukkelpop in Belgium, and SWR3 New Pop Festival in Germany. 
"Wonderful Life" was released in Germany on 6 August and it debuted at number two on the German Singles Chart. 
It was released in the UK on 23 August, where it debuted at number 21, becoming their first UK top 40 hit. 
The album Happiness, which had been recorded at Sunshine Dance Studios in Manchester and Pellerin in Gothenburg with producer Jonas Quant, was released on 6 September. 
It debuted at number four in the UK Albums Chart, selling 25,000 copies in its first week on sale, which made it the fastest selling debut album by a band in 2010.[18] 
In October, Hurts embarked on their first full headline UK tour, performing in Brighton, Leeds, Glasgow, Manchester, Birmingham, Bristol and London. 
Their third UK single "Stay" was released in November, reaching number 50 in the chart. 
Meanwhile, in Germany, "Wonderful Life" was certified platinum for sales in excess of 500,000 copies, and they were awarded the BAMBI award for Best International Newcomer. 
They were also nominated at the MTV Europe Music Awards in the Best Push Artist category. 
Hurts ended 2010 by supporting Scissor Sisters on their UK arena tour in December, and released a Christmas single called "All I Want for Christmas Is New Year's Day" for free download on iTunes. 
Happiness climbed back into the UK Top 30 albums chart in February 2011 following a second nationwide headline tour, several TV appearances including on The Graham Norton Show, and winning Best New Band at the NME Awards on 23 February, where they also performed "Wonderful Life". 
A fourth single from the album, "Sunday", was released in the UK on 27 February and it debuted at number 57, whilst the second single in Germany, "Stay", reached number three. 
In March, Hurts were awarded Best International Newcomer at the ECHO Awards in Germany. 
A fifth single, "Illuminated", was released in the UK on 9 May, entering the chart at number 159, though it had already reached number 68 in September 2010, following its use on trailers for television channel Sky1. 
On 26 June, Theo and Adam performed on the John Peel stage at the Glastonbury Festival, and their full set was broadcast on a loop on the BBC Red Button channel. 
Readers of music magazine NME voted their performance as the best of the festival, putting them ahead of headliners U2, Coldplay, and Beyoncé.[19] They were later voted "Band of the Summer" by the same magazine. 
In June 2011 they announced a remix of the track "Lonely Lisa" by French singer Mylène Farmer. 
"Blood, Tears & Gold" was released as the third single in Germany on 7 October, peaking at number 39. A deluxe CD/DVD edition of Happiness was released on 31 October. 
The album eventually sold 400,000 copies in Germany, earning it double platinum status. 
It sold 150,000 copies in the United Kingdom, and spent a year on the UK Top 200 albums chart. 
Hurts embarked on their first full European tour in October 2011, performing in Ukraine, Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Russia, Belarus, Serbia, Croatia, Italy, Greece, Austria, Switzerland, Republic of Macedonia and the UK.[20] They said in interviews that they planned to start writing and recording for their second album after they have completed the tour, but that they might find it more difficult than their first.[21] On 4 November 2011, Hurts played their last show of their 'Happiness Tour' at Brixton Academy where Kylie Minogue joined them on stage to perform "Devotion" and "Confide in Me".[22] Hurts have confirmed more festival shows for summer 2012. 
In 2012, Hurts played the Summerwell Festival, Romania (11 August), Open Air Zofingen, Switzerland (12 August) and the Pildyk Friends Festival, Lithuania (14 August). 
Hurts performing at Pori Jazz in Finland in 2014. 
In September 2012, Hurts confirmed that recording of their next album was underway, with producer Jonas Quant.[23] Their second studio album, Exile, was available on 11 March 2013. A video-teaser on iTunes contained a new track from Exile called "The Road", which was released on 14 December 2012 on YouTube. 
In autumn 2013 the video got a nomination for UK Music Video Awards as the Best Music Ad - TV or Online.[24] An audio-only video of "The Road" was also uploaded. 
The lead single from the album, "Miracle", premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 4 January 2013. 
A music video directed by Chris Turner was uploaded to YouTube on 4 February, but was permanently removed shortly after. 
A second video was shot and appeared online on 28 February. 
The single reached number 23 in Germany and number 120 in the UK. 
23 February, it was confirmed that Elton John took a part in recording the track "Help" for the new album.[25] Exile was released on 8 March 2013, achieving a top ten position in ten countries worldwide, debuting at number three in Germany and number nine in the UK. 
"Blind" was released as the second single on 20 May, and "Somebody to Die For" followed as the third on 21 July. 
With the release of "Somebody to Die for" they included a cover version of "Ohne Dich" from the German band Selig. 
The band continued their Exile Tour across Europe in October and November 2013 and March 2014. 
The Night Work Tour — Scissor Sisters Tour (2010)[31] 
2012–2015: Exile 
Hurts Hurts in March 2014 Background information Origin Manchester, England Genres Synthpop new wave soft rock Years active 2009–present Labels Major Label RCA Columbia Records Website www.informationhurts.com Members Adam Anderson Theo Hutchcraft 
Hurts at a special performance during Michalsky's StyleNite of Berlin Fashion Week, January 2010 
Although Theo and Adam had decided to not to do any gigs until they had enough songs, they began uploading demos to their Myspace page, and on 27 July 2009, they were named Band of the Day by The Guardian.[10] On 7 December, they made the longlist of the Sound of 2010, an annual poll of music critics and industry figures conducted by the BBC.[11] Following spot plays on BBC Radio 1 of "Wonderful Life", Hurts were invited to record at London's Maida Vale Studios on 9 December for Huw Stephens' radio show, where they performed "Illuminated" and "Silver Lining".[12] 
2010 began with Hurts finishing fourth on the Sound of 2010 poll, behind Ellie Goulding, Marina and the Diamonds and Delphic.[13] On 7 January, Zane Lowe premiered the song "Blood, Tears & Gold" as his "Hottest Record in the World",[14] and another self-made music video debuted online three days later. 
Having released a limited edition 12" vinyl picture disc of the Arthur Baker remix of "Wonderful Life" on 18 January, Hurts performed their first ever gig as Hurts on 22 January at the Michalsky Stylenite in Berlin, followed by St Phillips Church in Salford on 22 February.[15] This was quickly followed by gigs at Wiltons Music Hall, London, and in Berlin and Cologne in Germany. 
In March, "Wonderful Life" was released to radio in various European territories; as manager Matt Vines explained to Music Week, the aim was to launch the band simultaneously across Europe and Asia. "It's an internationally focused campaign. We're looking at tours across Europe to back up the work we are doing in the UK." 
The single became a radio hit in countries such as Denmark, Cyprus and Russia throughout the spring. 
On 10 March, their first UK single "Better Than Love" was premiered on Huw Stephens' show on BBC Radio 1.[16] After a nationwide tour with the NME Radar tour, the song was released on digital download, CD and vinyl formats on 24 May, and debuted at number 50 on the UK Singles Chart. 
In May 2015, Hurts released a new single titled "Some Kind of Heaven".[26] The release was produced with long-term collaborator, Jonas Quant.[27] On 15 June, the album title was announced via their Facebook page. 
It was released on 9 October. 
On 6 October 2015, Hurts released the music video "Wish" directed by Bryan Adams. 
In May 2017, Hurts announced that their fourth studio album, Desire, is set to be released on 29 September.[28] 
NME Radar Tour (2010)[29] Happiness Tour (2010–2012) Exile Tour (2013–2015) Art on Ice Tour (2014)[30] Surrender Tour (2016) Desire Tour (2017) 
Opening act 
Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Hottest Record - Hurts - Blood Tears & Gold". Zane Lowe's Hottest Records blog. BBC. 
Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Hurts live: HIGHLY AMAZING". 
Popjustice. 
23 February 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Radio 1 Programmes - Huw Stephens, James Yuill and Hurts exclusives!". BBC. 
15 March 2010. 
Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Hurts spread the word". The Sun. London. 
24 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "'Happiness' fastest selling debut by a band in the UK this year!". Hurts blog. 
Myspace. 
13 September 2010. 
Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Hurts top NME poll to find this year's best Glastonbury performance". 
NME. 
2 July 2011. 
Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Hurts to play European tour in Autumn 2011". 
Ticketdetectives.co.uk. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Hurts at Glastonbury: 'We need to get depressed before we can write new songs'". 
NME. 
26 June 2011. 
Retrieved 30 August 2011. ↑ "Kylie A Surprise Guest At Brixton Academy | Kylie Minogue". 
Kylie.com. 7 November 2011. 
Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. 
Retrieved 25 May 2013. ↑ "Photo by jonasquant". 
Instagram. Retrieved 4 December 2012. ↑ "UK Music Video Awards 2013 shortlists". 2013-10-02. 
Retrieved 2013-10-02. ↑ Gordon Smart (2013-02-23). 
"Elton John to feature on Hurts track Showbiz Bizarre". 
The Sun. London. Retrieved 2013-02-23. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djEanDvYEhQ ↑ "Hurts: Band Announce One-Off Intimate Headline Show At London's Scala". 
2009–2012: Happiness 
2015–present: Surrender and Desire 
Awards and nominations 
Discography 
Theo David Hutchcraft[1] (born 30 August 1986) is an English singer and songwriter best known as the lead singer of the synthpop duo Hurts. 
In 2007, Bureau disbanded and soon after Hutchcraft and Anderson formed the band Daggers. 
They signed to Label Fandango and in October released another double A-side single "Money" / "Magazine", which despite failing to chart, was nominated for the Popjustice Twenty Quid Music Prize.[4] Throughout 2008, Daggers continued to build a following, and began working with successful producers Biff Stannard and Richard X, but after a disastrous A&R showcase in London in September, Theo and Adam returned to Manchester to reflect on the band's future. 
They recorded a mournful ballad called "Unspoken" together, and they immediately realised that this was the sound that they wanted to develop as a duo. 
After informing the rest of the band that it was finished, they went on a short break to Verona, Italy, where they claim they discovered the genre Disco Lento.[5] Daggers announced on their Myspace page in January 2009 that they had split up. 
Hurts performing in Milan, October 2010 
Now called Hurts, Hutchcraft and Anderson recorded an amateur music video for a song called "Wonderful Life" with a female dancer who had responded to an advert in a shop window.[6] After they uploaded the video to their YouTube channel in April 2009, it quickly went viral. 
They were signed to RCA imprint Major Label in July.[7] The video has since had over 21 million views on YouTube, putting it in the top 200 most watched videos on the website. 
Hurts finished fourth on the BBC's Sound of 2010 poll,[8] and Zane Lowe premiered new song "Blood, Tears & Gold" as his "Hottest Record in the World" soon after.[9] Hurts performed their first gig on 22 January at the Michalsky Stylenite in Berlin, followed by a gig on 22 February at St Phillips Church in Salford, where they performed eight songs.[10] This was quickly followed by gigs at Wiltons Music Hall, London, and in Berlin and Cologne in Germany. 
Following massive success on Greek radio, Hurts were invited to perform at the MAD Video Music Awards ceremony in Athens in front of 11,000 people on 15 June.[7] Also in June, it was announced that Kylie Minogue was recording with the band. 
She recorded a verse and backing vocals for the song "Devotion", which was to be included on the band's album. 
Hurts recorded a performance of Kylie's 1994 hit "Confide In Me" for newspaper The Sun's website,[11] and has since been a regular inclusion on their gig setlists. 
Kylie later returned the compliment by recording a performance of "Wonderful Life" in Radio 1's Live Lounge. 
Hurts' debut album Happiness was released in September 2010, reaching the Top 10 in 12 European countries and selling over 1 million copies worldwide. Hurts have also sold more than 1 million singles worldwide.[12] Happiness debuted at number four in the UK Albums Chart, selling 25,000 copies in its first week on sale and making it the fastest selling debut album by a band in 2010. 
Hutchcraft met Adam Anderson outside a nightclub in late 2005 whilst their friends were fighting. Too drunk to join in, they started talking about music and realised they had similar tastes; they decided to start a band. 
Over the next few months they exchanged music and lyrics via e-mail, before forming Bureau in March 2006. They performed their first gig as a quintet in May at The Music Box in Manchester, and were shortly afterwards signed to independent record label High Voltage Sounds.[2] They released their first double A-side single "After Midnight" / "Dollhouse" in November, which was made Single of the Week on Xfm.[3] 
↑ "Births England and Wales 1984–2006". ancestry.co.uk. 
Retrieved 18 August 2013. ↑ "Bureau". High Voltage Sounds. Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ O'Brien, Paul (2006-10-11). 
"Bureau - After Midnight/Doll House (High Voltage Sounds)". 
Greater Manchester's CityLife. Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ "Twenty Quid Music Prize: tonight!". Popjustice. 
2008-09-09. Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ "Hurts". RCA Label Group (UK). 
Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ Lamunu, Von Von (2010-07-08). "Hurts Interview". The Collective Review. 
Retrieved 2011-08-30. 1 2 "Hurts' locker offers emotional rescue". The Independent. 
2010-06-11. 
Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ "BBC Sound of 2010: Hurts". BBC News. 2010-01-05. 
Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ "Hottest Record - Hurts - Blood Tears & Gold". 
Zane Lowe's Hottest Records blog. BBC. Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ "Hurts live: HIGHLY AMAZING". 
Popjustice. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ "Hurts spread the word". 
The Sun. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2011-08-30. ↑ "Hurts". 
Three Six Zero Group. Retrieved 2011-08-30. 
Hurts (2009–present) 
Bureau and Daggers (2005–2008) 
Discography 
Selsun Blue is an over-the-counter brand of dandruff shampoo now owned by Sanofi. 
First made by Abbott Laboratories, the brand was bought by Chattem in 2002. 
Chattem was acquired by Sanofi in 2010. 
Selsun Blue has been marketed as a more effective alternative to brand leader Head & Shoulders due to its superior performance in randomized trials.[1] 
Over the counter Selsun Blue contains 1% selenium sulfide as its active ingredient in its most popular version[2] (the word "Selsun" is a portmanteau of selenium sulfide + n). 
Chattem announced that on November 1, 2005, they would introduce a new line of shampoos under the brand name Selsun Salon. 
These contained a different active ingredient than Selsun Blue, pyrithione zinc 1%, and are oriented toward the higher-end shampoo market. 
Other active ingredients such as salicylic acid and botanicals are in other versions of Selsun Blue brand dandruff shampoo. 
Like Chattem’s other products, Selsun Blue is sold through mass merchandisers, drug and food retailers. 
Official website 
In 2011, the Selsun Blue brand consisted of 15 stock keeping units (SKUs) spread across two brand segments, Naturals and Base. 
The Naturals line of products contains the active ingredient salicylic acid in addition to 8 moisturizers & botanicals plus vitamins B5 & E. Salicylic acid is a keratolytic agent that assists with cell shedding or flaking.[3] The base brand consists of six types including Medicated with menthol, 2-in-1, Normal to Oily, Moisturizing, Itchy Dry Scalp, and Deep Cleansing with micro beads.[4] The first four types contain the active ingredient selenium sulfide which has been shown to have anti-fungal properties. 
More specifically, selenium sulfide, an anti-infective agent, relieves itching and flaking of the scalp and removes the dry, scaly particles commonly referred to as dandruff or seborrhea. 
Selenium sulfide is also used to treat tinea versicolor, a fungal infection of the skin.[5] 
Deep Cleansing was launched by Chattem in January 2011. 
In addition to the active ingredient salicylic acid, the product contains scrubbing micro beads. 
Res. 9 (2): 152–6. 
PMID 7014286. ↑ Moore, Shelley. 
"Active Ingredients in Selsun Blue". Livestrong.com. Demand Media, Inc. 
Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ Sanfilippo, Angela; Joseph C. English III (July 2006). 
"An Overview of Medicated Shampoos Used in Dandruff Treatment" (PDF). 
P&T. 31 (7): 396–400. 
Retrieved 28 October 2012. ↑ "Selsun Blue". Chattem, Inc. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ↑ "Selenium Sulfide". 
PubMed Health. 
National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
Retrieved 28 October 2012. 
Dandruff is the shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp.[1] As skin cells die, a small amount of flaking is normal; about 487,000 cells/cm2 are released normally after detergent treatment.[2] Some people, however, experience an unusually large amount of flaking either chronically or as a result of certain triggers, up to 800,000 cells/cm2, which can also be accompanied by redness and irritation. 
Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost half of the population at the post-pubertal age and of any sex and race. 
It often causes itching. 
It has been established that keratinocytes play a key role in the expression and generation of immunological reactions during dandruff formation. 
The severity of dandruff may fluctuate with season as it often worsens in winter.[2] Dandruff is rare before puberty, peaks in the teens and early twenties, and declines with age thereafter.[3] Most cases of dandruff can be treated with specialized shampoos. 
There is, however, known cure.[4] 
Those affected by dandruff find that it can cause social or self-esteem problems, indicating treatment for both psychological and physiological reasons.[5] 
Typical case of dandruff. 
Dandruff can have several causes, including dry skin, seborrhoeic dermatitis, not cleaning/scrubbing often enough, shampooing too often, psoriasis, eczema, sensitivity to hair care products, or a yeast-like fungus.[8] Dry skin is the most common cause of flaking dandruff.[8] 
As the epidermal layer continually replaces itself, cells are pushed outward where they eventually die and flake off. 
For most individuals, these flakes of skin are too small to be visible. 
However, certain conditions cause cell turnover to be unusually rapid, especially in the scalp. 
It is hypothesized that for people with dandruff, skin cells may mature and be shed in 2–7 days, as opposed to around a month in people without dandruff. 
The result is that dead skin cells are shed in large, oily clumps, which appear as white or grayish flakes on the scalp, skin and clothes. 
Skin oil commonly referred to as sebum or sebaceous secretions[10] The metabolic by-products of skin micro-organisms (most specifically Malassezia yeasts)[11][12][13][14][15] Individual susceptibility and allergy sensitivity. 
Older literature cites the fungus Malassezia furfur (previously known as Pityrosporum ovale) as the cause of dandruff. 
While this species does occur naturally on the skin surface of both healthy people and those with dandruff, in 2007 it was discovered that the responsible agent is a scalp specific fungus, Malassezia globosa,[17] that metabolizes triglycerides present in sebum by the expression of lipase, resulting in a lipid byproduct oleic acid. 
During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level.[2] Oleic acid penetrates the top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, and evokes an inflammatory response in susceptible people which disturbs homeostasis and results in erratic cleavage of stratum corneum cells.[13] 
In seborrhoeic dermatitis redness and itching frequently occur around the folds of the nose and eyebrow areas, not just the scalp. 
Dry, thick, well-defined lesions consisting of large, silvery scales may be traced to the less common affliction of scalp psoriasis. 
Inflammation can be characterized by redness, heat, pain, swelling and can cause sensitivity. 
Seborrhoeic dermatitis 
Dandruff A microscopic image of human dandruff. Classification and external resources Specialty Dermatology ICD-9-CM 690.18 DiseasesDB 11911 MeSH D063807 
The signs and symptoms of dandruff are an itchy scalp and flakiness.[6] Red and greasy patches of skin and a tingly feeling on the skin are also symptoms.[7] 
According to one study, dandruff has been shown to be possibly the result of three factors:[9] 
According to a 2016 study, bacteria (mainly Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus) are more important to dandruff formation than fungi. 
Bacterial presence was in turn influenced by water and sebum amount.[16] 
Retrieved 2010-04-30. ↑ Pierard-Franchimont C, Hermanns JF, Degreef H, Pierard GE (2006). "Revisiting dandruff". 
Int J Cosmet Sci. 28 (5): 311–318. PMID 18489295. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00326.x. ↑ Pierard-Franchimont C, Hermanns JF, Degreef H, Pierard GE. 
Dandruff 
Count Emil Dessewffy de Csernek et Tarkeő (24 February 1814, Eperjes – 28 January 1866, Pozsony) was a Hungarian conservative politician, leader of the Conservative Party, who served as President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1855 until his death. 
Budapest: Hornyánszky. 
Emil Dessewffy Emil Dessewffy, painting by Miklós Barabás Born Emil Dessewffy (1814-02-24)February 24, 1814 Eperjes, Kingdom of Hungary (now: Prešov, Slovakia) Died January 28, 1866(1866-01-28) (aged 51) Pozsony, Kingdom of Hungary (now: Bratislava, Slovakia) Citizenship Hungarian Known for politician Political party Conservative Party (1846-1849) Address Party (1861) Deák Party (1865-1866) 
He participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, serving as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant General Józef Bem. 
After the defeat he lived in emigration. 
He returned in 1865. 
He became Count (comes) of Gömör és Kis-Hont County. 
He was a member of the House of Magnates. 
Andrássy was an owner of the Order of the Golden Fleece. 
Aladár Andrássy Born February 17, 1827 Pest, Kingdom of Hungary Died April 2, 1903(1903-04-02) (aged 76) Budapest, Austria-Hungary Nationality Hungarian Occupation soldier, politician 
Count Aladár Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka (February 17, 1827 – April 2, 1903) was a Hungarian soldier and politician. 
His parents were Count Károly Andrássy, a politician and Countess Etelka Szapáry. 
His brothers were Gyula Andrássy, Sr., Prime Minister of Hungary, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary and painter and politician Manó Andrássy. 
He married Baroness Leontina Wenckheim de Wenckheim (1841–1921). 
Andrássy Aladár rövid életrajza (in Hungarian) 
Aladár Andrássy 
External links 
Family 
Countess Etelka (Adelhaid) Szapáry de Szapár, Muraszombat et Széchy-Sziget (September 26, 1798 – November 10, 1876) was a Hungarian noblewoman, member of the old noble Szapáry family. 
She was the second daughter of Count Péter Szapáry and Countess Júlia Csáky. 
She married Count Károly Andrássy in Betlér, 1809. 
They had four children: 
Kornélia (1820–1836) Manó (1821–1891): his wife was Countess Gabriella Pálffy de Erdőd (1833–1914) Gyula (1823–1890): Prime Minister of Hungary, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, his wife was Countess Katinka Kendeffy de Malomvíz Aladár (1827–1903): his wife was Baroness Leontina Wenckheim de Wenckheim (1841–1921). 
Etelka Szapáry Portrait by Miklós Barabás Born September 26, 1798 Died November 10, 1876(1876-11-10) (aged 78) Szőlőske, Austria-Hungary Nationality Hungarian 
Etelka Szapáry possessed the Letenye castle, built by her father, Péter Szapáry. 
The mansion became the property of the Andrássy family as Etelka's dowry. 
Today it operates as a community center. 
Etelka is buried in Andrássy Mausoleum, Tőketerebes. 
Her sarcophagus rests in the crypt, which is entrance already cemented.[1] 
Genealogy.EU. External link in |publisher= (help) 
Etelka Szapáry 
External links 
References 
Count Manó Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka (March 3, 1821 – April 23, 1891) was a Hungarian painter, caricaturist, collector, traveler, politician. 
He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 
He served as a representative in the Diet of Hungary from 1881 to 1891. 
He participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. 
After the defeat he lived in emigration, at that time he traveled Asia (mainly China and India). 
After his return, he acquired great merit for the regulation of the Tisza river. 
He became Count (comes) of Gömör és Kis-Hont and Zemplén Counties. 
His parents were Count Károly Andrássy, a politician and Countess Etelka Szapáry. 
His younger brother was Gyula Andrássy, Sr., Prime Minister of Hungary and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary. 
Manó married Countess Gabriella Pálffy de Erdőd (1833–1914). 
Retrieved 2011-04-23. 
Manó Andrássy Born March 3, 1821 Kassa, Kingdom of Hungary Died April 23, 1891(1891-04-23) (aged 70) Gorizia, Austria-Hungary Nationality Hungarian Occupation painter, politician Spouse(s) Gabriella Pálffy Children Géza Irma (Mária) Gábor Etelka Tibor Natália Karolina 
Manó Andrássy 
Count Károly Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály és Krasznahorkai (February 29, 1792 – August 22, 1845) was a Hungarian politician, who served as emissary to Gömör és Kis-Hont County in the Diets of 1839 and 1844. 
His parents were Count József Andrássy, a military officer and Countess Walburga Csáky de Körösszeg et Adorján. 
He married Countess Etelka Szapáry de Szapár, Muraszombat et Széchy-Sziget in Betlér, 1809. 
They had four children: 
Background 
Károly Andrássy Born February 29, 1792 Rozsnyó, Kingdom of Hungary Died August 22, 1845(1845-08-22) (aged 53) Brussels, Belgium Nationality Hungarian Occupation politician Political party Opposition Party Spouse(s) Etelka Szapáry Children Kornélia Manó Gyula Aladár Parent(s) József Andrássy Walburga Csáky de Körösszeg et Adorján 
Kornélia (1820–1836) Manó (1821–1891): his wife was Countess Gabriella Pálffy de Erdőd (1833–1914) Gyula (1823–1890): Prime Minister of Hungary, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, his wife was Countess Katinka Kendeffy de Malomvíz Aladár (1827–1903): his wife was Baroness Leontina Wenckheim de Wenckheim (1841–1921). 
Genealogy.EU. 
Károly Andrássy 
Works 
External links 
István Andrássy Born 1650 Died 1720 Nationality Hungarian 
Baron István Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka (1650 – 1720) was a Hungarian Kuruc general and nobleman, member of the old aristocrat Andrássy family. 
He was a supporter of Imre Thököly in the 1680s, later joined to Francis II Rákóczi in November 1703 during the Rákóczi's War for Independence. 
He became commander of the Kuruc armies in the areas between the Danube and Tisza (in Hungarian: Duna-Tisza köze). 
Andrássy participated in the Battle of Győrvár on 6–7 June 1706. 
He became general of Lower Hungary in Autumn 1707. 
He capitulated before Imperial General Löffelholz during the Siege of Lőcse (today: Levoča, Slovakia) on 13 February 1710. 
After that he joined to the Austrian Army (became "Labanc"). 
He founded the family's betléri (de Betlér) branch and built the mansion in Betlér. 
His younger brother was György Andrássy, also be a Kuruc general, founder of the monoki (de Monok) branch. 
István Andrássy (general) 
Countess Irma Sztáray de Sztára et Nagymihály (10 July 1863 – 3 September 1940) was the last lady-in-waiting of Empress Elisabeth of Austria. 
The countess was the sole companion traveling with the empress when she was assassinated. 
Life and family 
The Hungarian countess Irma was born as the daughter of Count Viktor Stáray de Sztára et Nagymihály (1823–1879) and Countess Mária Török de Szendrõ (1835–1916). 
She never got married, as she dedicated her whole life to the Empress and the court.[1] The Countess accompanied Elisabeth during her last four years, from 1894 until 1898, on her journeys to Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Algeria and Greece. 
Her memoirs Aus den letzten Jahren der Kaiserin Elisabeth, which she wrote many years after Empress Elisabeth's death, were published in German and are a valuable source which gives detailed insights into Sisi's final years. 
For her services Irma Sztáray received a medal of honour from Emperor Franz Joseph I right after Elisabeth's assassination.[2] 
11.4, August 2008, Eurohistory, Arturo Beéche, East Richmond Heights, CA - U.S.A.) 
In the late 20th century, rites of marriage for same-sex couples without legal recognition became increasingly common. 
The first law providing for marriage of people of the same sex in modern times was enacted in 2001 in the Netherlands. 
As of 1 October 2017, same-sex marriage is legally recognized (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,[nb 1] the Netherlands,[nb 2] New Zealand,[nb 3] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,[nb 4] the United States[nb 5] and Uruguay. Same-sex marriage is likely to soon become legal in Taiwan, after a constitutional court ruling in May 2017.[1] Polls show rising support for legally recognizing same-sex marriage in the Americas, Australia and most of Europe.[2][3][4] However, as of 2017, South Africa is the only African country where same-sex marriage is recognized. 
Taiwan would become the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage if the Civil Code is amended. Two other Asian countries, namely Israel and Armenia recognise same-sex marriages performed outside the country for some purposes.[5][6] 
Marriage open to same-sex couples Recognized when performed in certain other jurisdictions Government/court legalized or announced intention to legalize marriage Civil unions/domestic partnerships Government/court announced intention to legalize civil unions Unregistered cohabitation Same-sex unions not legally recognized Colors higher in the list override those lower down. rings = individual cases 
1 2 "Taiwan's top court rules in favour of same-sex marriage". BBC News. 2017-05-24. 
Retrieved 2017-05-24. ↑ "Poll shows growing support for same-sex marriage". 
Sydney Morning Herald. 
15 July 2014. 
Retrieved 22 May 2015. ↑ "For several years a majority of Australians have supported marriage equality". Australian Marriage Equality Incorporated. Retrieved 22 May 2015. ↑ See Newport, Frank. 
"For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Retrieved 25 September 2012. 
"Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). 
Vanderbilt University. 
Retrieved 25 September 2012. ↑ Gross, Aeyal (30 June 2015). "Why Gay Marriage Isn't Coming to Israel Any Time Soon". Haaretz Online. 
Retrieved 29 December 2015. ↑ "Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia". Panarmenian.Net. 2017-07-03. 
Retrieved 2017-07-07. ↑ Taylor, Pamela K. (31 July 2009). 
"Marriage: Both Civil and Religious". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ↑ Smith, Susan K. (30 July 2009). 
"Marriage a Civil Right, not Sacred Rite". 
The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 September 2012. ↑ "Decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger" (PDF). Retrieved 6 August 2010. ↑ Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy — Page 13, Wallace Swan – 2004 ↑ Messner, Thomas (29 July 2011). 
Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is marriage between people of the same sex, either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting. The term marriage equality refers to a political status in which same-sex marriage and opposite-sex marriage are considered legally equal. 
Same-sex marriage 
OpenBazaar is an open source project developing a protocol for e-commerce transactions in a fully decentralized marketplace.[1] It uses the cryptocurrency bitcoin and was inspired by a hackathon project called DarkMarket. 
InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a protocol designed to create a permanent and decentralized method of storing and sharing files.[2] It is a content-addressable, peer-to-peer hypermedia distribution protocol. Nodes in the IPFS network form a distributed file system. 
IPFS is an open-source project developed since 2014 by Protocol Labs with help from the open-source community.[3] It was initially designed by Juan Benet.[4] 
InterPlanetary File System 
IPFS Introduction Video IPFS Website HTTP is obsolete. It's time for the distributed, permanent web Protocol Labs 
The Servant of God Carlo Acutis (3 May 1991 - 12 October 2006) was an Italian Roman Catholic teenager.[2] He was best known for documenting Eucharistic miracles around the world and cataloging them all onto a website that he himself created in the months before his death from leukaemia.[3][2] He was noted for his cheerfulness and for his computer skills as well as for his deep devotion to the Eucharist which became a core theme of his life.[4] 
The calls for him to be beatified began not long after he died and gained significant momentum in 2013 after the cause commenced and he became titled as a Servant of God - the first stage on the path towards sainthood.[2][5] 
His parents worked in London though settled in Milan not long after their son's birth in September 1991.[2] He became devoted as a child to the Mother of God and recited frequent rosaries as a sign of his devotion to her.[3] He became a frequent communicant after the reception of his First Communion (aged seven at the convent of S. Ambrogio ad Nemus) and made the effort either before or after Mass to reflect in front of the tabernacle. 
Acutis also made his confession once a week. Those around him knew he had a passion for computers.[4][2] He spent his school education in Milan and his high school studies were under the Jesuits at the Istituto Leone XIII. 
He also had several models as his guides for life: 
Saint Francis of Assisi[2] Ss. 
Francisco and Jacinta Marto (in his time Blesseds still) Saint Dominic Savio Saint Luigi Gonzaga Saint Tarcisio Saint Bernadette Soubirous[2] 
Carlo Acutis was born in London in mid-1991 to Andrea Acutis and Antonia Salzano.[4] 
Ecological modernization is a school of thought in the social sciences that argues that the economy benefits from moves towards environmentalism. 
It has gained increasing attention among scholars and policymakers in the last several decades internationally. 
It is an analytical approach as well as a policy strategy and environmental discourse (Hajer, 1995). 
Ecological modernization emerged in the early 1980s within a group of scholars at Free University and the Social Science Research Centre in Berlin, among them Joseph Huber, Martin Jänicke and Udo E. Simonis. 
Various authors pursued similar ideas at the time, e.g. Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Amory Lovins, Donald Huisingh, René Kemp, or Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker. 
Further substantial contributions were made by Arthur P.J. Mol, Gert Spaargaren and David A Sonnenfeld (Mol and Sonnenfeld, 2000; Mol, 2001). 
One basic assumption of ecological modernization relates to environmental readaptation of economic growth and industrial development. On the basis of enlightened self-interest, economy and ecology can be favourably combined: Environmental productivity, i.e. productive use of natural resources and environmental media (air, water, soil, ecosystems), can be a source of future growth and development in the same way as labour productivity and capital productivity. 
This includes increases in energy and resource efficiency as well as product and process innovations such as environmental management and sustainable supply chain management, clean technologies, benign substitution of hazardous substances, and product design for environment. Radical innovations in these fields can not only reduce quantities of resource turnover and emissions, but also change the quality or structure of the industrial metabolism. In the co-evolution of humans and nature, and in order to upgrade the environment’s carrying capacity, ecological modernization gives humans an active role to play, which may entail conflicts with nature conservation. 
There are different understandings of the scope of ecological modernization - whether it is just about techno-industrial progress and related aspects of policy and economy, and to what extent it also includes cultural aspects (ecological modernization of mind, value orientiations, attitudes, behaviour and lifestyles). 
Similarly, there is some pluralism as to whether ecological modernization would need to rely mainly on government, or markets and entrepreneurship, or civil society, or some sort of multi-level governance combining the three. 
Some scholars explicitly refer to general modernization theory as well as non-Marxist world-system theory, others don’t. 
Ultimately, however, there is a common understanding that ecological modernization will have to result in innovative structural change. 
So research is now still more focused on environmental innovations, or eco-innovations, and the interplay of various societal factors (scientific, economic, institutional, legal, political, cultural) which foster or hamper such innovations (Klemmer et al., 1999; Huber, 2004; Weber and Hemmelskamp, 2005; Olsthoorn and Wieczorek, 2006). 
Ecological modernization shares a number of features with neighbouring, overlapping approaches. 
Among the most important are 
the concept of sustainable development the approach of industrial metabolism (Ayres and Simonis, 1994) the concept of industrial ecology (Socolow, 1994). 
Critics argue that ecological modernization will fail to protect the environment and does nothing to alter the impulses within the capitalist economic mode of production (see capitalism) that inevitably lead to environmental degradation (Foster, 2002). 
As such, it is just a form of 'green-washing'. 
Critics question whether technological advances alone can achieve resource conservation and better environmental protection, particularly if left to business self-regulation practices (York and Rosa, 2003). 
For instance, many technological improvements are currently feasible but not widely utilized. 
The most environmentally friendly product or manufacturing process (which is often also the most economically efficient) is not always the one automatically chosen by self-regulating corporations (e.g. hydrogen or biofuel vs. peak oil). 
In addition, some critics have argued that ecological modernization does not redress gross injustices that are produced within the capitalist system, such as environmental racism - where people of color and low income earners bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harm such as pollution, and lack access to environmental benefits such as parks, and social justice issues such as eliminating unemployment (Bullard, 1993; Gleeson and Low, 1999; Harvey, 1996) - environmental racism is also referred to as issues of the asymmetric distribution of environmental resources and services (Everett & Neu, 2000). 
Moreover, the theory seems to have limited global efficacy, applying primarily to its countries of origin - Germany and the Netherlands, and having little to say about the developing world (Fisher and Freudenburg, 2001). 
Perhaps the harshest criticism though, is that ecological modernization is predicated upon the notion of 'sustainable growth', and in reality this is not possible because growth entails the consumption of natural and human capital at great costs to ecosystems and societies. 
Ecological modernization, its effectiveness and applicability, strengths and limitations, remains a dynamic and contentious area of environmental social science research and policy discourse in the early 21st century. 
Beck, U., 1999, World Risk Society, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, ISBN 0-7456-2221-6. Braungart, M., and McDonough, W., 2002, Cradle to Cradle. 
Remaking the way we make things, New York, N.Y., North Point Press. Christoff, Peter (1996). 
"Ecological modernisation, ecological modernities". Environmental Politics. Informa UK Limited. 
5 (3): 476–500. doi:10.1080/09644019608414283. ISSN 0964-4016. 
Bullard, R., (ed.) 1993, Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots, Boston, South End Press. Dickens, P. 2004, Society & Nature: Changing Our Environment, Changing Ourselves, Cambridge, UK, Polity, ISBN 0-7456-2796-X. Everett, J., and Neu, D., 2000, "Ecological Modernization and the Limits of Environmental Accounting?", Accounting Forum, 24(1), pp. 5–29. 
Fisher, D.R., and Freudenburg, W.R., 2001, "Ecological modernization and its critics: Assessing the past and looking toward the future", Society and Natural Resources, 14, pp. 701–709. 
Foster, J.B., 2002, Ecology Against Capitalism, New York, Monthly Review Press. Gleeson, B. and Low, N. (eds.) 1999, Global Ethics and Environment, London, Routledge. 
Hajer, M.A., 1995, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-827969-8. 
Harvey, D., 1996, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference, Malden, Ma., Blackwell, p. 377-402. 
Huber, J., 2004, New Technologies and Environmental Innovation, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar. 
Klemmer, P., et al., 1999, Environmental Innovations. Incentives and Barriers, Berlin, Analytica. Lippert, I. 2010, "Agents of Ecological Modernisation", Lübeck, DAV, ISBN 978-3-86247-062-4. 
Mol, A.P.J., 2001, Globalization and Environmental Reform: The Ecological Modernization of the Global Economy, Cambridge, Ma., MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13395-4. 
Mol, A.P.J., and Sonnenfeld, D.A., (eds.) 2000, Ecological Modernisation around the World: Perspectives and Critical Debates, London and Portland, OR, Frank Cass/ Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7146-8113-9. 
Mol, A.P.J., Sonnenfeld, D.A., and Spaargaren, G., (eds.) 2009, The Ecological Modernisation Reader: Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London and New York, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-45370-7 hardback, ISBN 978-0-415-45371-4 paperback. OECD (ed.), Towards Sustainable Household Consumption? 
Trends and Policies in OECD Countries, Paris, OECD Publ., 2002. Olsthoorn, X., and Wieczorek, A., (eds.) 2006, Understanding Industrial Transformation. Views from Different Disciplines, Dordrecht: Springer. 
Redclift, M. R., and Woodgate, G. (eds.) 1997, The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, ISBN 1-85898-405-X. Redclift, M. R., and Woodgate, G., (eds.) 2005, New Developments in Environmental Sociology, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, ISBN 1-84376-115-7. 
Socolow, R. et al., (eds.) 1994, Industrial Ecology and Global Change, Cambridge University Press. 
Spaargaren, G., Mol, A.P.J., and Buttel, F.H., ed. 
(2000). Environment and Global Modernity. London: Sage Publications. 
ISBN 978-0-7619-6767-5. CS1 maint: Multiple names: editors list (link) Vergragt, Ph., Strategies Towards the Sustainable Household, SusHouse Project Final Report, Delft University of Technology, NL, 2000. York, Richard; Rosa, Eugene A. (2003-09-01). 
"Key Challenges to Ecological Modernization Theory: Institutional Efficacy, Case Study Evidence, Units of Analysis, and the Pace of Eco-Efficiency". 
Organization & Environment. SAGE Publications. 16 (3): 273–288. doi:10.1177/1086026603256299. 
Young, Stephen C. (2000). 
The emergence of ecological modernisation : integrating the environment and the economy. London New York: Routledge. 
ISBN 0-415-14173-7. 
Ecological modernization 
Criticisms 
↑ Cadwallader, Carole (5 April 2009). 
"Cinema's best-kept secret". 
The Guardian. London, UK. ↑ "Trainspotting". DVDMG. 
Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "Two Family House". 
Spirituality and Practice. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "Finding Neverland". Yahoo Movies. 
Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "Gosford Park". TV Guide. 
Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "Intermission". About.com. Retrieved 28 August 2010. ↑ Credits from the cassette release from the BBC Radio Collection ↑ "State of Play". 
BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "Girl in the Café". Qwipster. 
Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "2006 Golden Globe". 
About.com. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "Scots star wins Emmy for TV role". BBC News. 
28 August 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "nanny mcphee". About.com. 
Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "A cock and bull story". 
ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "No Country for Old Men". TV Guide. 
Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "2008 baftas". 
British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 
Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "Kelly Macdonald: 'Never mind hangovers on the Trainspotting set, people were still drunk'". The Guardian. 
Retrieved 25 September 2017. ↑ Wilson, Benji (11 April 2009). "Kelly MacDonald's 'comeback' with Skellig". The Times. 
London, UK. 
Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ "the merry gentleman". 
Cinematical. Retrieved 26 August 2010. ↑ Macnab, Geoffrey (14 May 2010). "Tennant, MacDonald, Eve walk down the aisle with "Decoy Bride"". 
ScreenDaily. 
Retrieved 30 April 2011. ↑ Sneider, Jeff (30 May 2015). 
"'Boardwalk Empire's' Kelly Macdonald Joins Ricky Gervais' Netflix Movie 'Special Correspondents' (Exclusive)". 
TheWrap. ↑ Barraclough, Leo (29 June 2015). 
"'Sherlock's' Moriarty, Andrew Scott, Joins Cast of 'Swallows and Amazons' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ↑ "Joe Wright To Direct 'Black Mirror' Episode For Netflix; Bryce Dallas Howard & Alice Eve To Star". 
Deadline. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016. ↑ "Actress Kelly Macdonald to pocket £500,000 from sale of plush New York apartment". 
Daily Record. ↑ "My London: Kelly Macdonald". 
Evening Standard. ↑ "Actress Kelly Macdonald, Travis Bassist Douglas Payne Have Separated". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-09-19. 
Kelly Macdonald Macdonald in October 2007 Born (1976-02-23) 23 February 1976 Glasgow, Scotland Occupation Actress Years active 1996–present Spouse(s) Dougie Payne (m. 2003; separated 2017) Children 2 
Undertale is a role-playing video game created by American indie developer and composer Toby Fox. 
In the game, players control a human child who has fallen into the Underground, a large, secluded region underneath the surface of the Earth, separated by a magic barrier. 
The player meets various monsters during a quest to return to the surface, mainly through the combat system; the player navigates through mini-bullet hell attacks by the opponent, and can opt to pacify or subdue monsters in order to spare them instead of murdering them. 
These choices affect the game, with the dialogue, characters, and story changing based on outcomes. 
Fox developed the entirety of the game independently, including writing and composing the score, with only additional art created by other artists. 
The game was inspired by the Mother and Mario & Luigi role-playing series, the bullet hell shooter series Touhou Project, and the British comedy show Mr. Bean. 
Undertale was initially meant to be two hours in length and was set to be released in mid-2014, but development was delayed over the course of the next three years. 
Undertale Developer(s) Toby Fox Publisher(s) Toby Fox Composer(s) Toby Fox Engine GameMaker: Studio Platform(s) Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita Release Windows, OS X WW: September 15, 2015 Linux WW: July 17, 2016 PS4, PS Vita WW: August 15, 2017 Genre(s) Role-playing Mode(s) Single-player 
1970s: Early work and creation of Miramax 
Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and rape 
2005–2017: The Weinstein Company 
1990s–2000s: Further success, Disney ownership deal 
Activism 
Harvey Weinstein (/ˈwaɪnstiːn/; born March 19, 1952) is an American film producer. 
He and his brother Bob Weinstein co-founded the entertainment company Miramax, which produced several successful independent films, including Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989), The Crying Game (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), Heavenly Creatures (1994), Flirting with Disaster (1996), and Shakespeare in Love (1998).[1] Weinstein won an Academy Award for producing Shakespeare in Love, and garnered seven Tony Awards for a variety of plays and musicals, including The Producers, Billy Elliot the Musical, and August: Osage County.[2] 
After leaving Miramax, Weinstein and his brother Bob launched The Weinstein Company, a mini-major film studio. 
He was co-chairman, alongside Bob, from 2005 to 2017. 
In October 2017, after sexual abuse allegations involving Weinstein broke, he was dismissed by The Weinstein Company and expelled from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[3][4] By October 31, over 80 women had made allegations against Weinstein.[5] The allegations triggered a social media campaign as well as a wave of similar sexual abuse allegations against and dismissals of powerful men around the world, called the "Weinstein effect". 
Weinstein was born March 19, 1952, in the Flushing section of the New York City borough of Queens,[6] the son of Max Weinstein (1924–1976), a diamond cutter,[7] and Miriam (née Postel; 1926–2016).[7][8] His family had Jewish ancestry,[9] and his maternal grandparents were Polish immigrants.[10] He grew up with his younger brother, Bob Weinstein, in a housing co-op named Electchester in New York City. 
He graduated from John Bowne High School and the University at Buffalo.[11] Weinstein, his brother Bob, and Corky Burger independently produced rock concerts as Harvey & Corky Productions in Buffalo through most of the 1970s.[11][12] 
Both Weinstein brothers had grown up with a passion for films, and they desired to enter the film industry. 
In the late 1970s, using profits from their concert promotion business, the brothers created a small independent film distribution company named Miramax, named after their parents, Miriam and Max.[8] The company's first releases were primarily music-oriented concert films such as Paul McCartney's Rockshow.[13] 
In the early 1980s, Miramax acquired the rights to two British films of benefit shows filmed for the human rights organization Amnesty International. 
Working closely with Martin Lewis, the producer of the original films, the Weinstein brothers edited the two films into one movie tailored for the American market. 
The resulting film was released as The Secret Policeman's Other Ball in May 1982, and it became Miramax's first hit. 
The movie raised considerable sums for Amnesty International and was credited by Amnesty with having helped to raise its profile in the United States.[11][12] 
Weinstein at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival 
The Weinsteins slowly built upon this success throughout the 1980s with arthouse films that achieved critical attention and modest commercial success. 
Harvey Weinstein and Miramax gained wider attention in 1988 with the release of Errol Morris' documentary The Thin Blue Line, which detailed the struggle of Randall Adams, a wrongfully convicted inmate sentenced to death row. 
The publicity that soon surrounded the case resulted in Adams' release and nationwide publicity for Miramax. 
In 1989, their successful launch release of Steven Soderbergh's Sex, Lies, and Videotape propelled Miramax to become the most successful independent studio in America.[14] 
Also in 1989, Miramax released two arthouse films, The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover, and director Pedro Almodóvar's film Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!, both of which the MPAA rating board gave an X-rating, effectively stopping nationwide release for these films. Weinstein sued the MPAA over the rating system. 
Miramax continued to grow its library of films and directors until, in 1993, after the success of The Crying Game, Disney offered the Weinsteins $80 million for ownership of Miramax.[16] The brothers agreed to the deal that would cement their Hollywood clout and ensure that they would remain at the head of their company, and the next year Miramax released their first blockbuster, Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction, and distributed the popular independent film Clerks. 
Miramax won its first Academy Award for Best Picture in 1997 with the victory of The English Patient. 
(Pulp Fiction was nominated in 1995 but lost to Forrest Gump).[17] This started a string of critical successes that included Good Will Hunting (1997) and Shakespeare in Love (1998), both of which won several awards, including numerous Academy Awards.[18][19][20][21] 
The Weinstein brothers left Miramax on September 30, 2005, to form their own production company, The Weinstein Company, with several other media executives, directors Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez, and Colin Vaines, who had successfully run the production department at Miramax for ten years.[22] In February 2011, filmmaker Michael Moore took legal action against the Weinstein brothers, claiming he was owed $2.7 million in profits for his documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004), which he said had been denied to him by "Hollywood accounting tricks".[23] In February 2012, Moore dropped the lawsuit for an undisclosed settlement.[24] 
Weinstein has been active on issues such as poverty, AIDS, juvenile diabetes, and multiple sclerosis research. 
He serves on the Board of the Robin Hood Foundation, a New York City-based non-profit that targets poverty, and co-chaired one of its annual benefits.[35] He is critical of the lack of gun control laws and universal health care in the United States.[36] 
Weinstein is a longtime supporter and contributor to the Democratic Party including the campaigns of President Barack Obama and presidential candidates Hillary Clinton, and John Kerry.[37] He supported Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign,[38] and in 2012, he hosted an election fundraiser for President Obama at his home in Westport, Connecticut.[39] 
Harvey Weinstein Weinstein in 2011 Born (1952-03-19) March 19, 1952 New York City, New York, U.S. Nationality American Alma mater University at Buffalo Occupation Film producer Political party Democratic Spouse(s) Eve Chilton (1987–2004) Georgina Chapman (2007–2017; separated) Children 5 Relatives Bob Weinstein (brother) 
Analysis 
The Weinstein effect is a global trend in which people come forward to accuse famous or powerful people, mostly men, of sexual misconduct.[1] 
Most prominently, actor Kevin Spacey, comedian Louis C.K., and filmmaker Brett Ratner had projects canceled following at least six allegations apiece. 
Over 300 women accused filmmaker James Toback of sexual harassment. 
In journalism, allegations led to the ousters of editors, publishers, executives, and hosts, including such high-profile television figures as Charlie Rose, Mark Halperin and Matt Lauer. 
In politics, accusations of varying degrees of severity were made against politicians such as John Conyers, Al Franken, and Roy Moore. 
In other industries, celebrity chefs Mario Batali and John Besh, and other executives in finance and public relations were removed. 
The #MeToo campaign spread to other countries and languages over social media. 
Allegations against multiple British politicians created a public scandal and led to the suspension and resignations of three officials. 
In Canada, comedy festival founder Gilbert Rozon resigned and over a dozen people accused Quebec radio host Éric Salvail of sexual misconduct. 
United States journalists in conversation at NPR spoke of the series of allegations feeling like a tipping point for societal treatment of sexual misbehavior, distinguished from prior sexual misconduct public debates by the public trust put in the celebrity accusers, as opposed to prior cases of publicly unknown accusers.[3] 
There was a steady increase in reporting on allegations of sexual misconduct in the two years before the Weinstein story broke. 
In both cases, the publicity of the reports forced their employers to remove the celebrities, and shed public light on the culture of silence surrounding sexual misconduct cover-ups[4] on behalf of powerful men. 
On October 5, 2017, The New York Times broke the first reports of decades of sexual misconduct claims against film producer Harvey Weinstein. 
On October 10, 2017, journalist Ronan Farrow reported further allegations that Weinstein had sexually assaulted or harassed 13 women, and raped three.[7] 
Weinstein was dismissed from The Weinstein Company shortly thereafter. 
Weinstein had previously suppressed these cases through confidential financial settlements and nondisclosure agreements, as was common for celebrity sexual harassment cases, before journalists aired the story. 
Over 80 accusers came forward against Weinstein, including many well-known actresses.[8][9] 
American journalists in conversation at NPR spoke of the series of allegations feeling like a tipping point for societal treatment of sexual misconduct.[3] They distinguished the moment from prior sexual misconduct public debates by the public trust in the accusers, who in this case were celebrities familiar to the public, rather than the accusers in prior cases, in which the accusers were unknown and became famous for their testimony. 
Social media provides a platform for women to share their experiences and encouragement at a scale that had not existed during prior public debates.[3] The state of California is considering legislation to ban secret sexual harassment settlements.[5] 
The events that followed the Weinstein allegations were also influenced by prior public cases of sexual misconduct in the United States: Anita Hill's testimony during Clarence Thomas's 1991 Supreme Court nomination, and the mid-2010s Bill Cosby sexual assault allegations, for example. 
Weinstein effect 
The European Institute of Cultural Routes is a non-profit association based in Luxembourg whose aim is to help the Council of Europe, as a technical body, in the establishment of European Cultural Routes. 
European Institute of Cultural Routes Luxembourg Luxembourg Headquarters Abbaye de Neumünster President Colette Flesch Director Stefano Dominioni Website http://www.culture-routes.net 
A Culture Route of the Council of Europe, sometimes referred to as a European Cultural Route is a title awarded to cultural routes recognised as significant throughout Europe by the Council of Europe through promoting shared culture, history, memory and European integration. 
These routes must also match some fundamental values promoted by the Council of Europe such as democracy, human rights and intercultural exchanges in the framework of cultural tourism.[1] 
The programme was launched in 1987 and is managed by the European Institute of Cultural Routes (EICR) based in Luxembourg since 1989. 
Since 2010, the evaluation and certification-awarding process is made possible by the Enlarged Partial Agreement on Cultural Routes (EPA).[5] 
In early 2017, 32 Cultural Routes were certified as listed below. 
There also are some other non-certified Routes in project that are recorded by the EICR, which is in charge of conducting the application process.[6] 
A Cultural Route of the Council of Europe is not necessarily a physical path to be walked through and can be made up of cultural stakeholders such as museums, municipalities or local governments clustered into one umbrella association. 
Being awarded the title Cultural Route of the Council of Europe opens the way to a larger visibility, network of cultural stakeholders or even funding.[2] It should also be noted that the programme was launched by the Council of Europe and not the European Union, even though it contributes to it.[3] As a result, the programme goes beyond the borders of the EU, and even Europe in general as some Routes go as far as North Africa or the Middle East.[4] 
European Institute of Cultural Routes The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Cultural Routes on the Council of Europe website Cultural policies of the European Union 
Cultural Route of the Council of Europe 
Characters 
Plot 
Six of Crows is a fantasy novel written by Leigh Bardugo.[1][2] Six of Crows takes place in the Amsterdam-inspired city of Ketterdam.[3] The new series takes place in the same world as the Grisha books but is set in a different location and time frame.[4][5] Six of Crows is set in a world inspired by Tsarist Russia and based on a magical system.[6] The plot is told from the close third-person viewpoints of five different characters, plus a first and last chapter from the point of view of two minor characters. 
The book is the first in a duology, followed by Crooked Kingdom.[7] 
Kaz Brekker, an infamous thief known as "Dirtyhands" to some in Kerch, is promised a very large sum of money to kidnap Bo Yul-Bayur, a scientist, from the Ice Court. However, the Ice Court is the most highly protected place in Fjerda, and Kaz can't infiltrate it by himself; he needs a crew. 
He recruits Inej Ghafa, a Suli acrobat turned Dregs spy; Jesper Fahey, a sharpshooter with a penchant for gambling; Nina Zenik, a Heartrender from the Ravkan Second Army; Matthias Helvar, a former Fjerdan Drüskelle thrown into Kerch jail; and Wylan van Eck, a merchant's son with some skill at demolition. The task isn't so easy however, so in order to win they'll need to work together and trust in each other. 
Six of Crows First Edition Cover Author Leigh Bardugo Country United States Language English Series Six of Crows duology Genre Fantasy, Young Adult Published 2015 Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1522609735 Followed by Crooked Kingdom 
Kaz Brekker, a thief and lockpick with a reputation for doing anything for the right price, also known as Dirtyhands. 
He's described as always wearing black leather gloves and carrying a cane with a crow's head on it. 
He is part of the Dregs. 
Inej Ghafa, a Suli acrobat who has a talent for sneaking around. 
She was kidnapped and forced to work in a brothel known as the "Menagerie" until Kaz bought her contract. 
She is also known as the Wraith. 
Wylan van Eck, a merchant's son with some talent for demolition who Kaz takes on as a hostage. 
He's unable to read due to his dyslexia. 
Matthias Helvar, a former Drüskelle (soldier from Fjerda). 
He has a history with Nina, as the two of them helped each other after a storm destroyed their ship. 
They trust each other, until Nina betrays him when they reach Ketterdam to save him, leading to his incarceration at Hellgate. 
He hates Nina for her betrayal and for his initial prejudice against Grishas, but he also loves her. 
Kaz frees Matthias from Hellgate because of his knowledge of the Ice Court as well as for his skills as a soldier. Nina Zenik, a Heartrender who worked in a brothel named "White Rose". 
Soldier of the Ravkan Second Army, she was captured by Fjerdan Drüskelle, leading to her first encounter with Matthias. 
She betrays him to protect his life and chooses to stay to Ketterdam in the hopes of finding a way to free him from prison. 
This would result in her being acquainted with Kaz. 
Jesper Fahey, a dark skinned Zemeni sharpshooter with a gambling problem. 
It is revealed he is a Fabrikator as well later in the plot. 
His father believes that he is studying in university at Ketterdam. 
Six of Crows 
Typography 
In mathematics, function composition is the pointwise application of one function to the result of another to produce a third function. For instance, the functions f : X → Y and g : Y → Z can be composed to yield a function which maps x in X to g(f(x)) in Z. Intuitively, if z is a function of y, and y is a function of x, then z is a function of x. The resulting composite function is denoted g ∘ f : X → Z, defined by (g ∘ f )(x) = g(f(x)) for all x in X.[note 1] The notation g ∘ f is read as "g circle f ", or "g round f ", or "g about f ", or "g composed with f ", "g after f ", "g following f ", or "g of f", or "g on f ". 
Intuitively, composing two functions is a chaining process in which the output of the inner function becomes the input of the outer function. 
The composition of functions is a special case of the composition of relations, so all properties of the latter are true of composition of functions.[1] The composition of functions has some additional properties. 
Concrete example for the composition of two functions. 
(f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x3) = 2x3 + 4, and (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x + 4) = (2x + 4)3. 
If an airplane's elevation at time t is given by the function h(t), and the oxygen concentration at elevation x is given by the function c(x), then (c ∘ h)(t) describes the oxygen concentration around the plane at time t. 
The composition of functions is always associative—a property inherited from the composition of relations.[1] That is, if f, g, and h are three functions with suitably chosen domains and codomains, then f ∘ (g ∘ h) = (f ∘ g) ∘ h, where the parentheses serve to indicate that composition is to be performed first for the parenthesized functions. 
Since there is no distinction between the choices of placement of parentheses, they may be left off without causing any ambiguity. 
The composition of one-to-one functions is always one-to-one. 
Similarly, the composition of two onto functions is always onto. 
It follows that composition of two bijections is also a bijection. 
The inverse function of a composition (assumed invertible) has the property that (f ∘ g)−1 = ( g−1 ∘ f −1).[2] 
Derivatives of compositions involving differentiable functions can be found using the chain rule. Higher derivatives of such functions are given by Faà di Bruno's formula. 
Function composition appears in one form or another in numerous programming languages. 
The composition symbol ∘ is encoded as U+2218 ∘ ring operator (HTML &#8728;); see the Degree symbol article for similar-appearing Unicode characters. 
In TeX, it is written \circ. 
1 2 Daniel J. Velleman (2006). 
How to Prove It: A Structured Approach. 
Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-139-45097-3. ↑ Nancy Rodgers (2000). 
Learning to Reason: An Introduction to Logic, Sets, and Relations. 
John Wiley & Sons. pp. 359–362. ISBN 978-0-471-37122-9. ↑ Christopher Hollings (2014). Mathematics across the Iron Curtain: A History of the Algebraic Theory of Semigroups. 
g ∘ f , the composition of f and g. 
For example, (g ∘ f )(c) = #. 
Composition of functions on a finite set: If f = {(1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 6)}, and g = {(1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1), (5, 3), (6, 2)}, then g ∘ f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1), (4, 2)}. 
Composition of functions on an infinite set: If f: ℝ → ℝ (where ℝ is the set of all real numbers) is given by f(x) = 2x + 4 and g: ℝ → ℝ is given by g(x) = x3, then: 
Function composition 
Rigorous results 
Related problems 
Goldbach number 
Verified results 
The strong Goldbach conjecture is much more difficult than the weak Goldbach conjecture. Using Vinogradov's method, Chudakov,[14] Van der Corput,[15] and Estermann[16] showed that almost all even numbers can be written as the sum of two primes (in the sense that the fraction of even numbers which can be so written tends towards 1). 
In 1930, Lev Schnirelmann proved[17][18] that any natural number greater than 1 can be written as the sum of not more than C prime numbers, where C is an effectively computable constant, see Schnirelmann density. 
Schnirelmann's constant is the lowest number C with this property. 
Schnirelmann himself obtained C < 800,000. 
This result was subsequently enhanced by many authors, such as Olivier Ramaré, who in 1995 showed that every even number n ≥ 4 is in fact the sum of at most six primes. 
The best known result currently stems from the proof of the weak Goldbach conjecture by Harald Helfgott,[19] which directly implies that every even number n ≥ 4 is the sum of at most four primes.[20][21] 
Chen Jingrun showed in 1973 using the methods of sieve theory that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes).[22] See Chen's theorem for further information. 
As with many famous conjectures in mathematics, there are a number of purported proofs of the Goldbach conjecture, none of which are accepted by the mathematical community. 
It was proven by Lagrange that every positive integer is the sum of four squares. 
See Waring's problem and the related Waring–Goldbach problem on sums of powers of primes. 
Hardy and Littlewood listed as their Conjecture I: "Every large odd number (n > 5) is the sum of a prime and the double of a prime." 
(Mathematics Magazine, 66.1 (1993): 45–47.) 
This conjecture is known as Lemoine's conjecture (also called Levy's conjecture). 
The Goldbach conjecture for practical numbers, a prime-like sequence of integers, was stated by Margenstern in 1984,[26] and proved by Melfi in 1996:[27] every even number is a sum of two practical numbers. 
The even integers from 4 to 28 as sums of two primes: Even integers correspond to horizontal lines. 
For each prime, there are two oblique lines, one red and one blue. 
The sums of two primes are the intersections of one red and one blue line, marked by a circle. 
Thus the circles on a given horizontal line give all partitions of the corresponding even integer into the sum of two primes. 
The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than 4 × 1018,[2] but remains unproven despite considerable effort. 
The expression of a given even number as a sum of two primes is called a Goldbach partition of that number. 
The following are examples of Goldbach partitions for some even numbers: 
Every integer which can be written as the sum of two primes, can also be written as the sum of as many primes as one wishes, until all terms are units. 
He then proposed a second conjecture in the margin of his letter: 
Every integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of three primes. 
He considered 1 to be a prime number, a convention subsequently abandoned.[1] The two conjectures are now known to be equivalent, but this did not seem to be an issue at the time. 
A modern version of Goldbach's marginal conjecture is: 
Every integer greater than 5 can be written as the sum of three primes. 
Euler replied in a letter dated 30 June 1742, and reminded Goldbach of an earlier conversation they had ("…so Ew vormals mit mir communicirt haben…"), in which Goldbach remarked his original (and not marginal) conjecture followed from the following statement 
Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes, 
which is, thus, also a conjecture of Goldbach. 
In the letter dated 30 June 1742, Euler stated: 
("That … every even integer is a sum of two primes, I regard as a completely certain theorem, although I cannot prove it.")[7][8] 
For small values of n, the strong Goldbach conjecture (and hence the weak Goldbach conjecture) can be verified directly. 
For instance, Nils Pipping in 1938 laboriously verified the conjecture up to n ≤ 105.[11] With the advent of computers, many more values of n have been checked; T. Oliveira e Silva is running a distributed computer search that has verified the conjecture for n ≤ 4 × 1018 (and double-checked up to 4 × 1017) as of 2013. 
One record from this search is that 3,325,581,707,333,960,528 is the smallest number that has no Goldbach partition with a prime below 9781.[12] 
In 1975, Hugh Montgomery and Robert Charles Vaughan showed that "most" even numbers are expressible as the sum of two primes. 
More precisely, they showed that there exist positive constants c and C such that for all sufficiently large numbers N, every even number less than N is the sum of two primes, with at most C N 1 − c {\displaystyle CN^{1-c}} exceptions. 
In particular, the set of even integers which are not the sum of two primes has density zero. 
Linnik proved in 1951 the existence of a constant K such that every sufficiently large even number is the sum of two primes and at most K powers of 2. 
Roger Heath-Brown and Jan-Christoph Schlage-Puchta in 2002 found that K = 13 works.[23] This was improved to K=8 by Pintz and Ruzsa in 2003.[24] 
"The ternary Goldbach conjecture is true". arXiv:1312.7748 [math.NT]. ↑ Sinisalo, Matti K. 
6 (3): 535–565. arXiv:math.NT/0201299 . ↑ Pintz, J.; Ruzsa, I. Z. (2003). 
56: 205–210. doi:10.1006/jnth.1996.0012. 
Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. 
It states: 
Every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.[1] 
A Goldbach number is a positive integer that can be expressed as the sum of two odd primes.[4] Since four is the only even number greater than two that requires the even prime 2 in order to be written as the sum of two primes, another form of the statement of Goldbach's conjecture is that all even integers greater than 4 are Goldbach numbers. 
The number of ways in which 2n can be written as the sum of two primes (for n starting at 1) is: 
Letter from Goldbach to Euler dated on 7. June 1742 (Latin-German).[5] 
On 7 June 1742, the German mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler (letter XLIII)[6] in which he proposed the following conjecture: 
Goldbach's third version (equivalent to the two other versions) is the form in which the conjecture is usually expressed today. 
It is also known as the "strong", "even", or "binary" Goldbach conjecture, to distinguish it from a weaker conjecture, known today variously as the Goldbach's weak conjecture, the "odd" Goldbach conjecture, or the "ternary" Goldbach conjecture. 
This weak conjecture asserts that all odd numbers greater than 7 are the sum of three odd primes, and appears to have been proved in 2013.[9][10] The weak conjecture is a corollary of the strong conjecture, as, if n – 3 is a sum of two primes, then n is a sum of three primes. 
The converse implication, and the strong Goldbach conjecture remain unproven. 
Goldbach's conjecture 
Arguments in favor 
Proponents of net neutrality regulations include consumer advocates, human rights organizations such as Article 19,[116] online companies and some technology companies.[117] Many major Internet application companies are advocates of neutrality. 
Yahoo!, Vonage,[118] eBay, Amazon,[119] IAC/InterActiveCorp, Microsoft, Reddit, Twitter, Tumblr, Etsy, Daily Kos, Greenpeace, along with many other companies and organizations, have also taken a stance in support of net neutrality.[120][121] Cogent Communications, an international Internet service provider, has made an announcement in favor of certain net neutrality policies.[122] 
Portuguese Internet service provider MEO offers smartphone contracts with monthly data limits, and sells additional monthly packages for particular data services.[1] Critics of the EU's net neutrality rules say they are broken with loopholes that allow data for different services to be sold under zero rating exceptions to data limits.[2] Consumer advocates for net neutrality have cited this pricing model as an illustration of Internet access with weak net neutrality protection.[3] MEO says that "complies with the European regulation on net neutrality and there is no distortion of the market caused by its commercial offers. 
Access and use of any application or service on the Internet is permitted by all MEO Internet access offers, and it is not necessary to adhere to specific packages in order to enjoy certain applications. 
The SmartNet offerings correspond only to additional traffic ceilings for certain thematic sets of applications that are no more than the reflection of Portuguese consumer preferences. 
These offers are beneficial to consumers since it allows them to further customize the packages according to their consumption profiles. 
MEO is proud to have been a pioneer in launching this type of offer in Portugal, with multiple examples of similar offerings in other countries such as Spain, Germany and Belgium. Suppliers wishing to see their services and applications covered by these offers should contact MEO.” 
Net neutrality is the principle that Internet service providers must treat all data on the Internet the same, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or method of communication.[4] For instance, under these principles, internet service providers are unable to intentionally block, slow down or charge money for specific websites and online content. 
A widely cited example of a violation of net neutrality principles was the Internet service provider Comcast's secret slowing ("throttling") of uploads from peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) applications by using forged packets.[9] Comcast did not stop blocking these protocols, like BitTorrent, until the Federal Communications Commission ordered them to stop.[10] In another minor example, The Madison River Communications company was fined US$15,000 by the FCC, in 2004, for restricting their customers' access to Vonage, which was rivaling their own services.[11] AT&T was also caught limiting access to FaceTime, so only those users who paid for AT&T's new shared data plans could access the application.[12] In July 2017, Verizon Wireless was accused of throttling after users noticed that videos played on Netflix and YouTube were slower than usual, though Verizon commented that it was conducting "network testing" and that net neutrality rules permit "reasonable network management practices".[13] 
↑ From MEO: "Pós-Pagos Unlimited". 
MEO. 14 December 2017. 
Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. 
1 2 Hern, Alex (27 October 2015). "EU net neutrality laws fatally undermined by loopholes, critics say". 
Retrieved 16 February 2016. ↑ This particular image has been the subject of discussion in media including the following: Doctorow, Cory (28 October 2017). "Portuguese non-neutral ISP shows us what our Trumpian internet will look like/Boing Boing". boingboing.net. 
Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. 
Coren, Michael J. (30 October 2017). 
"Without net neutrality in Portugal, mobile internet is bundled like a cable package". Quartz. 
Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. 
Bode, Karl (31 October 2017). "Portugal Shows The Internet Why Net Neutrality Is Important". Techdirt. 
Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. ↑ Gilroy, Angele A. 
(March 11, 2011). Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate (Report). 
DIANE Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1437984545. ↑ Tim Wu (2003). "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination" (PDF). 
Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2015. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) 1 2 Berners-Lee, Tim (21 June 2006). "Net Neutrality: This is Serious". timbl's blog. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. 
Retrieved 26 December 2008. 1 2 Staff. "A Guide to Net Neutrality for Google Users". 
Google. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008. ↑ Peter Svensson (19 October 2007). 
"Comcast Blocks some Subscriber Internet Traffic, AP Testing shows". MSNBC. 
Associated Press. 
Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2009. ↑ "BitTorrent Throttling Internet Providers Exposed". TorrentFreak. 
20 October 2011. 
Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017. ↑ "Phone Company Settles in Blocking of Internet Calls". Highbeam. 
2005-03-04. ↑ Kravets, David. "AT&T Breaching Net-Neutrality Rules Despite Lifting Some FaceTime Restrictions". WIRED. 
Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017. ↑ Brodkin, Jon (27 July 2017). "Verizon accused of violating net neutrality rules by throttling video". 
Ars Technica. 
Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. 
Retrieved 27 October 2017. 1 2 Bauer, Johannes; Obar, Jonathan A. (2014). "Reconciling political and economic goals in the net neutrality debate". 
"Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 laying down measures concerning open internet access and amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services and Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 on roaming on public mobile communications networks within the Union". Retrieved 16 February 2016. ↑ "Behörde verlangt: Telekom muss „Stream On"-Tarif verändern". 15 December 2017 – via www.faz.net. ↑ Hauck, Mirjam; Martin-Jung, Helmut (17 December 2017). 
"Auch in Deutschland ist die Netzneutralität durchlöchert" – via Sueddeutsche.de. ↑ "Four tenors: Call for Internet Speech Rights". 
ARTICLE 19. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012. 
1 2 3 Meza, Philip E. (20 March 2007). Coming Attractions?. Stanford University Press. p. 158. 
ISBN 9780804756600. ↑ Plunkett, Jack W. (2008). 
Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2009. 
Plunkett Research. p. 208. 
ISBN 9781593921415. ↑ "Defeat for net neutrality backers". 
BBC News. 9 June 2006. 
Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008. ↑ "Open letter to the Committee on Energy and Commerce" (PDF). 1 March 2006. 
Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2006. 
Retrieved 26 December 2008. ↑ Fight for the Future. 
"Join the Battle for Net Neutrality". Battle For The Net. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. ↑ Cogent Communications, Inc. 
"Net Neutrality Policy Statement". 
Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. 
Retrieved 21 April 2009. ↑ "Google's Sordid History of Net Neutrality Hypocrisy". Gizmodo. 
Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. 
Retrieved 14 September 2014. ↑ "Team Internet". 
Fight for the Future. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. 
Retrieved 28 February 2015. ↑ Döpfner, Mathias (7 May 2017). "The inventor of the web Tim Berners-Lee on the future of the internet, 'fake news,' and why net neutrality is so important". 
Net neutrality 
Polynomial versus non-polynomial time for specific algorithmic problems 
Other algorithmic problems 
P versus NP problem (occasionally written erroneously as "P = NP") What is the relationship between BQP and NP? NC = P problem NP = co-NP problem P = BPP problem P = PSPACE problem L = NL problem L = P problem L = RL problem Unique games conjecture Is the exponential time hypothesis true? 
Do one-way functions exist? 
Is public-key cryptography possible? 
Can integer factorization be done in polynomial time on a classical (non-quantum) computer? Is integer factorization NP-complete? Can clustered planar drawings be found in polynomial time? 
Can the discrete logarithm be computed in polynomial time? 
Can the graph isomorphism problem be solved in polynomial time? 
Can leaf powers and k-leaf powers be recognized in polynomial time? Can parity games be solved in polynomial time? 
Can the rotation distance between two binary trees be computed in polynomial time? 
Can graphs of bounded clique-width be recognized in polynomial time?[1] Can one find a simple closed quasigeodesic on a convex polyhedron in polynomial time?[2] Can a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges for two given graphs be found in polynomial time?[3] 
What is the fastest algorithm for multiplication of two n-digit numbers? 
What is the fastest algorithm for matrix multiplication? 
Can the Schwartz–Zippel lemma for polynomial identity testing be derandomized? 
Can a depth-first search tree be constructed in NC? Does linear programming admit a strongly polynomial-time algorithm? 
This is problem #9 in Smale's list of problems. 
What is the lower bound on the complexity of fast Fourier transform algorithms? 
Can they be faster than O(N log N)? 
The dynamic optimality conjecture: do splay trees have a bounded competitive ratio? 
Can we compute the edit distance between two strings of length n in strongly sub-quadratic time, i.e., in time O(n2−ϵ) for some ϵ>0 ? 
Is there a k-competitive online algorithm for the k-server problem? 
Can X + Y sorting be done in strictly less than O(n2 log n) time? 
How many queries are required for envy-free cake-cutting? 
What is the lowest possible average-case time complexity of Shellsort with a deterministic, fixed gap sequence? 
Lenka Ilavská (born May 5, 1972 in Liptovský Mikuláš, Žilina Region) is a retired female racing cyclist from Slovakia. 
She represented her native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. 
Her biggest achievement was winning the 1993 Giro d'Italia Femminile. 
Lenka Ilavská Personal information Full name Lenka Ilavská Born (1972-05-05) May 5, 1972 Liptovský Mikuláš, Czechoslovakia Team information Current team retired Major wins Giro d'Italia Femminile (1993) 
Lenka Ilavská 
Legacy 
"La cumparsita" (from "comparsa" carnival) is a tango written in 1916 by the Uruguayan musician Gerardo Matos Rodríguez, with lyrics by Pascual Contursi and Enrique Pedro Maroni. It is among the most famous and recognizable tangos of all time.[1][2] Roberto Firpo, director and pianist of the orchestra that premiered the song, added parts of his tangos "La Gaucha Manuela" and "Curda Completa" to Matos' carnival march ("La Cumparsita"), resulting in "La cumparsita" as it is currently known.[3][4] La Cumparsita was first played in public in the old Café La Giralda in Montevideo. 
The Tango Museum of Montevideo stands currently on that historic spot.[5] 
Famous versions of this tango include Carlos Gardel's and performances by orchestras led by Juan d'Arienzo, Osvaldo Pugliese and Astor Piazzolla. 
"La Cumparsita" is very popular at milongas; it is a common tradition for it to be played as the last dance of the evening. 
Gene Kelly dances to "La cumparsita" in the film Anchors Aweigh (1945). 
The song was included in a ballroom scene of the film Sunset Boulevard (1950), in which Gloria Swanson and William Holden danced the tango. 
In the 2006 dance movie Take the Lead, Jenna Dewan, Dante Basco and Elijah Kelley danced to a remixed version.[15] 
In the 1959 film Some Like It Hot, "La cumparsita" is played by a blindfolded Cuban band during a scene in which Jack Lemmon dressed in drag dances with overstated flair in the arms of Joe E. Brown who thinks Lemmon is a woman ("Daphne - you're leading again").[16] During the filming in 1958, actor George Raft taught the other two men to dance the tango for this scene.[17] 
La cumparsita Created by Gerardo Matos Rodríguez, and arranged by Roberto Firpo Problems playing this file? See media help. 
Scachs d'amor (Catalan for Chess of Love), whose complete title is Hobra intitulada scachs d'amor feta per don Francí de Castellví e Narcis Vinyoles e mossèn Fenollar, is the name of a poem written by Francesc de Castellví, Bernat Fenollar, and Narcís de Vinyoles, published in Valencia, Spain towards the end of the 15th century. 
The poem is conceived as a chess game in which the opponents are Franci de Castellvi, as White (in modern chess), (Mars Març, Love Amor and red pieces in the play), and Narcis Vinyoles, playing Black (Venus, the Glory Gloria, and green pieces).[1] They debate about love, and Bernat Fenollar comments and establishes the rules. 
The opening in the game would, centuries later, be called the Scandinavian Defense. 
Green and Red are still used in xiangqi as colours for the pieces. 
Supposedly, the game played is the first one documented with the modern rules of chess, at least concerning the moves of the queen and bishop. 
The chess game Scachs d’amor by Bill Wall The English Translation of Scachs d'Amor 
The poem uses the game as an allegory for love. 
Its structure is based upon sixty-four stanzas (the same number as for the chessboard squares), nine verses each. 
The stanzas are grouped three after three: The first stanza in the group represents the White move, the second one the Black's move, and the third one a comment on the rules by the arbiter. 
The three stanzas in the beginning are an introduction and the last one is checkmate. 
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. 
The objective of the treaty is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".[1] 
The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. 
In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. 
Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases. 
The UNFCCC was opened for signature on 9 May 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. 
It entered into force on 21 March 1994. 
As of December 2015, UNFCCC has 197 parties. 
Observer Holy See announced it was considering the possibility of ratifying the Convention in December 2015.[29] 
As of 2015, the UNFCCC has 197 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observer State of Palestine, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands and the supranational union European Union.[2][3] In addition, the Holy See is an observer state.[2] 
Annex I: There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the Convention, including the European Union.[4] These Parties are classified as industrialized (developed) countries and "economies in transition" (EITs).[5] The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.[6] Annex II: Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the Convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the Convention, including the European Union.[7] These Parties are made up of members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 
Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).[5] Non-Annex I: Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the Convention are mostly low-income[8][9] developing countries.[5] Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed. 
Least-developed countries (LDCs): 49 Parties are LDCs, and are given special status under the treaty in view of their limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.[5] 
↑ "Article 2". 
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2005. 
1 2 3 "Parties to the Convention and Observer States". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 
Retrieved 2013-06-25. 1 2 "Status of Ratification of the Convention". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 
Retrieved 2013-06-25. 
1 2 "List of Annex I Parties to the Convention". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 2014-05-15. 
1 2 3 4 Parties & Observers, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, retrieved 2014-05-15 ↑ Full text of the convention - Annex I (PDF), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, retrieved 2014-05-15 ↑ Full text of the convention - Annex II (PDF), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, retrieved 2014-05-15 ↑ "List of Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 2014-05-15. ↑ UNFCCC (25 October 2005), Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention. 
Note by the secretariat. 
Executive summary. Document code FCCC/SBI/2005/18, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office, p. 4 1 2 "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations Treaty Series. 
2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-07-24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). 
United Nations. Retrieved 2016-04-28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997 - Annex Table: Total carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties in 1990, for the purposes of Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). 
FCCC/CP/1997/7Add.1. United Nations. 1998-03-25. 
Retrieved 2016-04-26. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 "ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE LIST IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4.2 (f) OF THE CONVENTION" (PDF). 
United Nations. 
1998-02-13. 
Retrieved 2015-10-18. ↑ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2012-07-09. 
Retrieved 2014-05-15. ↑ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Entry into force of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). 
United Nations. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2014-05-15. ↑ "AMENDMENT TO ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION - Proposal from the Republic of Kazakhstan to amend Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). 
Retrieved 2016-04-30. 1 2 "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FIFTH SESSION, HELD AT BONN FROM 25 OCTOBER TO 5 NOVEMBER 1999" (PDF). United Nations. 
1999-12-21. Retrieved 2016-04-30. 1 2 "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). 
United Nations. 2002-01-21. 
Retrieved 2016-04-30. 
1 2 3 "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). 
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2002-01-21. Retrieved 2014-10-01. ↑ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention in accordance with Article 16(3) of the Convention" (PDF). 
United Nations. 2010-04-26. 
Retrieved 2014-05-15. ↑ "ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTERGOVERNMENTAL MEETINGS - Amendments to the Convention or its Annexes - Letters from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Azerbaijan Republic, the Netherlands (on behalf of the European Community and its Member States) and Kuwait proposing amendments to the Convention or its Annexes" (PDF). United Nations. 1997-06-20. 
Retrieved 2016-05-01. ↑ "REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4.2(f)" (PDF). 
United Nations. 1997-12-02. Retrieved 2016-05-01. ↑ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997" (PDF). 
United Nations. 1998-02-24. Retrieved 2016-05-01. ↑ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FOURTH SESSION, HELD AT BUENOS AIRES FROM 2 TO 14 NOVEMBER 1998" (PDF). 
United Nations. 
1999-01-25. Retrieved 2016-05-01. ↑ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON THE FIRST PART OF ITS SIXTH SESSION, HELD AT THE HAGUE FROM 13 TO 25 NOVEMBER 2000" (PDF). 
United Nations. 2001-04-04. Retrieved 2016-05-01. ↑ "PROPOSALS TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION - PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION BY REMOVING THE NAME OF TURKEY: REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4, PARAGRAPH 2 (F)" (PDF). 
United Nations. 
2001-10-05. Retrieved 2016-05-01. ↑ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendment to the list in Annex II to the Convention" (PDF). 
United Nations. 
2001-12-28. 
Retrieved 2014-05-15. ↑ Delegates from Parties and Observer States ( A..Z by Country ) – Holy See ↑ "Vatican intent on signing Paris climate agreement". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2015-12-09. 
Retrieved 2015-12-14. 
State[3][10] Classification[4][11] Signature Ratification Notes Afghanistan 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000002002-09-19-0000September 19, 2002 Albania 000000001994-10-03-0000October 3, 1994 Algeria 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-06-09-0000June 9, 1993 Andorra 000000002011-03-02-0000March 2, 2011 Angola 000000001992-06-14-0000June 14, 1992 000000002000-05-17-0000May 17, 2000 Antigua and Barbuda 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001993-02-02-0000February 2, 1993 Argentina 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-03-11-0000March 11, 1994 Armenia 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-05-14-0000May 14, 1993 Australia Annex I, II 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001992-12-30-0000December 30, 1992 Austria Annex I, II 000000001992-06-08-0000June 8, 1992 000000001994-02-28-0000February 28, 1994 Azerbaijan 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-05-16-0000May 16, 1995 Bahamas 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-03-29-0000March 29, 1994 Bahrain 000000001992-06-08-0000June 8, 1992 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Bangladesh 000000001992-06-09-0000June 9, 1992 000000001994-04-15-0000April 15, 1994 Barbados 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-03-23-0000March 23, 1994 Belarus Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000002000-05-11-0000May 11, 2000 Belgium Annex I, II 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001996-01-16-0000January 16, 1996 Belize 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-10-31-0000October 31, 1994 Benin 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-06-30-0000June 30, 1994 Bhutan 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001995-08-25-0000August 25, 1995 Bolivia 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001994-10-03-0000October 3, 1994 Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000002000-09-07-0000September 7, 2000 Botswana 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-01-27-0000January 27, 1994 Brazil 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001994-02-28-0000February 28, 1994 Brunei 000000002007-08-07-0000August 7, 2007 Bulgaria Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-05-0000June 5, 1992 000000001995-05-12-0000May 12, 1995 Burkina Faso 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-09-02-0000September 2, 1993 Burundi 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001997-01-06-0000January 6, 1997 Cambodia 000000001995-12-18-0000December 18, 1995 Cameroon 000000001992-06-14-0000June 14, 1992 000000001994-10-19-0000October 19, 1994 Canada Annex I, II 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001992-12-04-0000December 4, 1992 Cape Verde 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-03-29-0000March 29, 1995 Central African Republic 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-03-10-0000March 10, 1995 Chad 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-06-07-0000June 7, 1994 Chile 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-12-22-0000December 22, 1994 China 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001993-01-05-0000January 5, 1993 Applies to Macao, extended by Portugal on 28 June 1999. 
Colombia 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-03-22-0000March 22, 1995 Comoros 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001994-10-31-0000October 31, 1994 Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001995-01-09-0000January 9, 1995 Republic of the Congo 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001996-10-14-0000October 14, 1996 Cook Islands 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-04-20-0000April 20, 1993 Costa Rica 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-08-26-0000August 26, 1994 Côte d'Ivoire 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001994-11-29-0000November 29, 1994 Croatia Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001996-04-08-0000April 8, 1996 At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] Cuba 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-01-05-0000January 5, 1994 Cyprus Annex I 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001997-10-15-0000October 15, 1997 At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2013.[11][14][15] Czech Republic Annex I, EIT[lower-alpha 1] 000000001993-06-18-0000June 18, 1993 000000001993-10-07-0000October 7, 1993 At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] Denmark Annex I, II 000000001992-06-09-0000June 9, 1992 000000001993-12-21-0000December 21, 1993 Including Faroe Islands and Greenland Djibouti 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-08-27-0000August 27, 1995 Dominica 000000001993-06-21-0000June 21, 1993 Dominican Republic 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001998-10-07-0000October 7, 1998 Ecuador 000000001992-06-09-0000June 9, 1992 000000001993-02-23-0000February 23, 1993 Egypt 000000001992-06-09-0000June 9, 1992 000000001994-12-05-0000December 5, 1994 El Salvador 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-12-04-0000December 4, 1995 Equatorial Guinea 000000002000-08-16-0000August 16, 2000 Eritrea 000000001995-04-24-0000April 24, 1995 Estonia Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-07-27-0000July 27, 1994 Ethiopia 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001994-04-05-0000April 5, 1994 European Union[lower-alpha 2] Annex I, II 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-12-21-0000December 21, 1993 Ratified as the European Economic Community. Fiji 000000001992-10-09-0000October 9, 1992 000000001993-02-25-0000February 25, 1993 Finland Annex I, II 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001994-05-03-0000May 3, 1994 France Annex I, II 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-03-25-0000March 25, 1994 Gabon 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001998-01-21-0000January 21, 1998 Gambia 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-06-10-0000June 10, 1994 Georgia 000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994 Germany Annex I, II 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-12-09-0000December 9, 1993 Ghana 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-09-06-0000September 6, 1995 Greece Annex I, II 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-08-04-0000August 4, 1994 Grenada 000000001992-12-03-0000December 3, 1992 000000001994-08-11-0000August 11, 1994 Guatemala 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-12-15-0000December 15, 1995 Guinea 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-05-07-0000May 7, 1993 Guinea-Bissau 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-10-27-0000October 27, 1995 Guyana 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-08-29-0000August 29, 1994 Haiti 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001996-09-25-0000September 25, 1996 Honduras 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-10-19-0000October 19, 1995 Hungary Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-02-24-0000February 24, 1994 Iceland Annex I, II 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001993-06-16-0000June 16, 1993 India 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001993-11-01-0000November 1, 1993 Indonesia 000000001992-06-05-0000June 5, 1992 000000001994-08-23-0000August 23, 1994 Iran 000000001992-06-14-0000June 14, 1992 000000001996-07-18-0000July 18, 1996 Iraq 000000002009-07-28-0000July 28, 2009 Ireland Annex I, II 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-04-20-0000April 20, 1994 Israel 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001996-06-04-0000June 4, 1996 Italy Annex I, II 000000001992-06-05-0000June 5, 1992 000000001994-04-15-0000April 15, 1994 Jamaica 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-01-06-0000January 6, 1995 Japan Annex I, II 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-05-28-0000May 28, 1993 Jordan 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001993-11-12-0000November 12, 1993 Kazakhstan [lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 3] 000000001992-06-08-0000June 8, 1992 000000001995-05-17-0000May 17, 1995 Kenya 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-08-30-0000August 30, 1994 Kiribati 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-02-07-0000February 7, 1995 North Korea 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001994-12-05-0000December 5, 1994 South Korea 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-12-14-0000December 14, 1993 Kuwait 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Kyrgyzstan 000000002000-05-25-0000May 25, 2000 Laos 000000001995-01-04-0000January 4, 1995 Latvia Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001995-03-23-0000March 23, 1995 Lebanon 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-12-15-0000December 15, 1994 Lesotho 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001995-02-07-0000February 7, 1995 Liberia 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000002002-11-05-0000November 5, 2002 Libya 000000001992-06-29-0000June 29, 1992 000000001999-06-14-0000June 14, 1999 Liechtenstein Annex I 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001994-06-22-0000June 22, 1994 At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] Lithuania Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001995-03-24-0000March 24, 1995 Luxembourg Annex I, II 000000001992-06-09-0000June 9, 1992 000000001994-05-09-0000May 9, 1994 Macedonia 000000001998-01-28-0000January 28, 1998 Madagascar 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001999-06-02-0000June 2, 1999 Malawi 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001994-04-21-0000April 21, 1994 Malaysia 000000001993-06-09-0000June 9, 1993 000000001994-07-13-0000July 13, 1994 Maldives 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001992-11-09-0000November 9, 1992 Mali 000000001992-09-30-0000September 30, 1992 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Malta Annex I 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-03-17-0000March 17, 1994 At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2010.[11][20] Marshall Islands 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001992-10-08-0000October 8, 1992 Mauritania 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-01-20-0000January 20, 1994 Mauritius 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001992-09-04-0000September 4, 1992 Mexico 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-03-11-0000March 11, 1993 Federated States of Micronesia 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-11-18-0000November 18, 1993 Moldova 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-06-09-0000June 9, 1995 Monaco Annex I[lower-alpha 1] 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001992-11-20-0000November 20, 1992 At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] Mongolia 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-09-30-0000September 30, 1993 Montenegro 000000002006-10-23-0000October 23, 2006 Morocco 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-12-28-0000December 28, 1995 Mozambique 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-08-25-0000August 25, 1995 Myanmar 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001994-11-25-0000November 25, 1994 Namibia 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-05-16-0000May 16, 1995 Nauru 000000001992-06-08-0000June 8, 1992 000000001993-11-11-0000November 11, 1993 Nepal 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-05-02-0000May 2, 1994 Netherlands Annex I, II 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001993-12-20-0000December 20, 1993 Excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Caribbean Netherlands and Sint Maarten New Zealand Annex I, II 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001993-09-16-0000September 16, 1993 Nicaragua 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-10-31-0000October 31, 1995 Niger 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001995-07-25-0000July 25, 1995 Nigeria 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-08-29-0000August 29, 1994 Niue 000000001996-02-28-0000February 28, 1996 Norway Annex I, II 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001993-07-09-0000July 9, 1993 Oman 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001995-02-08-0000February 8, 1995 Pakistan 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-06-01-0000June 1, 1994 Palau 000000001999-12-10-0000December 10, 1999 Palestine 000000002015-12-18-0000December 18, 2015 Panama 000000001993-03-18-0000March 18, 1993 000000001995-05-23-0000May 23, 1995 Papua New Guinea 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-03-16-0000March 16, 1993 Paraguay 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-02-24-0000February 24, 1994 Peru 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-06-07-0000June 7, 1993 Philippines 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-08-02-0000August 2, 1994 Poland Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-05-0000June 5, 1992 000000001994-07-28-0000July 28, 1994 Portugal Annex I, II 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-12-21-0000December 21, 1993 Qatar 000000001996-04-18-0000April 18, 1996 Romania Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-05-0000June 5, 1992 000000001994-06-08-0000June 8, 1994 Russia Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Rwanda 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001998-08-18-0000August 18, 1998 Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-01-07-0000January 7, 1993 Saint Lucia 000000001993-06-14-0000June 14, 1993 000000001993-06-14-0000June 14, 1993 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001996-12-02-0000December 2, 1996 Samoa 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-11-29-0000November 29, 1994 San Marino 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001994-10-28-0000October 28, 1994 Sao Tome and Principe 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001999-09-29-0000September 29, 1999 Saudi Arabia 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Senegal 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-10-17-0000October 17, 1994 Serbia 000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001 Seychelles 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001992-09-22-0000September 22, 1992 Sierra Leone 000000001993-02-11-0000February 11, 1993 000000001995-06-22-0000June 22, 1995 Singapore 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001997-05-29-0000May 29, 1997 Slovakia Annex I, EIT[lower-alpha 1] 000000001993-05-19-0000May 19, 1993 000000001994-08-25-0000August 25, 1994 At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] Slovenia Annex I, EIT[lower-alpha 1] 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001995-12-01-0000December 1, 1995 At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998.[11][12][13] Solomon Islands 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Somalia 000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009 South Africa 000000001993-06-15-0000June 15, 1993 000000001997-08-29-0000August 29, 1997 South Sudan 000000002014-02-17-0000February 17, 2014 Spain Annex I, II 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-12-21-0000December 21, 1993 Sri Lanka 000000001992-06-10-0000June 10, 1992 000000001993-11-23-0000November 23, 1993 Sudan 000000001992-06-09-0000June 9, 1992 000000001993-11-19-0000November 19, 1993 Suriname 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001997-10-14-0000October 14, 1997 Swaziland 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001996-10-07-0000October 7, 1996 Sweden Annex I, II 000000001992-06-08-0000June 8, 1992 000000001993-06-23-0000June 23, 1993 Switzerland Annex I, II 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-12-10-0000December 10, 1993 Syria 000000001996-01-04-0000January 4, 1996 Tajikistan 000000001998-01-07-0000January 7, 1998 Tanzania 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001996-04-17-0000April 17, 1996 Thailand 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Timor-Leste 000000002006-10-10-0000October 10, 2006 Togo 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001995-03-08-0000March 8, 1995 Tonga 000000001998-07-20-0000July 20, 1998 Trinidad and Tobago 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001994-06-24-0000June 24, 1994 Tunisia 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-07-15-0000July 15, 1993 Turkey Annex I 000000002004-02-24-0000February 24, 2004 Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. 
In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.[21][22] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,[17][23][24] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.[11][18][19][25][26][27] Turkmenistan 000000001995-06-05-0000June 5, 1995 Tuvalu 000000001992-06-08-0000June 8, 1992 000000001993-10-26-0000October 26, 1993 Uganda 000000001992-06-13-0000June 13, 1992 000000001993-09-08-0000September 8, 1993 Ukraine Annex I, EIT 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001997-05-13-0000May 13, 1997 United Arab Emirates 000000001995-12-29-0000December 29, 1995 United Kingdom Annex I, II 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001993-12-08-0000December 8, 1993 Including Jersey, Isle of Man, Guernsey (8 December 1993), Gibraltar (2 January 2007), Bermuda, Cayman Islands and Falkland Islands (7 March 2007). 
Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied United States Annex I, II 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001992-10-15-0000October 15, 1992 Uruguay 000000001992-06-04-0000June 4, 1992 000000001994-08-18-0000August 18, 1994 Uzbekistan 000000001993-06-20-0000June 20, 1993 Vanuatu 000000001992-06-09-0000June 9, 1992 000000001993-03-25-0000March 25, 1993 Venezuela 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001994-12-28-0000December 28, 1994 Vietnam 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001994-11-16-0000November 16, 1994 Yemen 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001996-02-21-0000February 21, 1996 Zambia 000000001992-06-11-0000June 11, 1992 000000001993-05-28-0000May 28, 1993 Zimbabwe 000000001992-06-12-0000June 12, 1992 000000001992-11-03-0000November 3, 1992 
List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 
Subspecies 
References 
Ulmus glabra, the wych elm, Scotch elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese in Greece; it is also found in Iran. 
A large, deciduous tree, it is essentially a montane species, growing at elevations of up to 1500 m, preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity.[1] The tree can form pure forests in Scandinavia and occurs as far north as latitude 67°N at Beiarn in Norway. 
Wych elm has also been successfully introduced to Narsarsuaq, near the southern tip of Greenland (61°N). 
The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the British Isles and is now acknowledged as the only indisputably British native elm species. Owing to its former abundance in Scotland, the tree is occasionally known as the Scotch or Scots elm; Loch Lomond said to be a corruption of the Gaelic Lac Leaman interpreted by some as 'Lake of the Elms', 'leaman' being the plural form of leam or lem, 'elm'.[2] However, this is contested, the correct Gaelic name considered Loch Laomainn, its origin obscure. 
Closely related species, such as Bergmann's elm U. bergmanniana and Manchurian elm U. laciniata, native to northeast Asia, were once sometimes included in Ulmus glabra;[3] another close relative is the Himalayan or Kashmir elm U. wallichiana. 
Conversely, Ulmus elliptica Koch from the Caucasus, considered a species by some authorities,[4][5][6] is often listed as a regional form of U. glabra.[7] 
Ulmus glabra subsp. glabra in the south of the species' range, with broad leaves, trees often with a short, forked trunk and a low, broad crown Ulmus glabra subsp. montana (Stokes) Lindqvist in the north of the species' range (northern Britain, Scandinavia), the leaves are narrower, trees commonly with a long single trunk and a tall, narrow crown.[9] However, similar structures and leaves are found on wych elms in Italy, much further to the south.[10] 
There is much overlap between populations with these characters, and the distinction may be owing to environmental influence, rather than genetic variation; the subspecies are not accepted by Flora Europaea.[11] 
The type sometimes reaches heights of 40 m, typically with a broad crown where open-grown, supported by a short bole < 2 m. d.b.h. 
There are not normally root suckers; natural reproduction is by seed alone. 
The tree is notable for its very tough, supple young shoots, which are always without the corky ridges or 'wings' characteristic of many elms. 
The alternate leaves are deciduous, 6–17 cm long by 3–12 cm broad, usually obovate with an asymmetric base, the lobe often completely covering the short (<5 mm) petiole; the upper surface is rough. 
Leaves on juvenile or shade-grown shoots sometimes have three or more lobes near the apex.[12] The perfect hermaphrodite flowers appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 10–20; they are 4 mm across on 10 mm long stems and, being wind-pollinated, are apetalous. 
The fruit is a winged samara 20 mm long and 15 mm broad, with a single, round, 6 mm seed in the centre, maturing in late spring.[13][14] 
While the species is highly susceptible to Dutch elm disease,[15][16] it is less favoured as a host by the elm bark beetles which act as vectors. 
Research in Spain has indicated the presence of a triterpene, alnulin, rendering the tree bark less attractive to the beetle than the Field elm, though at 87 μg/g dried bark its concentration is not as effective as in Ulmus laevis (200 μg/g).[17] Moreover, once the tree is dying, its bark is quickly colonized by the fungus Phoma, which radically reduces the amount of bark available for the beetle to breed on.[18] In European trials, clones of apparently resistant trees were inoculated with the pathogen, causing 85 – 100% wilting, resulting in 68% mortality by the following year. 
DNA analysis by Cemagref (now Irstea) in France has determined the genetic diversity within the species is very limited, making the chances of a resistant tree evolving rather remote.[19] 
The Swedish Forest Tree Breeding Association at Källstorp produced triploid and tetraploid forms of the tree, but these proved no more resistant to Dutch elm disease than the normal diploid form.[20] 
In trials conducted in Italy, the tree was found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to elm yellows, and a high susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola .[21] 
The wych elm is moderately shade-tolerant, but requires deep, rich soils as typically found along river valleys.[22] However, the species is intolerant of flooding, as it is of prolonged drought.[23] Although rarely used as a street tree owing to its shape, it can be surprisingly tolerant of urban air pollution, constricted growing conditions and severe pollarding. 
As wych elm does not sucker from the roots, and any seedlings are often consumed by uncontrolled deer populations, regeneration is very restricted, limited to sprouts from the stumps of young trees. 
The resultant decline has been extreme, and the wych elm is now uncommon over much of its former range. 
It is best propagated from seed or by layering stooled stock plants, although softwood cuttings taken in early June will root fairly reliably under mist.[24] 
Wych elm was widely planted in Edinburgh in the 19th century as a park and avenue tree, and despite losses it remains abundant there, regenerating through seedlings.[25][2] It was introduced to New England in the 18th century,[26] and to Australia in 1860.[27] It was planted in the 19th century as U. montana at the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada[28] and in Toronto.[29] 
Perhaps the most famous wych elm avenue was The Long Walk, Windsor Great Park, planted in the 1670s on the instruction of John Evelyn and described by Elwes as "one of the finest and most imposing avenues in the world". 
The wych elms were felled in 1943.[31][32] 
E. M. Forster cites a particular wych elm, one that grew at his childhood home of Rooks Nest, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, sixteen times in his novel Howards End. 
This tree overhangs the house of the title and is said to have a "...girth that a dozen men could not have spanned..." 
Forster describes the tree as "...a comrade, bending over the house, strength and adventure in its roots." 
The wych elm of the novel had pigs' teeth embedded in the trunk by country people long ago and it was said that chewing some of the bark could cure toothache. 
In keeping with the novel's epigraph, "Only connect...", the wych elm may be seen by some as a symbol of the connection of humans to the earth. 
Margaret Schlegel, the novel's protagonist, fears that any "....westerly gale might blow the wych elm down and bring the end of all things..." 
The tree is changed to a chestnut in the 1991 film adaptation of Howards End. 
In Europe, a large tree planted 1620 grows at Bergemolo, 5 km south of Demonte in Piedmont, Italy (bole-girth 6.2 m, 2.0 m d.b.h., height 26 m., 2008).[36][37] Other ancient specimens grow at Styria, in Austria, and at Grenzhammer, Germany (see Gallery). 
In 1998, over 700 healthy, mature trees were discovered on the upper slopes of Mount Šimonka in Slovakia, but it is now believed they had survived courtesy of their isolation from disease-carrying beetles rather than any innate resistance; 50 clones of these trees were presented to HRH The Prince of Wales for planting at his Highgrove Estate, and at Clapham, Yorkshire . 
A wych elm in Worcestershire became infamous in 1944 when the corpse of a still-unidentified murder victim was discovered inside it. 
However, hybrids of U. glabra and U. pumila, the Siberian elm, have not been observed in the field and only achieved in the laboratory, even though the ranges of the two species, the latter introduced by man, overlap in parts of southern Europe, notably Spain.[17] A crossing in Russia of U. glabra and U. pumila produced the hybrid named Ulmus × arbuscula. 
Hybrids with U. glabra in their ancestry have featured strongly in recent artificial hybridization experiments in Europe, notably at Wageningen in the Netherlands, and a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960.[39] The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. 
However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease, which were released after 1989.[40] 
Description 
Pests and diseases 
Notable trees 
Coleman, Max, ed.: Wych Elm (Edinburgh, 2009; ISBN 978-1-906129-21-7). 
A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen. 
22 ↑ Getty Images: Firewood Stock Photo | Getty Images, accessdate: July 27, 2016 ↑ The Brahan Elm, forestry.gov.uk ↑ CEC information; tree may be seen on Google Streetview, beside Cavalry Park Drive, E. of Holy Rood High School. ↑ Edinburgh Wych-elm photographs ↑ Association of Nature Patriarchs in Italy: Piemonte - Olmo di Bergemolo, access-date: November 23, 2016 ↑ "Google Maps". Google.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ↑ "Ilmenaus bekannteste und vermutlich Europas älteste Ulme fiel dem Unwetter zum Opfer". ilmenau.de. 
2015. Retrieved 2017-08-29. ↑ Green, Peter Shaw (1964). 
"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 
24 (6–8): 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017. ↑ Heybroek, H.M. (1993). 
Some botanists, notably Lindquist (1931), have proposed two subspecies:[8] 
Ulmus glabra 
Wych elm wood is prized by craftsmen for its colouring, its crazy grain, its 'partridge-breast' or 'catspaw' markings, and, when worked, its occasional iridescent greenish sheen or 'bloom'. 
The bosses on old trees produce the characteristic fissures and markings of 'burr elm' wood.[30] Bosses fringed with shoots are burrs, whereas unfringed bosses are burls. 
The UK Champion listed in The Tree Register of the British Isles (TROBI) is at Brahan in the Scottish Highlands;[33] it has a girth of 703 cm (2.23 m d.b.h.) and a height of 24 m . 
The oldest specimen in Edinburgh (2016) is believed to be the tree (girth 5.2 m) in the former grounds of Duddingston House, now Duddingston Golf Course.[34] Other notable specimens in Edinburgh are to be found in Learmonth Gardens and The Meadows.[35] 
About 40 cultivars have been raised, although at least 30 are now probably lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease and/or other factors: 
'Exoniensis', Exeter Elm, has traditionally been classified as a form of U. glabra, but its identity is now a matter of contention. 
U. glabra hybridises naturally with U. minor, producing elms of the Ulmus × hollandica group, from which there have arisen a number of cultivars: 
All tracks written by Korn[18]. 
European/UK/New Zealand/Japanese Deluxe edition bonus tracks[19] No. Title Length 12. "Baby" 4:55 13. 
Japanese deluxe edition only bonus track No. Title Length 14. "Out of You" 3:29 
Retrieved June 14, 2017. ↑ "KORN To Release 'The Serenity Of Suffering' Album In October; 'Rotting In Vain' Video Premiere". 
Blabbermouth.net. 
July 22, 2016. 
Retrieved January 10, 2017. ↑ "KORN's BRIAN 'HEAD' WELCH On Next Album: We're Gonna Come Out Heavier Than Anyone's Heard Us In A Long Time". Blabbermouth.net. August 4, 2015. 
Retrieved January 10, 2017. ↑ Downey, Ryan J. 
(May 18, 2016). 
""I learned by going broke"—Brian 'Head' Welch talks new book, Korn's next album, A Day To Remember". 
Alternative Press. Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved January 10, 2017. ↑ "KORN To Release 'The Serenity Of Suffering' Album In October; 'Rotting In Vain' Video Premiere". 
July 22, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016. ↑ Caulfield, Keith (October 30, 2016). 
"Seven Albums Debut in Top 10 of Billboard 200 Chart, Led by Lady Gaga, Michael Buble & Pentatonix". 
Billboard. 
Retrieved October 31, 2016. ↑ http://www.metalinsider.net/columns/metal-by-numbers/metal-by-numbers-12-20-war-on-christmas. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) 1 2 "The Serenity of Suffering Reviews - Korn". 
Retrieved October 29, 2016. ↑ "TOP 100 ALBUMES — SEMANA 43: del 21.10.2016 al 27.10.2016" (in Spanish). 
Productores de Música de España. Retrieved November 4, 2016. ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – Korn – The Serenity of Suffering". 
Mount Takamagahara (高天原山, Takamagahara-yama) is a mountain in the Gunma Prefecture of Japan, near Ueno village. 
Its measurement is 1,978.6 metres (6,491 ft 6 in) tall. 
The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 on August 12, 1985 was initially reported on Mount Osutaka, but later confirmed to be on the ridge of Mount Takamagahara at a height of approximately 1,565 metres (5,135 ft) above sea level. 
Claiming the lives of 520 people, it is the deadliest single-aircraft plane accident in world history.[1] 
Sites of interest 
Guatapé is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia.[1] It is a part of the subregion of Eastern Antioquia. 
Guatapé is bordered on the north by Alejandría, San Rafael to the east, and Granada and El Peñol to the south. 
Guatapé is located in the outskirts of Medellín, bordering a reservoir created by the Colombian government for a hydro-electric dam, built in the late 1960s. 
This quaint town is the gathering place for "Las Vegas", or the small farms of the area. It is also a growing area of recreation for citizens of Medellín, and aims to be a tourist destination for foreign travellers. 
Before Iberian conquistadors reached the area in the 16th century, this territory was inhabited by indigenous ethnic groups, some controlled by a cacique named Guatape. 
In his honor, the town was named after him. 
The name "Guatapé", comes from the Quechua language, related to "stones and water". 
Another name that the town had had in the past is "La Ceja de Guatapé". 
Total Population: 5,623 inhabitants (2009) 
Urban population: 4,182 Rural population: 1,441 
According to figures presented by DANE census in 2005, the ethnic makeup of the township is the following: 
Mestizo & White (99.96%) Afro-Colombian (0.04 %) 
Calle del Recuerdo ("Memory Lane") Parish Church of Nuestra Señora del Carmen Chapel of Our Lady of Santa Ana Community Historical Museum. 
The "Peñol Rock" (La piedra del Peñol) that borders the lake is a rock formation, that formed along the Antioquia Rock Base (batolito de antioquia), 70 million years ago. 
With 2/3 of its height below ground, the exposed vertical face is over 200 meters high and visible from throughout the surrounding countryside. 
Visitors can scale the rock via a staircase built into one side, a path that includes more than 649 steps to the top.[2] On the flat top of the rock, food vendors offer outdoor tables overlooking vistas that stretch to the horizon in every direction. 
Above the food vendors are two gift shops, and an open-air viewing area to see the spectacular scenery. 
New resorts, several restaurants, and rental homes along the lake are available for visitors. 
Each building has tiles along the facade's lower walls in bright colors and dimensioned images. Many of the tiles are tied to the products sold by the shops, or the beliefs of the residents. 
Others are cultural images of the farming heritage of the community. 
↑ (in Spanish) Guatapé official website (www.guatape-antioquia.gov.co); retrieved 2010-03-24. ↑ Guatape's Official Major Office ↑ Guatape Official Site http://www.guatape-antioquia.gov.co/index.shtml 
Antal Szerb (May 1, 1901, Budapest – January 27, 1945, Balf) was a noted Hungarian scholar and writer. 
He is recognized as one of the major Hungarian literary personalities of the 20th century. 
Szerb was born in 1901 to assimilated Jewish parents in Budapest, but baptized Catholic. 
He studied Hungarian, German and later English, obtaining a doctorate in 1924. 
From 1924 to 1929 he lived in France and Italy, also spending a year in London, England from 1929 to 1930. 
As a student he published essays on Georg Trakl and Stefan George, and quickly established a formidable reputation as a scholar, writing erudite studies of William Blake and Henrik Ibsen among other works. 
Elected President of the Hungarian Literary Academy in 1933, aged just 32, he published his first novel, The Pendragon Legend (which draws upon his personal experience of living in Britain) the following year. 
His second and best-known work, Utas és holdvilág, the literal translation being Traveler and the Moonlight[1] came out in 1937. 
He was made a Professor of Literature at the University of Szeged the same year. 
He was twice awarded the Baumgarten Prize, in 1935 and 1937. 
Szerb also translated books from English, French, and Italian, including works by Anatole France, P. G. Wodehouse, and Hugh Walpole.[2] 
"Celibát" (in English "Celibacy") is a single from the Katarze album of Czech pop music group Slza.[1] The song was released on Spotify[2], Apple Music, iTunes, Deezer, and Google Play; on October 19, 2014 a video clip for the song was uploaded to YouTube.[3] The video was directed by Vít Karas and was shot at Liblice Castle and played by Barbora Zelená - the final Czech Miss.[4] 
"Celibát" Single by Slza from the album Katarze Released March 22, 2015 Length 3:37 Label Universal Music Group Songwriter(s) Xindl X Slza singles chronology "Lhůta záruční" (2014) "Celibát" (2015) "Katarze" (2015) "Lhůta záruční" (2014) "Celibát" (2014) "Katarze" (2015) 
↑ "SLZA vypouští další nadějný singl Celibát" (in Czech). 
MonsterMusic. Retrieved 2018-02-09. ↑ Celibat, 2015-03-21, retrieved 2018-02-09 – via Spotify ↑ "Skupina Slza uvádí klip k písni Celibát". 
Novinky.cz (in Czech). 
Retrieved 2018-02-09. ↑ "VIDEO: Slza nechce zůstat u jednoho hitu. 
"Celibát" má znovu velké ambice". musicserver.cz. 
Retrieved 2018-02-09. 
Celibát 
Initial work on the AMX-10RC began in 1970; production began in 1976, and the first production vehicle was delivered in 1981 to the 2nd Regiment de Hussards in Sourdun. 
The vehicle features a powerful GIAT 105mm gun mounted in a welded aluminium turret. 
The turret also serves to house three crew members, while the driver sits in the front of the hull; the COTAC fire control system is provided for gun aiming. 
All six wheels are driven, and the AMX-10RC uses skid steering to turn the hull. 
Qatari AMX-10RCs in the desert during multinational combined-arms exercises, 2013 
In 2010, Nexter completed the modernisation of 256 AMX-10RC vehicles to the RCR (Rénové) configuration, a programme that consisted of integrating various systems and additional armour, active self-protection by Sagem, LIRE (Leurre Infrarouge) / Eirel, the combat management system SIT (Système d'Information Terminal) V1, ASP device Galix smoke grenades, changes in the NBC protection and improvements in the suspension, and the speed gearboxes and tactical communications completed with Thales Communications & Security PR4G VS4. The integration was done by DCMAT (Direction Centrale du Matériel de l'Armée de Terre).[1] 
Armoured reconnaissance Armoured support Flanking security 
AMX-10RCR modernisation 
AMX-10 RC AMX-10 RC Type Armoured car Place of origin France Service history In service 1981 – present Wars Western Sahara War Gulf War War in Afghanistan Operation Serval Production history Designed 1970 No. built 457 Specifications Weight 15 tonnes (17 short tons; 15 long tons) Length 9.15 m (30 ft 0 in) (gun forward) 6.24 m (20 ft 6 in) (hull only) Width 2.78 m (9 ft 1 in) Height 2.56 m (8 ft 5 in) Crew 4 Armor Frontal armour resistant against 23 mm API from 300 m Main armament 105 mm BK MECA (F2) L/48 gun (38 rounds) (Vo 800 m/s) Secondary armament 1× 7,62 mm NF1 co-axial machine gun (4,000 cartridges) 1× 12.7mm M2HB AA machine gun (Optional) 4× smoke dischargers Engine Baudouin Diesel Model 6F11 SRX 280 hp (208.8 kW) Power/weight 18.7 hp/tonne Suspension hydropneumatic wheel Operational range 800 km (500 mi) Speed 85 km/h (53 mph) 25–30 km/h (16–19 mph) off road 
The AMX-10RC is a light reconnaissance vehicle built by GIAT. 
Over 300 are in service in the French Army. 
In addition, 108 vehicles were sold to Morocco and 12 to Qatar. 
RC stands for Roues-Canon, or wheeled gun. 
The AMX 10 RC will be replaced by the EBRC Jaguar. 
↑ 1 2 "Trade Registers". 
Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 2015-01-01. 
The Bill of Rights in the National Archives. 
Close up image of the Second Amendment 
The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights.[1][2][3][4] The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals,[5][6] while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices.[7] State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. 
While both James Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified, its most influential framer was James Madison. 
In Federalist No. 46, Madison wrote how a federal army could be kept in check by state militias, "a standing army ... would be opposed [by] a militia." 
He argued that state militias "would be able to repel the danger" of a federal army, "It may well be doubted, whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops." 
He confidently contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms, which he contemptuously described as "afraid to trust the people with arms." 
He assured his fellow citizens that they need never fear their government because "besides the advantage of being armed, which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation, the existence of subordinate governments, to which the people are attached, and by which the militia officers are appointed, forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition".[9][10] 
By January 1788, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments. 
Several specific amendments were proposed, but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified. 
For example, the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments, one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed, another with the militia. 
The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments. 
In the end, the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to amendments to assure ratification. Samuel Adams proposed that the Constitution: 
In United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that, "The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence. 
The Second Amendments means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress, and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government" and thus limited the scope of the Second Amendment's protections to the federal government.[11] In United States v. Miller (1939), the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a "reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia".[12][13] 
In the twenty-first century, the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest.[13] In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual right to possess and carry firearms.[14][15] In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Court clarified its earlier decisions that limited the amendment's impact to a restriction on the federal government, expressly holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against state and local governments.[16] In Caetano v. Massachusetts (2016), the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that "the Second Amendment extends, prima facie, to all instruments that constitute bearable arms, even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding" and that its protection is not limited to "only those weapons useful in warfare".[17] 
Despite these decisions, the debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues.[18] 
There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment, each with capitalization or punctuation differences. Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies, the signed copies on display, and various published transcriptions.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] The importance (or lack thereof) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment, particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause.[27][28] 
Retrieved March 21, 2016. ↑ editor, Gregg Lee Carter,. 
Guns in American society: an encyclopedia of history, politics, culture, and the law (2nd ed.). 
Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. Introduction. 
ISBN 978-0-313-38670-1. ↑ Davies, pp. 209–16. ↑ The second amendment's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported; another version has four commas, after "militia," "state," and "arms." 
29, 1976). ↑ Freedman, Adam (December 16, 2007). 
"Clause and Effect". 
The New York Times. ↑ "Errors in the Constitution". archives.gov. 
Retrieved September 23, 2014. ↑ "The Second Amendment Controversy Explained – Theodore L. Johnson – Google Books". 
Books.google.com. 
Retrieved July 5, 2013. ↑ "Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 – Gloria E. Jacobs – Google Books". 
Books.google.com. 
Retrieved July 5, 2013. ↑ "Constitutional Mythologies: New Perspectives on Controlling the State – Google Books". 
Books.google.com. 
Retrieved July 5, 2013. ↑ "Separation of Powers in Practice – Thomas Campbell – Google Books". 
Books.google.com. 
Retrieved July 5, 2013. ↑ "How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns". Business Insider. Retrieved on 1 July 2016. ↑ "Clause and Effect". 
The New York Times. 16 December 2007. Retrieved on 1 July 2016. ↑ In Part II-A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment, but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them. ↑ "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis, and Interpretation – 1992 Edition – Second Amendment – Bearing Arms". 
Under any sort of collective theory, the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever.") ↑ George A. Mocsary, Explaining Away the Obvious: The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right, 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113, 2133 (2008) ("Up until 2001, every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach."). ↑ Kenneth A. Klukowski, Citizen Gun Rights: Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause, 39 N.M. L. Rev. 195, 199–200 (2009). ↑ George A. Mocsary, Explaining Away the Obvious: The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right, 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113, 2133–34 (2008); cf. 
Silveira v. Lockyer, 312 F.3d 1052, 1087 (9th Cir. 
L.J. 167, 176 (2008). ↑ George A. Mocsary, Explaining Away the Obvious: The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right, 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113, 2133 (2008). ↑ Kenneth A. Klukowski, Citizen Gun Rights: Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause, 39 N.M. L. Rev. 195, 200 (2009) (citing United States v. Wright, 117 F.3d 1265, 1273–74 (11th Cir. 
1997); United States v. Rybar, 103 F.3d 273, 286 (3d Cir. 
1996); United States v. Hale, 978 F.2d 1016, 1020 (8th Cir. 
"The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said: 'Congress shall not limit the right of the people (that is, the potential members of the state militia) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty, so long as the following statement remains true: "an armed, trained, and controlled militia is the best – if not the only – way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without.'" ↑ Winterer, pp. 1–21 ↑ "Amicus Brief, ACRU, Case No. 03-CV-0213-EGS, Shelly Parker, et al. vs. District of Columbia" (PDF). p. 14. 
Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2010. 
The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689. 
Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right, supporting the natural rights of self-defense and resistance to oppression, and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state.[8] 
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution 
The Fokker Dr.I (Dreidecker, "triplane" in German), often known simply as the Fokker Triplane, was a World War I fighter aircraft built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. 
The Dr.I saw widespread service in the spring of 1918. 
It became famous as the aircraft in which Manfred von Richthofen gained his last 19 victories, and in which he was killed on 21 April 1918. 
Limited Edition Type A 
Wake Up is the debut Japanese studio album by South Korean boy band BTS, which was released on December 24, 2014. 
The album features 13 tracks, including the Japanese versions of "No More Dream", "Boy in Luv", and "Danger", as well as two original Japanese songs: "The Stars" and "Wake Up". 
The album peaked at number two on Oricon Charts. 
The first and debut single, a Japanese version of the song "No More Dream", was released on June 4, 2014. It peaked at number eight in Oricon's weekly chart,[1] selling more than 34,000 copies. Type A, Type B, and a regular edition of the single was released and also included a Japanese version of "Attack on Bangtan" ("進撃の防弾"), while the regular edition included an additional Japanese version of "Like" ("いいね!"). 
The second single, a Japanese version of the song "Boy In Luv", was released on July 16, 2014. It peaked at number four in Oricon's weekly chart.[2] It has sold for more than 44,000 copies.[3] Type A, Type B, and a regular edition of the single was released and also included a Japanese version of "N.O" , while the regular edition included an additional Japanese version of "Just One Day". 
The third and final single, a Japanese version of the song "Danger", was released on November 19, 2014. It peaked at number five in Oricon's weekly chart, selling 49,124 copies in its first week.[4] Type A, Type B, and a regular edition of the single was released and also included a Japanese SONPUB remix version of "Attack on Bangtan" ("進撃の防弾"), while the regular edition included an additional Japanese version of "Miss Right". 
For the promotion of their debut studio album, BTS went on their first Japanese tour called: "防弾少年団1st JAPAN TOUR 2015 「WAKE UP: OPEN YOUR EYES」". 
They toured Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka from February 10 to February 19, 2015, attracting more than 25,000 spectators.[5][6][7] 
Wake Up debuted at number two on Oricon Daily Album charts and third on Oricon Weekly Charts. 
More than 25,000 copies were sold. 
Chart Peak position Japan Oricon Daily Album Chart 2 Japan Oricon Weekly Album Chart 3 
Track listing 
Wake Up Studio album by BTS Released December 24, 2014 Genre J-pop pop dance-pop hip hop R&B Length 49:44 Language Japanese Label Pony Canyon Producer Pdogg "Hitman" Bang (co-producer) BTS chronology Dark & Wild (2014)Dark & Wild2014 Wake Up (2014) The Most Beautiful Moment In Life, Part 1 (2015)The Most Beautiful Moment In Life, Part 12015 Singles from Wake Up "No More Dream" Released: June 4, 2014 "Boy In Luv" Released: July 16, 2014 "Danger" Released: November 19, 2014 
Type A, Type B and Normal CD No. Title Writer(s) Producer Length 1. "Intro" Shingo Suzuki Shingo Suzuki 1:15 2. 
"The Stars" KM-MARKIT Rap Monster Suga J-Hope Pdogg KM-MARKIT 4:16 3. 
"Jump" (Japanese Ver.) SUGA Pdogg Supreme Boi Rap Monster J-hope SUGA Pdogg Supreme Boi 3:56 4. "Danger" (Japanese Ver.) 
Pdogg Thanh Bui Rap Monster SUGA J-Hope KM-MARKIT Pdogg 4:05 5. 
"Boy In Luv" (Japanese Ver.) Pdogg "Hitman" Bang Rap Monster SUGA Supreme Boi KM-MARKIT Pdogg 3:50 6. "Just One Day" (Japanese Ver. 
Extended) Pdogg Rap Monster SUGA J-hope yasu2000 Pdogg 5:34 7. "いいね!" 
(Ī ne! / I Like It!) 
Slow Rabbit Rap Monster SUGA J-hope Slow Rabbit 3:51 8. "いいね！Pt.2～あの場所で～" (Ī ne! Pt. 2 ~ Ano basho de ~ / I Like It Pt.2 ~In That Place~) Slow Rabbit Rap Monster SUGA J-hope Slow Rabbit Pdogg 3:55 9. 
"No More Dream" (Japanese Ver.) Pdogg "Hitman" Bang Rap Monster SUGA J-hope Supreme Boi Jung Kook Pdogg 3:42 10. "進撃の防弾" (Shingeki no bōdan / Attack on Bangtan) Pdogg Rap Monster SUGA J-hope Pdogg 4:07 11. "N.O" (Japanese Ver.) 
Pdogg "Hitman" Bang Rap Monster SUGA J-Hope Supreme Boi Pdogg 3:30 12. "Wake Up" Swing-O Rap Monster SUGA J-hope KM-MARKIT Swing-O 5:52 13. "Outro" Shingo Suzuki Rap Monster Shingo Suzuki 1:36 Total length: 51:44 
Wake Up DVD No. Title Length 1. "Japan Official Fan Meeting Vol.1 at Tokyo Dome City Hall" (2014年5月に行われた日本ファンミーティング時の映像数曲収録予定) 
"Boy In Luv MV" 4:42 3. "Danger MV" 4:46 4. "Danger (Dance Edit)" (Bonus Clip) 4:13 
↑ "NO MORE DREAM-Japanese Ver.-". 
Oricon (in Japanese). Retrieved November 26, 2014. ↑ "BOY IN LUV". Oricon (in Japanese). 
Retrieved November 26, 2014. ↑ "オリコン週間 CDシングルランキング 2014年07月14日～2014年07月20日". 
Retrieved 2015-08-03. ↑ "オリコン週間 CDシングルランキング 2014年11月17日～2014年11月23日". Oricon (in Japanese). 
Retrieved November 26, 2014. ↑ "방탄소년단, 일본 투어 콘서트 성황리에 종료.. '한국 콘서트도 곧'텐아시아 | 텐아시아". 
Retrieved 2015-08-03. ↑ "방탄소년단, 日 4개 도시 투어 성황리 마쳐". 
Retrieved 2015-08-03. ↑ "防弾少年団1st JAPAN TOUR 2015「WAKE UP:OPEN YOUR EYES」ライブ・ビューイング実施決定！！ | プレスリリース | BARKS". www.barks.jp. 
Retrieved 2015-08-03. 
Silver thiocyanate is a silver salt of thiocyanic acid with the formula AgSCN. 
AgSCN is monoclinic with 8 molecules in the cell. 
The SCN− groups has an almost linear molecular geometry, with bond angle 179.6(5)°. 
Weak Ag—Ag interactions length are 0.3249(2) nm to 0.3338(2) nm which forming one-dimensional zig-zag chain in AgSCN.[5] 
Silver thiocyanate is produced by the reaction between silver nitrate and potassium thiocyanate. 
Silver thiocyanate Names IUPAC name Silver(I) thiocyanate, Silver thiocyanate Other names Thiocyanic acid, silver (1+) thiocyanate; Silver isothiocyanate; Silver sulphocyanide[1] Identifiers CAS Number 1701-93-5 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 66941 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.015.395 EC Number 216-934-9 PubChem CID 74345 UNII S44O8TME5U Y UN number 3077 InChI InChI=1S/CHNS.Ag/c2-1-3;/h3H;/q;+1/p-1 Y[inchi] Key: RHUVFRWZKMEWNS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y[inchi] SMILES C(#N)[S-].[Ag+] Properties Chemical formula AgSCN Appearance Colorless crystals Odor Odorless Melting point 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K) decomposes[2] Solubility in water 0.14 mg/L (19.96 °C) 0.25 mg/L (21 °C) 6.68 mg/L (100 °C)[1] Solubility product (Ksp) 1.03·10−12[3] Solubility Insoluble in acids (reacts)[4] except when concentrated, acetates, aq. nitrates[1] Solubility in silver nitrate 43.2 mg/L (25.2 °C, 3 nAgNO3/H2O)[1] Solubility in sulfur dioxide 14 mg/kg (0 °C)[2] Solubility in methanol 0.0022 mg/kg[2] Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −6.18·10−5 cm3/mol[3] Structure Crystal structure Monoclinic, mS32 (293 K)[5] Space group C2/c, No. 15 (293 K)[5] Point group 2/m (293 K)[5] Lattice constant a = 8.792(5) Å, b = 7.998(5) Å, c = 8.207(5) Å (293 K)[5] α = 90°, β = 93.75(1)°, γ = 90° Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity (C) 63 J/mol·K[2] Std molar entropy (So298) 131 J/mol·K[2] Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfHo298) 88 kJ/mol[2] Hazards GHS pictograms [4] GHS signal word Warning GHS hazard statements H302, H312, H332, H410[4] GHS precautionary statements P273, P280, P501[4] NFPA 704 0 2 0 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references 
Silver thiocyanate 
Use in chemical synthesis 
Potassium thiocyanate is the chemical compound with the molecular formula KSCN. It is an important salt of the thiocyanate anion, one of the pseudohalides. The compound has a low melting point relative to most other inorganic salts. 
Aqueous KSCN reacts almost quantitatively with Pb(NO3)2 to give Pb(SCN)2, which has been used to convert acyl chlorides to thiocyanates.[2] 
KSCN converts ethylene carbonate to ethylenesulfide.[3] For this purpose, the KSCN is first melted under vacuum to remove water. 
In a related reaction, KSCN converts cyclohexene oxide to the corresponding episulfide.[4] 
KSCN is also the starting product for the synthesis of carbonyl sulfide. 
Dilute aqueous KSCN is occasionally used for moderately realistic blood effects in film and theater. 
It can be painted onto a surface or kept as a colorless solution. When in contact with ferric chloride solution (or other solutions containing Fe3+), the product of the reaction is a solution with a blood red colour, due to the formation of the thiocyanatoiron complex ion. Thus this chemical is often used to create the effect of 'stigmata'. 
Because both solutions are colorless, they can be placed separately on each hand. 
When the hands are brought into contact, the solutions react and the effect looks remarkably like stigmata. 
Similarly, this reaction is used as a test for Fe3+ in the laboratory. 
Potassium thiocyanate Names Other names Potassium sulfocyanate Potassium isothiocyanate Potassium thiocyanide Potassium rhodanide Identifiers CAS Number 333-20-0 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:30951 Y ChemSpider 9150 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.005.792 PubChem CID 516872 RTECS number XL1925000 UNII TM7213864A Y InChI InChI=1S/CHNS.K/c2-1-3;/h3H;/q;+1/p-1 Y Key: ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y InChI=1/CHNS.K/c2-1-3;/h3H;/q;+1/p-1 Key: ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-REWHXWOFAT SMILES C(#N)[S-].[K+] Properties Chemical formula KSCN Molar mass 97.181 g mol−1 Appearance Colorless deliquescent crystals Odor Odorless Density 1.886 g/cm3 Melting point 173.2 °C (343.8 °F; 446.3 K) Boiling point 500 °C (932 °F; 773 K) (decomposes) Solubility in water 177 g/100 mL (0 °C) 217 g/100 mL (20 °C) Solubility in acetone 21.0 g/100 mL Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −48.0·10−6 cm3/mol Hazards Safety data sheet ICSC 1088 EU classification (DSD) (outdated) Toxic (T) R-phrases (outdated) R20/21/22 R32 R52/53 S-phrases (outdated) (S2) S13 S61 NFPA 704 0 2 0 Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 854 mg/kg (oral, rat)[1] Related compounds Other anions Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanide Other cations Sodium thiocyanate Ammonium thiocyanate Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). 
N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references 
Potassium thiocyanate 
Sales and certifications 
Music videos 
Charts 
Release history 
The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever (Hangul: 화양연화 Young Forever; Hanja: 花樣年華 Young Forever; MR: HwaYangYeonHwa Young Forever) is the third compilation album by South Korean boy band, BTS. 
The album was released on May 2, 2016.[1] The physical album is available in two versions and contains twenty-three tracks including three new singles ("Epilogue: Young Forever", "Fire" and "Save Me"), all tracks from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1 and The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, as well as several new remixes. 
On March 21, 2016, Big Hit Entertainment announced BTS' upcoming comeback and concert scheduled for May.[2] BTS then released concert teasers on April 7 on their official Twitter account as "Motion Posters."[3] They later released the concept photos of the album on April 21 and 24[4][5][6][7] on their official Instagram account and Facebook page, indicating that the physical album will be available in two cover design versions, Day and Night. Both versions include a photobook, polaroid, mini photocard and poster.[8] The video teaser[9] for the concert was also released on YouTube on April 25. 
The track list was later released on April 27 on BTS' official Twitter account, revealing that it would be a compilation album with a total of twenty-three tracks.[10][11] They also released the design and details of the physical album.[8] On April 29, Big Hit Entertainment dropped a preview for BTS’ "Fire" music video, which features the members' dance moves.[12] 
The "Epilogue: Young Forever" music video was released on April 19, 2016,[13][14] picturing the members running in a maze full of fences as well as flashbacks to scenes from the "I Need U", "On Stage: Prologue" and "Run" videos. 
It was produced and directed by GDW.[15] The music video for "Fire," the lead single from the album, was released on May 2, 2016.[16] It featured the members dancing and partying in an abandoned place in flames.[17] The music video was produced and directed by Lumpens[18] and GDW.[15] Fuse stated that, "The cut feels like an upgraded version of "Dope," a standout single from The Most Beautiful Moment In Life, Part 1. 
The accompanying music video also sees the guys whipping out their most intense choreography to date".[19] On May 9, BTS released the dance version of the "Fire" video ahead of their promotion on music programs.[20] The dance was choreographed by Keone Madrid.[21] The "Save Me" music video was released on May 15, which was notably filmed in a one-shot take.[22][23] The dance was choreographed by The Quick Style Crew[24] and the music video was also produced and directed by GDW.[15] 
Tickets for BTS' first solo concert in 2016, BTS LIVE The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue, sold out immediately, causing connection errors on Interpark Ticket's PC and mobile sites due to high traffic on their servers. 
Search keywords related to the concert also topped at portal sites, as both fans and the public showed high interest in the event.[36] After the album and the "Fire" music video were released on May 2, "Fire" became the fastest BTS music video to reach one million views at the time in just 6 hours.[37] The video also reached 10 million views in 75 hours.[38][39] The videos for "Fire" and "Save Me" ranked first and second respectively on Most Viewed K-Pop Videos in America, Around the World: May 2016 list revealed by Billboard.[40] BTS also rose to number 15 in the artist category on YouTube Music Global Top 100.[41] 
BTS topped Billboard World Digital Songs with lead single "Fire," "Save Me," and "Epilogue: Young Forever" lining up the top three ranks of the chart, which had never been achieved by any other K-pop act.[42] "Fire" achieved an 'all-kill' on the South Korean music charts (simultaneous #1's on all charts)[43] and received three number-one trophies on music programs while performing on M! Countdown,[44] Music Bank[45] and Inkigayo.[46] 
Song Program Date "Fire" M! 
Countdown May 12, 2016[44] Music Bank May 13, 2016[45] Inkigayo May 15, 2016[46] 
Country Date Format Label South Korea May 2, 2016[72] CD, digital download Big Hit Entertainment, Loen Entertainment Japan May 8, 2016 Taiwan June 1, 2016[73][74] CD Universal Music Group 
Music award ceremonies 
Music program awards 
Commercial performance 
Background and release 
The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever Compilation album by BTS Released May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02) Recorded 2015–2016 Genre Hip hop R&B Dance-pop K-pop Length 1:38:33 Language Korean Label Big Hit Entertainment Producer Pdogg BTS chronology The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2 (2015) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever (2016) Youth (2016) Singles from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever "Epilogue: Young Forever" Released: April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19) "Fire (불타오르네)" Released: May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02) "Save Me" Released: May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15) Day & Night Version 
The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever album became BTS' second consecutive release to chart on Billboard 200, at number 107, becoming the second K-pop act to achieve this. 
It also debuted at number 2 on Billboard World Albums and number 10 on Billboard Top Heatseekers.[42] The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever was reported to have sold over 300,000 copies in pre-sales after less than a week.[47] According to the Hanteo Chart, 100,000 copies of the album were sold within the first three days of release, and 164,868 copies were sold within the first week. The album topped Gaon Weekly Chart for two consecutive weeks.[48][49] It also topped the Gaon Monthly Chart in May with just over 310,000 albums sold[50] and became the fourth best selling album on the yearly Gaon Album Chart of 2016.[51] BTS received their first daesang, or "grand award," with this album — Album of The Year at the 8th Melon Music Awards in 2016.[52] Big Hit Entertainment also shared that the unofficial combined sales of all albums from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life series would soon reach its million mark as it had already sold a total of 930,000 copies at the time.[53] 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Jeon Su Mi (April 27, 2016). "BTS Releases Track List for New Album". Mwave. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ J. K (April 28, 2016). "BTS Burns It Up In Teaser Video For "Fire" MV". 
Soompi. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ G. Jeong (April 19, 2016). 
"BTS Reminds Us We Are "Young Forever" as We Chase Our Dreams With New Track and MV". 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Jeon Su Mi (April 20, 2016). 
"BTS Releases First Video ′EPILOGUE: Young Forever′". 
Mwave. Retrieved 2017-09-26. 
1 2 3 "GDWOP Works". gdwop. 
Retrieved 2017-09-20. ↑ Sun Mi Kyung (May 2, 2016). 
"BTS without sensitivity looking so hot". Naver. OSEN. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ an0ya (May 1, 2016). 
"BTS Sets Your Heart On "Fire" With Comeback MV". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-05-02. ↑ "Lumpens Works". lumpens.com. 
Retrieved 2017-09-20. ↑ Jeff Benjamin (May 2, 2016). 
"BTS RETURN WITH STRAIGHT 'FIRE': WATCH THEIR MOST INTENSE RELEASE YET". 
Fuse. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ J. K (May 8, 2016). 
"BTS Is On "Fire" In Dance Version Of Latest MV". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ "Keone Madrid". 
Facebook. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ J. K (May 15, 2016). "Watch: BTS Drops Much-Anticipated "Save Me" MV". 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Lee JinHo (May 16, 2016). "BTS Releases 'Save ME' MV". Mwave. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ "The Qiuck Style Crew Works". thequickstyle.com. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ C. Hong (May 1, 2016). "BTS's Jin And J-Hope Share Thoughts On Wrapping Up "The Most Beautiful Moment In Life" Trilogy". 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ G. Jeong (May 1, 2016). 
"BTS Confirms Song For 3rd MV, Records 100 Million "Hearts" on Countdown Broadcast". 
Retrieved 2016-05-02. ↑ porshia (May 7, 2016). "BTS Urge Fans Not To Give Up Hope On Longer "Young Forever" Promotions". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Jung So Young (May 8, 2016). "BTS's 'The Most Beautiful Moment In Life' is not over yet". 
Retrieved 2016-07-28. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) ↑ Won Won (April 29, 2016). "BTS one week of promotional activities still under discussion". Naver (in Korean). 
My Daily News. Retrieved 2016-06-02. ↑ R. Jun (April 29, 2016). "If You Blink You Might Miss BTS's "Young Forever" Promotions". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Cho Hejin (May 2, 2016). 
"BTS Releases ′Young Forever′ Album". 
Mwave. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ C. Hong (May 11, 2016). "BTS's Jungkook To Resume Album Promotions After Misdiagnosis". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Sun Mi Kyung (May 13, 2016). "BTS, the meaning of new records". 
Naver. 
OSEN. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Seon Mi Kyung (March 26, 2016). 
"BTS's fist solo concert ticket, 24 thousand tickets are sold out". 
Naver. 
OSEN. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Jeon Su Mi (May 2, 2016). "BTS's 'Fire' MV Hits 3 Million Views". 
Mwave. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ porshia (May 4, 2016). "BTS's Reign Of "Fire" Continues As MV Hits 10 Million Views in 75 Hours". 
Retrieved 2016-06-02. ↑ Sun Mi Kyung (May 5, 2016). 
"BTS, 'FIRE' MV reached 10 million views in 75 hours after it released". 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Park So Young (June 11, 2016). 
"BTS, seized America…Number of M/V viewers was topped at May's chart". 
Naver. OSEN. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ Kim JiYeon (May 12, 2016). 
"BTS Jumps to Rank 15 on 'YouTube Music Global Top 100'". Mwave. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. 
Retrieved 2017-11-10. ↑ mcheller (May 1, 2016). 
"BTS Sets "Fire" To The Music Charts, Achieves "All-Kill"". 
Soompi. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. 
1 2 G. Jeong (May 12, 2016). 
"BTS Takes 1st Win For "Fire" On "M!Countdown"". 
Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-06-02. 
1 2 K. Do (May 13, 2016). 
"BTS Gets 2nd Win With "Fire" On "Music Bank"". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2016-06-02. 
1 2 hajima (May 15, 2016). 
"BTS Wins No. 1 on "Inkigayo" With "Fire"". 
Soompi. 
Retrieved 2016-06-02. ↑ Sun Mi Kyung (April 28, 2016). "BTS' special album exceeded 300,000 preorder sales". Naver. 
OSEN. 
Retrieved 2016-04-28. ↑ C. Hong (May 9, 2016). 
"BTS Sets Highest Record in 2016 Album Sales". Soompi. Retrieved 2016-06-02. ↑ "방탄소년단, 매일이 新기록..2016 앨범 누적 판매량 1위". 
Naver (in Korean). OSEN. May 9, 2016. 
Retrieved 2016-06-02. ↑ an0ya (June 9, 2016). "BTS Tops Monthly Album Chart With Special Album". Soompi. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. 
1 2 3 "2016년 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon. Retrieved 12 January 2017. 
1 2 Jeong, G. (2016-11-19). 
"BTS Wins Best Album Of The Year At The 2016 Melon Music Awards". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2016-11-19. ↑ Jung So Young (June 13, 2016). "BTS 'The Most Beautiful Moment in Life' sold 930,000 albums.. 
Going to be million-seller soon". 
Naver. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ "2016 Weekly Album Chart - Week 19". Gaon Chart. 
Retrieved May 12, 2016. ↑ "2016 Weekly Album Chart - Week 20". Gaon Chart. Retrieved May 19, 2016. ↑ "週間 CDアルバムランキング 2015年12月14日付". 
Oricon Chart. December 9, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015. ↑ "ultratop.be - Bangtan Boys - 방탄소년단 Young Forever". 
Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2017. ↑ "BTS – Chart history | Canadian Album". www.billboard.com. Retrieved May 25, 2017. ↑ "BTS – Chart history | Billboard 200". www.billboard.com. 
Retrieved May 10, 2016. ↑ "BTS – Chart history | Top Heatseekers". www.billboard.com. Retrieved May 10, 2016. ↑ "BTS – Chart history | Independent Albums". www.billboard.com. 
Retrieved May 10, 2016. ↑ "BTS – Chart history | World Albums". www.billboard.com. 
Retrieved May 10, 2016. ↑ "月間 CDアルバムランキング 2016年05月度". www.oricon.co.jp. 
Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2016-11-19. ↑ "국내 대표 음악 차트 가온차트!". gaonchart.co.kr. 
Retrieved 1 January 2017. ↑ "Billboard World Digital Songs: Week May 21". Billboard Charts. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ "Billboard Philippines Hot 100: Week August 14". 
Billboard Philippines. 
Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ "Billboard Philippines Hot 100: Week August 7". Billboard Philippines. Retrieved 2017-09-26. ↑ "QQ "Young Forever" sales Page". 
QQ (in Chinese). Retrieved May 20, 2016. ↑ "Oricon Chart 2016 – May Week 2". 
Oricon. Retrieved May 18, 2016. ↑ "BTS' 'Young Forever' Compilation Album Sends K-Pop Act to New Heights on Billboard 200". Billboard. 
Retrieved May 10, 2016. ↑ "방탄소년단, 5월2일 스페셜 '화양영화Young Forever' 발매". 
Naver. April 18, 2016. 
Retrieved April 26, 2016. ↑ "防彈少年團 BTS _ 花樣年華台灣限定豪華盤 Young Forever《2CD》". 
Universal Music Taiwan Store (in Chinese). 
Retrieved June 2, 2016. ↑ "防彈少年團端午開唱送大禮 甜喊倒數計時見台粉". 
Liberty Times Net (in Chinese). 
May 31, 2016. 
Retrieved June 2, 2016. 
Track listing 
Youth is the second Japanese studio album by South Korean boy band BTS, which was released on September 7, 2016. The album features 13 tracks.[1] 
Both versions have the complete track listing and a photocard came with all first edition albums.[2] 
Album + DVD edition (PCCA-4434): This edition comes with a DVD containing "For You", "I Need You (Japanese version)", and "Run (Japanese version)" music videos. Regular edition (PCCA-4435): N/A 
The album sold 44,547 on the first day of its release, and charted 1st in Oricon Daily Album Chart. The album was eventually certified Gold with sales of roughly over 100,000 in Japan.[3][4] 
Chart Peak position Japan Oricon Daily Album Chart 1 Japan Oricon Weekly Album Chart 1 
Commercial performance 
Sales and certifications 
Charts 
Youth Studio album by BTS Released September 7, 2016 Genre J-pop pop dance-pop hip hop R&B Length 49:16 Language Japanese Label Pony Canyon Producer Pdogg BTS chronology The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever (2016)The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever2016 Youth (2016) Wings (2016)Wings2016 Singles from Youth "For You" Released: June 17, 2015 "I Need U (Japanese Ver.)" Released: December 8, 2015 "Run (Japanese Ver.)" Released: March 15, 2016 
All lyrics written by KM-MARKIT. 
Chart Sales Japan Oricon sales 87,067[5] Release history Country Date Format Label Japan September 7, 2016 CD, digital download Pony Canyon References ↑ "YOUTH - 防弾少年団". Itunes. Retrieved September 8, 2016. ↑ "YOUTH (ALBUM + DVD) (First Press Limited Edition) (Japan Version)". yesasia.com. 
Track listing 
Face Yourself is the third Japanese studio album (fifth overall) by South Korean boy band BTS, which was released on April 4, 2018. 
The album features 12 tracks, including the Japanese versions of songs previously released on their 2016 album Wings and 2017 EP Love Yourself: Her, as well as three original Japanese-language tracks: "Don't Leave Me", "Let Go", and "Crystal Snow". 
The album was first announced on February 1, 2018, as well as its April 4 release date and three limited editions. 
New Japanese recordings of the tracks "Go Go" and "Best of Me" from BTS' 2017 Korean EP Love Yourself: Her were also revealed in a tentative tracklist.[3] A complete tracklist was later released on March 8.[4] The same day, the song "Don't Leave Me" was announced as the opening theme song for the Japanese drama Signal, a remake of the 2016 South Korean television series of the same name.[5] A preview of the song was aired on March 15, causing it to chart on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 prior to its official release, peaking at number 25.[6][7] 
Upon its release on April 4, the album debuted at number 1 on Oricon's Daily CD Album chart.[8] It remained in the top spot for seven consecutive days, which resulted in its coming in at number 1 on the Weekly Album chart with over 282,000 accumulated units sold,[9] breaking a six year, five month long record, previously held by KARA, for the highest first week sales by a Korean artist on the Oricon chart, and also making it the highest grossing album by a male artist on the Oricon chart for 2018 so far.[10][11] The album dropped down from its spot atop the Daily chart to number 12 on its eighth day of charting,[12] but surged back up over the course of the following weeks, reaching as high as number 2.[13] It has spent a total of three successive weeks to date on the Oricon chart,[8] with 300,672 accumulated units sold.[8][14] 
Limited Edition Type A (UICV-9277): This edition comes with a Blu-ray disc and a 32-page booklet. 
Limited Edition Type B (UICV-9278): This edition comes with a DVD and a 32-page booklet. 
Limited Edition Type C (UICV-9279): This edition comes with a 68-page booklet. 
Regular Edition (UICV-1095): This edition includes the CD only and a 24-page booklet. 
Background and release 
Charts 
Face Yourself Studio album by BTS Released April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) Genre J-pop hip hop Length 44:19 Language Japanese Label Big Hit Universal Japan Virgin Def Jam BTS chronology Love Yourself: Her (2017)Love Yourself: Her2017 Face Yourself (2018) Love Yourself: Tear (2018)Love Yourself: Tear2018 Singles from Face Yourself "Blood, Sweat, & Tears (Japanese Ver.)" Released: May 10, 2017 "Mic Drop/DNA/Crystal Snow" Released: December 6, 2017 "Don't Leave Me" Released: April 4, 2018 
There are four versions of this album available: Type A, Type B, Type C, and the regular version. 
All albums share the same track listing, while only Type A and B feature viewable content on Blu-ray or DVD.[15] 
"Blood Sweat & Tears Music Video" (Japanese ver.) 2. "MIC Drop Music Video" (Japanese ver.) 3. "MIC Drop Music Video" (Japanese ver.) (dance edit) 4. 
↑ Kelley, Caitlin (2017-12-08). 
"BTS' Japanese Song 'Crystal Snow' Yearns for a Fragile Love: See the Translated Lyrics". Retrieved 2018-04-04. ↑ "MIC Drop / DNA / Crystal Snow - Single". itunes. 
Retrieved December 6, 2017. ↑ "全米で大ブレイク中！BTS (防弾少年団)、待望の日本オリジナルアルバム4月4日発売決定！世界中で大ヒットした楽曲に、日本制作楽曲含む新録４曲を収録！初回限定盤には来日ドキュメンタリーほか、映像も収録！". bts-official.jp (in Japanese). February 1, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ↑ "BTS（防弾少年団）、4月4日リリースのアルバム収録新曲が坂口健太郎初主演ドラマ主題歌に - エキサイトニュース" (in Japanese). 
2018-03-08. 
Retrieved 2018-04-03. ↑ Kim, Bo-ra (2018-03-08). "[공식입장] 방탄소년단, 日드라마 '시그널' 주제가 부른다" (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2018-04-04. ↑ "防弾少年団新曲「坂口健太郎のオールナイトニッポンGOLD」で初オンエア決定" (in Japanese). 2018-03-15. 
Retrieved 2018-04-03. ↑ "Japan Hot 100". 
Billboard. 
Archived from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved April 4, 2018. 1 2 3 4 Oricon sales: "デイリーCDアルバムランキング 2018年04月03日付 (Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 03 April 2018)". 
Oricon. 
April 4, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. "デイリーCDアルバムランキング 2018年04月04日付 (Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 04 April 2018)". 
Oricon. 
April 5, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. "デイリーCDアルバムランキング 2018年04月05日付 (Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 05 April 2018)". 
Oricon. April 6, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. "デイリーCDアルバムランキング 2018年04月06日付 (Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 06 April 2018)". Oricon. 
April 7, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. "デイリーCDアルバムランキング 2018年04月07日付 (Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 07 April 2018)". Oricon. 
April 8, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. "デイリーCDアルバムランキング 2018年04月08日付 (Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 08 April 2018)". Oricon. 
April 9, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. "デイリーCDアルバムランキング 2018年04月09日付 (Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 09 April 2018)". 
Oricon. 
April 10, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. "デイリー アルバムランキング 2018年04月13日付 (Oricon Daily Album Ranking 13 April 2018)". Oricon. 
April 14, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. "デイリー アルバムランキング 2018年04月14日付 (Oricon Daily Album Ranking 14 April 2018)". Oricon. 
April 15, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 15, 2018. "デイリー アルバムランキング 2018年04月16日付 (Oricon Daily Album Ranking 16 April 2018)". Oricon. 
April 17, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. "デイリー アルバムランキング 2018年04月23日付 (Oricon Daily Album Ranking 23 April 2018)". Oricon. 
April 24, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. "週間 アルバムランキング 2018年04月23日付（2018年04月09日～2018年04月15日）(Oricon Weekly Album Ranking 23 April 2018 (9 April 2018 - 15 April 2018))". Oricon. 
April 18, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. "週間 アルバムランキング 2018年04月30日付（2018年04月16日～2018年04月22日）(Oricon Weekly Album Ranking 30 April 2018 (2 April 2018 - 22 April 2018))". Oricon. 
April 24, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. ↑ "週間 アルバムランキング（2018年04月02日～2018年04月08日）(Oricon Weekly Album Ranking (02 April 2018 - 08 April 2018))". 
Oricon. 
April 11, 2018. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ↑ "【オリコン】BTS(防弾少年団)、海外ヒップホップ歌手首位記録更新「皆さんのおかげ」". Oricon. 
April 10, 2018. 
Retrieved April 14, 2018. ↑ "방탄소년단, 日서 K팝 그룹 발매첫주 최다판매…카라 기록 깼다". SEDaily. April 13, 2018. 
Retrieved April 14, 2018. ↑ "デイリー CDアルバムランキング 2018年04月10日付 (Oricon Daily Album Ranking 10 April 2018)". 
Oricon. April 10, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ↑ "デイリー アルバムランキング 2018年04月23日付 (Oricon Daily Album Ranking 23 April 2018)". 
Oricon. April 24, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. ↑ "【ビルボード】BTS (防弾少年団)『FACE YOURSELF』が284,866枚を売り上げ、2位以下に約20万枚の大差をつけアルバム・セールス首位獲得". 
Billboard Japan. April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018. ↑ "FACE YOURSELF [w/ Blu-ray, Limited Edition / Type A]". cdjapan.co.jp. 
Retrieved April 4, 2018. "FACE YOURSELF [w/ DVD, Limited Edition / Type B]". cdjapan.co.jp. Retrieved April 4, 2018. 
"FACE YOURSELF [w/ Photo Book, Limited Edition / Type C]". cdjapan.co.jp. 
Retrieved April 4, 2018. "FACE YOURSELF [Regular Edition]". cdjapan.co.jp. 
Retrieved April 4, 2018. ↑ "ARIA Chart Watch #467". auspOp. 
April 7, 2018. 
Retrieved April 7, 2018. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – BTS – Face Yourself" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "Ultratop.be – BTS – Face Yourself" (in Dutch). 
Hung Medien. Retrieved April 7, 2018. ↑ "BTS Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. 
Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – BTS – {{{album}}}" (in Dutch). 
Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums Téléchargés" (in French). 
Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 
April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ↑ "Irish Albums Chart: 6 April 2018". 
Irish Recorded Music Association. 
Retrieved April 7, 2018. ↑ Hicap, Jonah (April 10, 2018). "BTS clinch top spot on Japan's weekly album chart for Face Yourself". 
Retrieved April 10, 2018. ↑ "Billboard Japan Hot Albums Charts". 
Billboard JAPAN (in Japanese). 
Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "NZ Heatseeker Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. April 9, 2018. 
Retrieved April 6, 2018. ↑ "Top 100 Albumes – Semana 14: del 30.3.2018 al 5.4.2018" (in Spanish). 
Productores de Música de España. 
Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – BTS – Face Yourself". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". 
Official Charts Company. 
Retrieved April 7, 2018. ↑ "BTS Chart History (Billboard 200)". 
Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ↑ "BTS Chart History (World Albums)". Billboard. 
Retrieved April 10, 2018. 
1 2 "2017년 49주차 Download Chart". gaon.com. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ↑ "World Digital Song Sales". Billboard. 
Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés" (in French). 
April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018. 
1 2 "オリコン週間 デジタルシングル（単曲）ランキング 2018年04月02日～2018年04月08日 11～20位". 
ORICON NEWS (in Japanese). 
Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. ↑ "Billboard Japan Hot 100 Charts". 
Billboard JAPAN (in Japanese). 
Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ↑ "연간 2018년 14주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon (in Korean). 
Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↑ "World Digital Song Sales". 
Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ↑ "週間 デジタルアルバムランキング (2018年04月16日付) (Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking)". Oricon. 
April 11, 2018. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (April 9, 2018). 
"BTS Send Japanese Album 'Face Yourself' to the Billboard 200". 
Retrieved April 10, 2018. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff. 
"BTS Score Seventh No. 1 on World Digital Song Sales Chart With 'Don't Leave Me'". 
Sales and certifications 
Reception 
Awards and nominations 
Charts 
Release history 
The lead single, "Blood Sweat & Tears", was the only song promoted. 
The album was later reissued as You Never Walk Alone, which was released on February 13, 2017.[2] A continuation of the canon for Wings, three more songs were added to the track listing, with the songs "Spring Day" and "Not Today" promoted as the lead singles. 
From September 4 to 13, 2016, Big Hit Entertainment released a series of short films for each member to promote a new upcoming comeback.[7][8] The short films started with Jungkook's "Begin",[9] Jimin's "Lie",[10] V's "Stigma",[11] Suga's "First Love",[12] RM's "Reflection",[13] J-Hope's "Mama",[14] and ended with member Jin's "Awake".[15] The comeback announcement was done right after Big Hit Entertainment released a statement on August 31, about BTS' third global official fan club concert, which the new comeback will be performed for the first time.[16][17] 
On September 25, BTS released a comeback trailer,[18] on YouTube, featuring member J-Hope rapping skills as a solo and consists of a boy’s mind meeting a devil called ‘temptation’.[19][20] Later from September 28 to October 4, Big Hit Entertainment released the concept photos[21][22][23][24] of the album on official Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook page revealing the album will be available in four versions[25] of physical albums; W, I, N and G version. The album's track list[26] was then released on October 5 on the official website and Twitter account.[7] A music video teaser[27] was also released on October 7 on YouTube, indicating "Blood Sweat & Tears" would be the title track. 
Big Hit Entertainment lastly revealed the design and details of the physical album which it will be accompanied with its photobook, polaroid, mini standee and poster.[28] 
During the press conference for the release of their album, leader RM explained, "The harder a temptation is to resist, the more you think about it and vacillate. 
That uncertainty is part of the process of growing. 
"Blood Sweat & Tears" is a song that shows how one thinks, chooses, and grows."[29] Symbolism such as the 'wings' were representations of growth, with SUGA adding, "The song relays an optimistic determination to use our wings to go far, even if we are met with temptations in life."[29] Jungkook explained during the group's comeback preview show on V LIVE, that his solo track, "Begin", was about his journey to Seoul and meeting the BTS members.[8] V revealed his song, "Stigma", describing it as "a song under the neo-soul genre". 
J-Hope described his song, "MAMA" as unforgettable, as it was about his childhood emotions for his mother. 
"Awake" was Jin's first experience in co-composition.[30] RM revealed, the 14th track, "Two! 
(Still Wishing For Better Days)" was the first official fan song.[30] The song "Am I Wrong" samples Keb' Mo's 1994 jazz/blues song "Am I Wrong"[31] and the album credits[32] Kevin Moore as co-writer and co-producer. 
On November 18, 2016, Big Hit Entertainment released a teaser trailer[33] for an upcoming concert tour of Wings[34] while revealing the ticketing schedule[35] with ticket sales starting on December 21. 
They later announced BTS' comeback[36] which will be on February 13, 2017[37] with part two of Wings. 
On February 2 and 3, the concept photos[38][39] were released on the group's official Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter accounts, indicating that the physical album will be available in two versions, Left and Right version. 
The track list[40] was then released on BTS' official homepage and Twitter account on February 7, revealing the track "Outro: Wings" as a remake from BTS' previous album. 
A music video teaser[41] was released on YouTube on February 10 hinting at the new title track, "Spring Day". They also released the design and details of the physical album, which will be accompanied by a photobook, photocard, mini standee, and poster.[42] On February 11, the second music video teaser was released on YouTube, and revealed "Not Today" as another lead single of the album.[43] 
You Never Walk Alone album is a continuation of "Wings". 
It contains stories that were not included in the previous album.[37][44] The album also contains messages of hope and consolation to heal the youth of the generation.[45] 
"Blood Sweat & Tears" music video was released at 12:00 KST, October 10, 2016[46] after over a month of teasing the comeback. The music video itself ties in heavily with literary, philosophical, and artistic allusions of Herman Hesse’s Demian.[47][48] The music video was produced and directed by Lumpens[49] and GDW.[50] 
Year Ceremony Award Nominated Work Result ref 2017 26th Seoul Music Awards Record of the Year "Blood Sweat & Tears" Won [154] 6th Gaon Chart Music Awards Album of the Year (4th Quarter) "Wings" Won [155][156] 31st Golden Disc Awards Disk Bonsang / Album Division "Wings" Won [157] 19th Mnet Asian Music Awards Best Music Video "Spring Day" Won [158] 9th Melon Music Awards Album Of The Year "You Never Walk Alone" Nominated Song Of The Year "Spring Day" Won 2018 32nd Golden Disc Awards Digital Bonsang / Digital Division "Spring Day" Won [159] 
Music videos 
Wings Studio album by BTS Released October 10, 2016 Recorded 2016 Genre Hip hop trap EDM R&B dance-pop K-pop Length 53:41 (Wings) 1:06:18 (You Never Walk Alone) Language Korean Label Big Hit Entertainment Producer Pdogg BTS chronology Youth (2016) Wings (2016) Love Yourself: Her (2017) W.I.N.G version Physical album artwork Singles from Wings "Blood Sweat & Tears (피 땀 눈물)" Released: October 10, 2016 Repackaged edition cover You Never Walk Alone artwork Singles from You Never Walk Alone "Spring Day (봄날)" Released: February 13, 2017 "Not Today" Released: February 20, 2017 
Music award ceremonies 
Background and release 
Commercial performance 
Music program awards 
↑ "BTS Reveals Track List For 2nd Full Album "WINGS"". Soompi. 
October 5, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2018. ↑ "BTS Reveals Track List For "You Never Walk Alone"". Soompi. 
February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2018. ↑ "방탄소년단, '윙스' 시리즈 149만장 판매..사상 최고". Naver. 
Osen. 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2018-01-04. ↑ "방탄소년단, 가온차트 집계 사상 최다 판매량 기록". entertain.naver.com. 
TenAsia. 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2018-02-12. ↑ "Winged BTS Becomes Million Sellers with 'Wings'". entertain.naver.com. 
Retrieved 2017-03-09. ↑ "2016년 Album Chart". gaonchart.co.kr. 
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1 2 Lee, Sang-won (October 6, 2016). 
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1 2 3 Benjamin, Jeff (October 13, 2016). 
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October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-29. ↑ "2016년 10월 Album Chart" (in Korean). 
Retrieved January 12, 2017. ↑ "World Albums Year-End Charts - 2016". Billboard. Retrieved January 1, 2017. ↑ "World Albums Year-End Charts - 2017". 
Retrieved January 31, 2018. ↑ Canadian Music: Top 100 Songs Chart | Billboard ↑ Music Download Charts ↑ "BillboardPH Hot 100". Billboard Philippines. 
June 12, 2017. 
Retrieved 2017-06-12. ↑ "Top Radio & YouTube Hits". February 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-02. ↑ Japanese Music: Top Japanese Songs Chart | Billboard ↑ WINGS Gaon Chart Sales: "2016년 Album Chart". 
Gaon Album Chart. Retrieved April 27, 2018. "2017년 Album Chart (see #35)". 
Gaon Album Chart. Retrieved April 27, 2018. "2018년 03월 Album Chart (see #13)". 
Gaon Album Chart. Retrieved April 27, 2018. ↑ You Never Walk Alone Gaon Chart Sales: "2017년 Album Chart (see #3)" (in Korean). Gaon. 
Retrieved February 7, 2018. 
"2018년 03월 Album Chart (see #15)". Gaon Album Chart. Retrieved April 27, 2018. ↑ オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」 －CD・ブルーレイ・DVD・書籍・コミック－. 
Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved August 31, 2017. 
(Subscription required (help)). ↑ "QQ Music - Wings". 
QQ Music. QQ Music. Retrieved February 22, 2017. ↑ You Never Walk Alone Sales in China's three major music platforms: "You Never Walk Alone - QQ China". 
QQ Music. Retrieved March 16, 2017. "You Never Walk Alone - KuGou". 
KuGou. Retrieved March 16, 2017. "You Never Walk Alone - Kuwo". 
Kuwo. Retrieved March 16, 2017. ↑ K, J. (January 19, 2017). 
"BTS Takes Home 4 Awards Including Best Album Award For "WINGS" At The 26th Seoul Music Awards". Soompi. Retrieved 2017-03-09. ↑ Tamar Herman (February 22, 2017). 
"BTS, EXO, GOT7 & TWICE Are Big Winners at 2017 Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards". 
Billboard. Retrieved 2017-03-31. ↑ J. Lim (February 22, 2017). 
"Winners of the 6th Gaon Chart Music Awards". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-03-31. ↑ E. Kang (January 14, 2017). "Winners Of The 31st Golden Disc Awards Day 2". 
Soompi. 
Retrieved 2017-02-28. ↑ "VOTE & RANK | Make Your Star Shine Out!". www.mwave.me. 
Retrieved 2017-11-04. ↑ Elliefilet (January 10, 2018). 
"Winners from the '32nd Golden Disc Awards' (Day 1)!". 
Allkpop. 
Retrieved 2018-01-27. ↑ J. K (February 22, 2017). 
"Watch: BTS Takes 1st Win With "Spring Day" On "Show Champion"". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-30. ↑ J. K (February 23, 2017). 
"Watch: BTS Grabs 2nd Win For "Spring Day" On "M!Countdown"". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-30. ↑ K. Do (February 24, 2017). 
"Watch: BTS Gets 3rd Win For "Spring Day" On "Music Bank"". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-30. ↑ U. Kim (February 25, 2017). 
"Watch: BTS Gets 4th Win With "Spring Day" On "Inkigayo"". 
Soompi. Retrieved 2017-09-30. ↑ "Wings information on Tower Records". Tower Records (in Japanese). 
Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. 
Retrieved 29 November 2016. ↑ "Announcement of the Malaysian version of Wings on the Facebook page of Universal Malaysia". 
Facebook. October 17, 2016. 
Retrieved 29 November 2016. ↑ "Announcement of the Taiwanese version of Wings on the Facebook page of Universal Taiwan". 
Facebook (in Chinese). September 30, 2016. 
Retrieved 13 October 2016. 
Wings is the fourth overall album by South Korean boy band BTS, released on October 10, 2016 through Big Hit Entertainment.[1] It is the group's second Korean-language album, after their debut, Dark & Wild. 
Heavily influenced by Hermann Hesse's bildungsroman, Demian, the concept album thematically deals with temptation and growth. 
Overall, the albums (including You Never Walk Alone) received positive reviews from critics. They both sold over 1.5 million physical copies worldwide in total[3] and became the group's highest selling record until January 2018, when it was broken by their EP, Love Yourself: Her.[4] The album also earned BTS the title of "Million Sellers" due its financial reception.[5] According to Gaon Chart, Wings was the best selling album of 2016 in Korea.[6] 
At 12:00 KST, February 13, 2017, the official music video for "Spring Day" was released.[51] The song delivers a message about never losing hope while waiting to be reunited with an estranged friend.[52] Spring Day is an alternative hip hop song with the essence of British rock and electronic music. 
The main melody was written by RM.[53] The video was produced and directed by frequent BTS collaborator Lumpens (YongSeok Choi)[49] and GDW[50] On February 20, the official music video for "Not Today" was released on YouTube.[54] "Not Today" is an addictive moombahton track and the music video features a powerful moombahton dance performance.[54] The video was produced and directed by GDW.[50] Later, BTS released the choreography music video of "Not Today" after a week.[55] The dance was choreographed by Keone Madrid, frequent artist for BTS dance collaboration.[56] 
Wings pre-orders reached 500,000[72] copies on its first week which is two-hundred thousand more than the previous album, The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2. 
The tickets for BTS 3RD Muster [ARMY.ZIP +], of which 70% of total seats were open to official fan club members only, sold out in 10 minutes; after it opened reservation, all 38,000 seats sold out within 15 minutes.[73] "Blood Sweat & Tears" then broke the record of fastest K-pop music video to reach 10 million views at the time leading it to break other ten millions records.[74] Billboard revealed in November, it was the Most Viewed K-Pop Videos in America, Around the World: October 2016.[75][76] 
Shortly after release, the group achieved an 'all-kill' (#1 simultaneously) on the South Korean music charts.[77][78][79][80][81] The album's lead single, "Blood Sweat & Tears", became the group's first domestic number one hit on Gaon Digital Chart.[82][83][84][85] All 15 songs on the album charted in the top 50 of the Gaon Digital Chart, garnering over one million digital downloads and over eight million streams.[86][87][88][89] Internationally, BTS sent their highest number of songs; 13 in total, on Billboard World Digital Songs with the lead single debuted at number 1 on its first week.[90] 
The album charted on the Billboard 200 at number 26, making it the highest charting, best selling K-pop album on the chart at the time with 16,000 copies sold, 11,000 in traditional album sales;[90] and spend more than one week on the chart[91] making BTS the first K-pop act to achieve the feat with the same album. 
In the two weeks it sold 100,000 copies; of that sum, nearly 13,000 were in traditional album sales.[91] BTS also topped Billboard World Albums for the week of October 29.[92] In its third week, it moved another 1,000 copies, spending another week as the highest-selling K-pop album in America.[93] BTS made their debut in the Billboard Top Album Sales Chart on the week of October 29th, 2016 with its peak position at number 20.[94] The album also managed to make the UK Albums Chart, at number 62, making history as the first Korean act to do so.[95] It was listed at number 6 among the World Album Year End Chart and was selected as the Best Kpop Album of 2016 by Billboard.[96][97] It broke South Korea album chart records as the highest-selling album on its Gaon Monthly Chart[98] and was the highest selling album in Gaon history at the time since the chart's inception, therefore the best selling album of South Korea Gaon Album Chart in 2016. It won Record of the Year at the 26th Seoul Music Awards, Album of the Year (4th Quarter) at the 6th Gaon Chart Music Awards and Disk Bonsang or Album Division at the 31st Golden Disc Awards. 
You Never Walk Alone received a record-breaking pre-order with over 700,000 physical copies, the highest pre-order record for the first half of 2017.[99] While "Spring Day" music video broke "Blood Sweat & Tears" record of the fastest K-pop band music video to reach 10 million views.[100] Upon its release, "Not Today" music video then broke "Spring Day" record in shortest time for K-pop band.[101] Meanwhile, BTS set a new record for holding a second concert consecutively at the large Gocheok Sky Dome venue for 2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour in Seoul, with tickets for both domestic and abroad concert for the tour sold out within minutes.[102][103][104] 
Lead single "Spring Day" shot straight to the top spot across eight online music streaming sites, including Melon, Mnet, Genie and Naver Music within an hour of its midnight release and caused an error, temporary inaccessible of popular music site, MelOn due to overloading.[105][106] It earned BTS four first-place trophies on local music program awards.[107] It debuted at number 15 on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 and number 1 on the Billboard World Digital Songs, selling 14,000 digital downloads; moreover, all four new songs held down the first four slots[108] making BTS the first K-pop act to do so.[109] Another lead single "Not Today" then shot up to number 1 on Billboard World Digital Songs the next week, recording BTS' fourth entry as chart-topper on the ranking.[110] 
The album You Never Walk Alone debuted at number 61 on the Billboard 200, extending BTS' record as the K-pop act with the most entries on the chart,[109] eventually led to their 6th entry on the chart, first for a Korean artist at the time.[111] The album also debuted at number 1 on Billboard World Albums, giving BTS their third chart-topper album on that ranking.[109] Upon its release in China, the album sold 144,400 in the first week on QQ Music, and charted first on the best-selling albums of the week.[112] In South Korea, the album charted first on week 7 Gaon Weekly Chart with 373,750 albums sold in one week of time, earning the band their 7th weekly chart-topper and breaking "Wings" record.[113][107] It also topped February Gaon Monthly Chart, the highest physical sales for the first half of 2017.[114] 
Wings received mostly positive reviews from critics, for tackling social issues such as mental health and female empowerment. Fuse's Jeff Benjamin wrote, "The rising K-pop phenoms' new album is doing it right by letting their seven members spread their artistic wings and solidifying their individual identities—all while keeping the band identity strong as ever."[8] Fuse listed Wings at number 8 on their list of the 20 Best Albums of 2016, praising the album's "vulnerable and honest song material" and diverse tracks.[117] The album also topped Billboard's "10 Best K-Pop Albums 2016" list. Billboard branded the album an "accomplishment all its own", praising BTS' involvement in co-writing and producing as well as the compositional choice to allow each member a solo song reflecting individual musical style, showing that "they can compete with top pop acts." 
The music chart also described BTS' music as "forward-thinking", referring to the tropical house and EDM sounds on the album and lyrics that discussed the darker side of mental health issues.[118] Rolling Stone's Nick Murray named Wings "one of the most conceptually and sonically ambitious pop albums of 2016." [119] Billboard's Tamar Herman wrote an article on the repackaged album You Never Walk Alone, describing the single "Spring Day" as an "alt hip-hop song infused with rock instrumentals and EDM synths" combining the rap elements for which BTS has become known with "dreamy vocals and yearning lyrics." 
Herman calls "Not Today" the dual single counterpart to "Spring Day", a power anthem for "all the underdogs in the world."[53] "Spring Day" ranked number one on Dazed Digital's "20 Best K-Pop Songs of 2017" list, describing the song as "an intelligent, compelling and elegantly restrained study of loss and longing" that "deliberately avoids cliché pomp and drama".[120] 
Country Sales Wings You Never Walk Alone South Korea (Gaon) 880,660+[149] 804,307+[150] Japan (Oricon) 57,421[151] China 155,548+[152] 267,925+[153] United States 23,000+[91] N/A 
Reception 
External links 
See also 
Background and promotion 
Commercial performance 
Music program awards 
Awards and nominations 
Charts 
Release history 
Retrieved September 18, 2017. ↑ "방탄소년단, LOVE YOURSELF 承 'Her' 트랙리스트 공개". Naver (in Korean). Retrieved September 18, 2017. ↑ "방탄소년단, 새 앨범 타이틀곡은 'DNA'..베일 벗었다". 
Retrieved September 18, 2017. ↑ ""중독적 휘파람"..방탄소년단, 신곡 'DNA' 두번째 티저 공개". 
Retrieved September 18, 2017. ↑ ibighit (September 18, 2017), BTS (방탄소년단) 'DNA' Official MV, retrieved September 19, 2017 ↑ "Yonhap News Agency". 
Yonhap News Agency. 
Retrieved September 19, 2017. ↑ 한인구 (September 18, 2017). "방탄소년단 "사회적으로 좋은 영향력 주고파…책임감 느껴"". Naver (in Korean). Retrieved September 18, 2017. ↑ "BTS NEWS Comeback Special". ↑ Hembram, Neha (September 11, 2017). 
"BTS Mnet 'COMEBACK SHOW' date and more exciting details revealed!". i heart korea!. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ↑ Kim, DY (September 10, 2017). 
"BTS Confirms Plans For Live Comeback Broadcast !". 
Soompi. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ↑ Susan Min (September 21, 2017). 
"BTS' 'COMEBACK SHOW- BTS DNA' Live Broadcast Link". Mnet. 
Retrieved September 30, 2017. ↑ K. Do (September 20, 2017). 
"Don't Miss BTS's Comeback Show On Viki!". 
Soompi. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ↑ "BTS 'COMEBACK SHOW' to Air on Toggle". Toggle. 
September 11, 2017. 
Retrieved September 19, 2017. ↑ "D-7！《COMEBACK SHOW-BTS DNA》预告公开". iQiyi. 
Retrieved September 19, 2017. ↑ "방탄소년단, 21일 Mnet '컴백쇼' 확정…전세계 동시 컴백무대 [공식]" (in Korean). Retrieved September 18, 2017. ↑ K. Do (September 22, 2017). "Performances By BTS And More". 
Soompi. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ↑ "Preorders for BTS' new album top 1 mln copies: agency". Yonhap News Agency. 
Retrieved September 19, 2017. 
1 2 "Gaon Album Chart – Week 38, 2017". 
Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved September 28, 2017. ↑ "Digital Chart – Week 38 of 2017" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved September 28, 2017. 
1 2 3 4 Caulfield, Keith (September 24, 2017). 
"Foo Fighters Score Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Concrete and Gold'". Billboard. 
Retrieved September 25, 2017. ↑ Caulfield, Keith (19 May 2010). 
"Bieber's Back at No. 1 On Billboard 200". 
Billboard. 
Retrieved September 25, 2017. 
1 2 "Official Albums Chart Top 100". 
Official Charts Company. 
Retrieved September 23, 2017. ↑ "[스브수다]'120만장 돌파' 방탄소년단, 이런 디지털 소비 시대에 던진 의미". SBS FunE. 
Retrieved October 13, 2017. ↑ Kim, Eun-ae (October 10, 2017). "방탄소년단, 16년만에 단일앨범 120만장 돌파 대기록..가요계 대역사". 
Osen (in Korean). Retrieved March 8, 2018. ↑ "방탄소년단, 가온차트 집계 사상 최다 판매량 기록". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). 
TenAsia. 
February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018. 1 2 Kim, Eun-ae (March 8, 2018). "[공식입장] 방탄소년단, LOVE YOURSELF 承 'Her' 160만장 돌파..자체 최고기록". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). 
Osen. 
Retrieved March 8, 2018. ↑ "The 32nd Golden Disk Awards Winners". 
Korea Joongang Daily. 
January 11, 2018. 
Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. 
Retrieved March 8, 2018. 
Retrieved October 4, 2017. ↑ Exposito, Suzy. 
"BTS Announce 'Love Yourself' World Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 27, 2018. ↑ "방탄소년단(BTS) – Love Yourself 承 'Her': Album Review". 
Retrieved October 24, 2017. ↑ Herman, Tamar. 
"BTS Unveils 'Love Yourself: Her' Album & 'DNA' Video". 
Billboard. Retrieved October 20, 2017. ↑ Garcia, Viri. 
"Test Spin: BTS — Love Yourself: Her". The Cornell Daily Sun. 
Retrieved October 20, 2017. ↑ Melendez, Monique. 
"Review: BTS Aren't Sure Where They Want to Go on the Entertaining But Uneven Love Yourself: Her". 
Spin. Retrieved October 20, 2017. ↑ "8 Best New Songs of the Week". Vulture. 
Retrieved October 20, 2017. ↑ Caramanica, Jon. 
"BTS Takes a Different Approach to K-pop: Ease". 
New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2017. ↑ Herman, Tamar. "BTS' 'Pied Piper' Is Filled With Tough Love Towards Fan Culture". 
Billboard. 
Retrieved October 20, 2017. ↑ "Australiancharts.com – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2325215%3B 'Her'". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 23, 2017. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2325215%3B 'Her'" (in German). 
Retrieved December 11, 2017. ↑ Love Yourself: Her sales on China's two major music platform: "QQ "Love Yourself: Her" sales Page". QQ Music (in Chinese). Retrieved September 26, 2017. 
"Kugou "Love Yourself: Her" sales Page". 
KuGou (in Chinese). Retrieved September 26, 2017. ↑ Love Yourself: Her sales on Oricon Chart: 月間 CDアルバムランキング 2017年09月度 [CD album monthly ranking of September 2017] (in Japanese). 
Oricon. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. 
Retrieved October 11, 2017. "【周榜单】2018/03/12付 - Album Chart(see#111)" (in Chinese). Retrieved March 10, 2018. ↑ "BTS Surge Up Album & Song Charts Following American Music Awards Performance". billboard. Retrieved 1 December 2017. ↑ 최지예 (September 26, 2017). "방탄소년단, '더쇼'서 만점으로 컴백 첫 1위". 
Naver (in Korean). 
Retrieved September 30, 2017. ↑ 박윤진 (September 27, 2017). "방탄소년단, '쇼챔'도 컴백과 동시 1위…올킬 시동 걸었다(종합)". 
Naver (in Korean). Retrieved September 30, 2017. ↑ 김은지 (September 28, 2017). "'엠카' 방탄소년단, 'DNA'로 1위 올킬 시동..B1A4 컴백(종합)". Naver (in Korean). 
Retrieved September 30, 2017. ↑ J.K (October 5, 2017). "Watch: BTS Takes 6th Win For "DNA" On "M!Countdown," Performances From KCON Australia By EXO, Wanna One, And More". Soompi. 
Retrieved October 5, 2017. ↑ R. Jun (September 29, 2017). 
"Watch: BTS Takes 4th Win With "DNA" On "Music Bank"". 
Soompi. 
Retrieved September 30, 2017. ↑ DY_Kim (October 1, 2017). 
"BTS Takes 5th Win With "DNA" On "Inkigayo"". 
Soompi. 
Retrieved October 1, 2017. 
Love Yourself 承 'Her' EP by BTS Released September 18, 2017 (2017-09-18) Length 30:33 Language Korean Label Big Hit Entertainment Loen Entertainment Producer Pdogg BTS chronology Wings (2016) Love Yourself 承 'Her' (2017) Face Yourself (2018) Singles from Love Yourself 承 'Her' "DNA" Released: September 18, 2017 "MIC Drop (Remix)" Released: November 24, 2017 
Love Yourself 承 'Her' (stylized as LOVE YOURSELF 承 'Her') is the fifth extended play by South Korean boy group BTS. The EP was released on September 18, 2017 by Big Hit Entertainment. 
The album was released in four versions, and contains nine tracks with "DNA" as its lead single. 
In addition, there are two hidden tracks that are only available on the physical album. 
Love Yourself 承 'Her' is the first album to be released since BTS revealed their new "brand identity" on July 4, 2017, complete with a new, simplified logo and an alternative English name, "Beyond the Scene".[1] Promotions for Love Yourself: Her began on August 10 with a series of posters that teased a set of dramatic short films or "highlight reels" that were released over four days starting on August 15. 
On August 21, 2017, it was revealed that BTS was in preparation for a new mini-album to be released on September 18,[2] which was later confirmed by Big Hit Entertainment. 
Prior to release, the album was reported to portray the stories of "young adults who fall in love". On September 4, BTS released a comeback trailer featuring "Serendipity", the intro track from the album. Recorded as a solo by member Jimin, the "chill-out urban track" was noted for its "mystic vocals and characterful lyrics."[3] Two days later, Big Hit posted concept photos for all four versions of the album on the label's official Twitter account.[4][5] The tracklist was posted on September 12[6] and two teasers for lead single "DNA" were released on September 14 and 15.[7][8] On September 18, the album was released alongside the music video for its title track, "DNA".[9] In the 24 hours after release, the "DNA" music video had been viewed 21 million times, becoming the first k-pop group music video to reach over 20 million views in 24 hours.[10] 
During the period of August 25 to 31, LOEN Entertainment, responsible for the distribution of BTS' physical releases, recorded a total of 1,051,546 stock pre-orders. This made BTS the first K-pop group to reach more than one million pre-orders.[21] 
Love Yourself 承 'Her' debuted at number one in Korea on the Gaon Album Chart,[22] while "DNA" debuted at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart, with all tracks from the digital EP also placing in the top 40 of the chart.[23] The EP opened at number seven on the US Billboard 200, making it the highest-charting K-pop album on the chart and biggest sales week of a K-pop album to date.[24] It achieved 31,000 album-equivalent units, of which 18,000 were in pure album sales.[24] This makes BTS the first Asian artist in seven years to debut within the top ten of the chart, surpassing the record set by Filipino singer Charice with her eponymous American debut album, which debuted at number eight in 2010.[25] On October 7, 2017, BTS made their debut on the UK Albums Chart with the EP, peaking at number 14.[26] 
According to the monthly Gaon Album Chart released on October 14, Love Yourself 承 'Her' was the highest-selling release of September 2017, with 1,203,533 copies sold since its release on September 18. 
The album also has the highest monthly sales in the history of the Gaon Chart, and the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold since g.o.d's fourth album Chapter 4, which was released in November 2001.[27][28] Love Yourself 承 'Her' eventually became BTS' highest-selling album, overtaking their 2016 LP Wings, as well as becoming the best selling album in the history of the Gaon Chart with over 1.61 million copies sold as of March 2018.[29][30] It won the grand prize at the 32nd Golden Disc Awards in the Physical Category on January 11, 2018.[31] 
The album has remained on the Billboard 200 for twenty-seven weeks, the only Korean album to do so.[33] 
Billboard writer Tamar Herman described the EP as "a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings", with the first half consisting of “dance tracks that emphasize the group's vocals" while in the second half "the act's hip-hop side arrives in earnest...delivering powerful rap performances."[36] Viri Garcia of The Cornell Daily Sun commended BTS for "trying to achieve a sound closer to pop while keeping their own signature sounds" and succeeding in creating a "masterpiece full of emotion and musicality that can't be paralleled by any American or Korean act."[37] However, Monique Melendez from Spin summarized the album as "thematically confident in its separate halves but musically disparate", with the group refusing to compromise on a specific musical direction. 
Melendez further commented that Love Yourself 承 'Her' came up short compared to BTS' past works, such as Wings and The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1 and Part 2, in which "visuals, lyrics, and sounds united under fully-realized concepts."[38] 
The EP's lead single "DNA" was featured on Vulture as one of the "8 Best New Songs of the Week", describing the track as the "sound of a boy band headed in a new direction plotted for crossover domination“ and one that "recategorizes BTS by shrugging off genre entirely."[39] The New York Times pop music critic Jon Caramanica wrote that while BTS' music often exhibits the “flamboyance and sometimes manic energy" that is characteristic of K-pop, Love Yourself 承 'Her' takes a remarkably "tranquil approach” to the genre through side tracks such as "Pied Piper", which he described as "a slow disco number that's emphatic in its relaxation." 
Caramanica additionally highlighted "Outro: Her" as a track with a hip hop beat that is "lush with instrumentation, and moves with a casual saunter reminiscent of the mid 1990s."[40] Tamar Herman also offered praises for the lyrical delivery of "Pied Piper", and stated, "A take on K-pop's rampant and highly profitable fan culture, 'Pied Piper,' is BTS doing what they do best: addressing a societal problem through their jaunty music." Herman called the track "BTS' most subversive song of their career."[41] 
Commerical performance 
Background and promotion 
Release history 
Love Yourself 轉 'Tear' Studio album by BTS Released May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)[1] Language Korean Label Big Hit Entertainment IRIVER[2] BTS chronology Face Yourself (2018) Love Yourself 轉 'Tear' (2018) 
Love Yourself 轉 'Tear' (stylized as LOVE YOURSELF 轉 'Tear') is the upcoming third Korean-language studio album (sixth overall) by South Korean boy band BTS. The album will be released on May 18, 2018 by Big Hit Entertainment. 
It is the group's third full Korean-language album, after its 2016 predecessor, Wings. 
Love Yourself: Tear was first announced on April 14, 2018, following the release of a nine-minute short short film entitled "Euphoria: Theme of Love Yourself 起 Wonder" on April 5.[3] The video included a newly released single, also named "Euphoria", recorded as a solo by Jungkook. 
The song was produced by DJ Swivel, Candace Nicole Sosa, Melanie Fontana, Bang Si-hyuk, Supreme Boi, Adora, and BTS leader RM, and was complimented for its synth-pop style and tropical house elements.[4] Tear is designed as a follow-up for BTS' 2017 EP Love Yourself: Her, with "Euphoria" serving to connect the two releases.[5][6] The album will also explore themes relating to the pains and sorrows of separation.[7] 
Between April 18 and 25, 2018, the first six days of the pre-order period for Love Yourself: Tear, IRIVER reported that the album had sold more than 1.44 million copies domestically.[8] The sales surpassed BTS' own Love Yourself: Her as the most pre-ordered album in Korea and made BTS the first K-pop group to have multiple albums exceed one million pre-orders.[9] 
Retrieved 2018-04-23. ↑ Herweck, Nate (2018-04-17). 
"BTS Announce New Album 'Love Yourself: Tear' Out in May". 
Grammys. 
Retrieved 2018-04-21. ↑ Herman, Tamar (2018-04-05). 
"BTS Tease Next Album In 'Love Yourself' Series With 'Euphoria' Theme Video". 
Billboard. 
Retrieved 2018-04-24. ↑ Samarosa, Val (2018-04-17). 
"BTS Reveal New Album "Love Yourself: Tear" Will Be Released in May". iHeartRadio. 
Retrieved 2018-04-21. ↑ Herman, Tamar (2018-04-16). 
"BTS Announce New Full-Length Album 'Love Yourself: Tear' To Be Released in May". 
Billboard. Retrieved 2018-04-21. ↑ "K-pop act BTS to drop 3rd studio album next month: agency". 
Yonhap News Agency. 
2018-04-16. 
Retrieved 2018-04-20. ↑ Lee, Eun-jin (April 26, 2018). "방탄소년단, 새 앨범 선주문 144만장 돌파... '역대 최고' 기록 갱신" [Bts Tops 1.44 Million Copies of Their New Album... 
'Best in History'] (in Korean). 
TenAsia. 
Retrieved April 26, 2018. ↑ "방탄소년단, 새 앨범 선주문 144만장 돌파..더블 밀리언셀러" [BTS, 1.44 Million Copies of New Album Pre-Ordered.. 
Double Million Seller] (in Korean). Osen. 
April 26, 2018. 
Retrieved April 26, 2018. 
South Korean boy group BTS have released six studio albums (one of which was reissued under a different title), four compilation albums, five extended plays, and twenty-two singles. 
BTS discography BTS in a photoshoot in Los Angeles, November 2017 Studio albums 6 Compilation albums 4 EPs 5 Singles 22 Single albums 2 
↑ "SISTAR's Soyu & Junggigo Send 'Some' to No. 1 on K-Pop Hot 100". 
Billboard. 
February 21, 2014. 
Retrieved 2015-12-09. ↑ "BTS – Chart history". www.billboard.com. 
Retrieved 2015-12-09. 
1 2 Benjamin, Jeff (December 2015). 
"BTS Break Into Billboard 200 With 'The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 
2'". Billboard. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ↑ ehk38 (February 19, 2016). 
Retrieved August 24, 2017. ↑ "Foo Fighters Score Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 With 'Concrete and Gold'". 
Billboard. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ↑ "BTS achieves double platinum status in Japan". 
Yonhap News Agency. 
Retrieved 2018-01-18. ↑ (in Korean) Gaon Album Chart. Gaon Music Chart (Korea Music Content Industry Association). Retrieved February 24, 2017. 
"Dark & Wild (2014)". 
August 17–23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. "Wings (2016)". 
October 9–15, 2016. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. ↑ "ultratop.be – Bangtan Boys – 방탄소년단 Wings". Hung Medien. 
Retrieved October 15, 2016. 1 2 3 "BTS Chart History: Canadian Albums". Billboard. 
Retrieved April 11, 2018. 
1 2 3 4 防弾少年団のアルバム売上ランキング. 
Oricon Style (in Japanese). 
Oricon. 
Retrieved November 15, 2014. 1 2 Peaks in the Netherlands: All except noted: "Dicografie BTS". Dutch Charts. 
Hung Medien. 
Retrieved September 24, 2017. 
Face Yourself: "BTS – Face Yourself". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved April 11, 2018. 1 2 "NZ Top 40- Wings". charts.org.nz. 
Retrieved October 14, 2016. 
Love Yourself: Her: "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". 
Recorded Music NZ. 
September 25, 2017. 
Retrieved September 22, 2017. ↑ "Sverigetopplistan – Wings". swedishcharts.com. 
Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. 
1 2 "BTS | full Official Chart history". 
Official Charts Company. 
Retrieved 2018-04-07. 
1 2 3 4 "BTS Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. 
Retrieved April 10, 2018. 
1 2 3 4 "BTS Chart History: World Albums". 
Billboard. 
Retrieved April 10, 2018. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Dark & Wild": "Gaon Album Chart – 2014 (see #14)". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved March 18, 2016. 
"Gaon Album Chart – 2015 (see #68)". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. 
Retrieved March 18, 2016. "Gaon Album Chart – 2016 (see #29)". 
Retrieved June 9, 2017. 
"Gaon Album Chart – 2017 (see #82)". 
Retrieved January 12, 2018. 
"Gaon Monthly Album Chart – 2018 January". Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved February 8, 2018. 
"Gaon Monthly Album Chart – 2018 February". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved March 8, 2018. 
"Gaon Monthly Album Chart – 2018 March". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ "【周榜单】2014/09/29付 (see #187)". 
Oricon. 
Retrieved January 20, 2018. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Wings": "Gaon Album Chart – 2016 (see #1)". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved June 9, 2017. "Gaon Album Chart - 2017 (see #35)" (in Korean). Gaon. 
Retrieved January 12, 2018. 
"Gaon Monthly Album Chart – 2018 January". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved February 8, 2018. "Gaon Monthly Album Chart – 2018 February". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved March 8, 2018. "Gaon Monthly Album Chart – 2018 March". Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. 
1 2 You Never Walk Alone + WINGS Sales: "WINGS – QQ". 
Retrieved July 6, 2017. 
"You Never Walk Alone – Kugou". Kugou. Retrieved July 6, 2017. 
"You Never Walk Alone – Kuwo". 
Kuwo. Retrieved July 6, 2017. "You Never Walk Alone – QQ". 
QQ. Retrieved July 6, 2017. ↑ You Never Walk Alone + WINGS オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」 －CD・ブルーレイ・DVD・書籍・コミック－. Oricon Style (in Japanese). 
Oricon. Retrieved August 31, 2017. 
(Subscription required (help)). "【周榜单】2018/04/16付 - Album Chart(see #66)" (in Chinese). 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (October 24, 2016). 
"BTS Extend Chart Dominance: 'Wings' Spends 2nd Week on Billboard 200, 'Blood Sweat & Tears' Debuts on Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 24, 2016. ↑ Herman, Tamar (April 16, 2018). 
"BTS Announce New Full-Length Album 'Love Yourself: Tear' To Be Released in May". 
Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2018. ↑ "【周榜单】2016/ 01/ 25付 (see #259 Album Chart)". Oricon. 
Retrieved January 20, 2018. ↑ "2016 Oricon Albums Chart - December Week 1". 
Theqoo. Retrieved October 25, 2017. 
"2016 Billboard Japan Top Album Sales". 
Retrieved September 19, 2016. 
"2016 Billboard Japan Top Album Sales". 
Retrieved September 26, 2016. ↑ "ゴールドディスク認定". 
RIAJ. Retrieved October 8, 2016. ↑ "CDJapan : FACE YOURSELF [w/ DVD, Limited Edition / Type B] BTS (Bangtan Boys) CD Album". CDJapan. 
Retrieved February 2, 2018. ↑ "NZ Heatseeker Albums Chart". 
Recorded Music NZ. 
April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ↑ "週間 CDアルバムランキング (2018年04月15日付) (Oricon Weekly CD Album Ranking 16 April 2018)". 
Oricon. 
April 11, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. "週間 CDアルバムランキング (2018年04月23日付) (Oricon Weekly CD Album Ranking 23 April 2018)". 
Oricon. April 17, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. "週間 CDアルバムランキング (2018年04月30日付)(Oricon Weekly CD Album Ranking 30 April 2018)". 
Oricon. 
April 25, 2018. "デイリー CDアルバムランキング (2018年04月23日付)(Oricon Daily CD Album Ranking 23 April 2018)". 
Oricon. April 24, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. ↑ "週間 デジタルアルバムランキング (2018年04月16日付)". 
Oricon. April 11, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. "週間 デジタルアルバムランキング – 2018年04月23日付". Oricon. 
April 18, 2018. 
Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (April 9, 2018). 
"BTS Send Japanese Album 'Face Yourself' to the Billboard 200". 
Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ↑ ""Gaon Chart; O! 
RUL8,2?"". September 8–14, 2013. 
""Gaon Chart; Skool Luv Affair"". 
April 20–26, 2014. 
""Gaon Chart; The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1"". 
May 3–9, 2015. 
""Gaon Chart; The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2"". 29 November – 5 December 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. 
""Gaon Chart; Love Yourself: Her"". 
September 17–23, 2017. ↑ "Discography BTS". australian-charts.com. Retrieved April 7, 2018. ↑ 週間 CDアルバムランキング 2017年10月02日～2017年10月08日 [CD album weekly ranking from October 2, 2017 to October 8, 2017]. oricon. 
Retrieved October 16, 2017. 
1 2 "BTS Album & Song Chart History: Heatseekers Albums". 
Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2017. 
1 2 "BTS Album & Song Chart History: Independent Albums". Billboard. 
Retrieved September 24, 2017. ↑ Cumulative sales of "O!RUL8,2?": "Gaon 2013년 Album Chart (see #55)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. 
Retrieved March 18, 2016. 
"Gaon 2014년 Album Chart (see #92)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved March 18, 2016. "Gaon 2015년 Album Chart (see #87)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. 
Retrieved March 18, 2016. "Gaon 2016년 Album Chart (see #41)". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved October 17, 2017. 
"Gaon 2017년 Album Chart - 국내(Domestic) (see #99)" (in Korean). 
Gaon. Retrieved January 12, 2018. "Gaon Monthly Album Chart – January 2018". 
Retrieved February 8, 2018. 
"Gaon Monthly Album Chart – February 2018". Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved March 8, 2018. 
"Gaon Monthly Album Chart – 2018 March". 
Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Skool Luv Affair": "Gaon 2014년 Album Chart (see #20)". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved March 18, 2016. 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ "【周榜单】2018/04/16付 - Album Chart(see #167)" (in Chinese). 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ Cumulative sales of "The Most Beautiful Moment In Life, Part 1": "Gaon 2015년 Album Chart (see #6)". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. 
Retrieved March 18, 2016. 
"Gaon 2016년 Album Chart (see #20)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved October 17, 2017. "Gaon 2017년 Album Chart (see #60)" (in Korean). 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ "Oricon Style Monthly Chart". 
Originally from Oricon Albums Chart (May 2015). 
July 29, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015. "Oricon Album Ranking Weekly (14/09/2015–202/09/2015)" (in Japanese). 
Oricon. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (May 7, 2015). "BTS Hit New Peaks on World, Heatseekers Albums Charts With 'The Most Beautiful Moment in Life'". Billboard. 
Retrieved May 9, 2015. ↑ Cumulative sales of "The Most Beautiful Moment In Life, Part 2": "Gaon 2015년 Album Chart (see #5)". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2016. "Gaon 2016년 Album Chart (see #24)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved November 9, 2017. 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ "月間 CDアルバムランキング 2015年12月度 (December)". 
Oricon Chart (in Japanese). 
January 6, 2016. 
Retrieved January 6, 2016. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Love Yourself: Her": "Gaon 2017년 Album Chart (see #1)" (in Korean). Gaon. Retrieved January 12, 2018. 
"Gaon Monthly Album Chart – January 2018 (see #3)". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved February 8, 2018. "Gaon Monthly Album Chart – February 2018". 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ Love Yourself: Her sales on China's two major music platform: "QQ "Love Yourself: Her" sales Page". 
QQ Music (in Chinese). 
Retrieved March 25, 2018. 
"Kugou "Love Yourself: Her" sales Page". 
KuGou (in Chinese). Retrieved March 25, 2018. ↑ "2017 Oricon Chart - November Week 1". Oricon Style. 
Oricon. Retrieved November 15, 2017. "【周榜单】2018/01/01付" (in Chinese). Retrieved December 27, 2017. "【周榜单】2018/01/15付" (in Chinese). 
Retrieved January 11, 2018. "【周榜单】2018/04/16付 - Album Chart(see #54)" (in Chinese). 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ Caulfield, Keith (September 24, 2017). 
"Foo Fighters Score Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Concrete and Gold'". Billboard. 
Retrieved September 25, 2017. 
"BTS Surge Up Album & Song Charts Following American Music Awards Performance". billboard. Retrieved 1 December 2017. ↑ "Gaon Album Chart; 2 Cool 4 Skool". 
July 21–27, 2013. 
Archived from the original on 2015-06-08. ↑ "BTS Chart History: Japan Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2017. ↑ Cumulative sales for "2 Cool 4 Skool": "Gaon Yearly Chart: 2013 (see #65)". 
Retrieved December 14, 2017. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) "Billboard Japan Top Singles Sales 2017/12/25 付け" (in Japanese). 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ "Gaon Album Chart; The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever". 
May 1–7, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016. ↑ "Dates taken from Weekly Top 20: 2016/05/27 – 2016/06/02". 
(Subscription required (help)). "【周榜单】2018/04/16付 - Album Chart(see #110)" (in Chinese). Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ "No More Dream". Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved 31 August 2017. "N.O". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved 31 August 2017. "상남자 (Boy In Luv)". 
Retrieved April 4, 2018. ↑ Peaks on the Australian singles chart: "DNA": "ARIA Chart Watch #440". auspOp. 
September 30, 2017. 
Retrieved December 2, 2017. "Mic Drop (Remix)": "ARIA Chart Watch #449". auspOp. 
Retrieved December 2, 2017. ↑ Peaks on the Canadian Hot 100: All except noted: "BTS Album & Song Chart History: Billboard Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2017. 
"Mic Drop": "Canadian Hot 100: December 16, 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2017. 
1 2 "Fire". 
Suomen virallinen lista (in Finnish). 
IFPI. 
Retrieved February 21, 2017. 
Retrieved September 25, 2017. ↑ "SNEP – BLOOD SWEAT & TEARS". 
Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ "BillboardPH Hot 100". 
Billboard Philippines. 
Retrieved September 25, 2017. "Not Today, Spring Day". 
October 9, 2017. ↑ "BTS Album & Song Chart History: Billboard Hot 100". 
Billboard. Retrieved October 3, 2017. ↑ Trust, Gary (4 December 2017). "BTS Earns Highest-Charting & First Top 40 Hot 100 Hit for a K-Pop Group With 'MIC Drop'". 
Billboard. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ↑ "World Digital Songs". 
BillboardBiz. Billboard. Retrieved 9 July 2015. 
(Subscription required (help)). 
"No More Dream". Billboard. 29 June 2013. 
Retrieved 8 December 2015. 
"Boy In Luv/Tomorrow". 
Billboard. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2015. 
Retrieved 27 September 2017. "Mic Drop & Crystal Snow". Billboard. 
16 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017. "World Digital Song Sales". 
Retrieved April 10, 2017. ↑ 防弾少年団のシングル売上ランキング. 
Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. 
Retrieved November 15, 2014. ↑ "BTS Chart History: Japan Hot 100". 
Retrieved December 15, 2017. ↑ "Gaon Download Chart June 9-June 15, 2013". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2016-01-12. ↑ "2013 Gaon Download Chart – September". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. ↑ "Gaon Download Chart September – 2014". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved August 25, 2016. ↑ Just One Day Sales: "2014년 8주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
"2014년 9주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
"2014년 16주차 Download Chart". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). ↑ "2014 Gaon Download Chart September – August". gaonchart.co.kr. 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. ↑ War of Hormone Sales: "2014년 35주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). ↑ Cumulative sales of "I Need U": "Gaon Download Chart – 2015". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. "2016 Gaon Download Chart – Half Year". 
1 2 3 4 5 6 Benjamin, Jeff. 
"BTS Score Seventh No. 1 on World Digital Song Sales Chart With 'Don't Leave Me'". 
Billboard. Retrieved April 12, 2018. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Dope": "Gaon Download Chart – 2015)". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. 
"2016 Gaon Download Chart – Half Year". 
Gaon Music Chart. 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Run": "2015 Gaon Download Chart – November". 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. "2015 Gaon Download Chart – December". Gaon Music Chart. 
Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. 
Retrieved August 25, 2016. ↑ Epilogue: Young Forever Sales: "2016년 19주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). ↑ Fire Sales: "2016 Gaon Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). ↑ Save ME Sales: "2016년 19주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
"2016년 20주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
"2016년 21주차 Download Chart". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). ↑ Cumulative sales of "Blood Sweat & Tears": "Gaon 2016년 10월 Download Chart (see #7)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved January 12, 2018. "Gaon 2016년 11월 Download Chart (see #29)". 
"Gaon 2017년 Download Chart (see #71)". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved January 12, 2018. 
1 2 3 4 5 Benjamin, Jeff (February 21, 2017). 
"BTS Crack the Bubbling Under Hot 100 With 'Spring Day,' Conquer Multiple Charts With 'You Never Walk Alone'". 
Billboard. 
Retrieved February 22, 2017. ↑ "Gaon 2017년 Download Chart (see #13)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved January 12, 2018. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Not Today": "2017년 07주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-02-24. 
"2017년 08주차 Download Chart". 
Retrieved 2017-03-01. 
"2017년 09주차 Download Chart". 
"2017년 10주차 Download Chart". 
Retrieved 2017-03-15. 
"2017년 11주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-03-29. "2017년 12주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-03-29. "2017년 18주차 Domestic Download Chart". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved 2017-03-29. ↑ "Gaon 2017년 Download Chart (see #84)". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved January 12, 2018. 
Retrieved 28 September 2017. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Mic Drop (Remix)": "2017년 47주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved 31 August 2017. 
"2017년 48주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved 7 December 2017. 
"2017년 49주차 Download Chart". 
Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). 
Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
1 2 3 "Oricon Yearly Chart - 2014 (See #125,#146,#198)". 
Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↑ "Oricon 月間 CDシングルランキング – 2015年06月度". oricon.co.jp. 
Retrieved 22 November 2015. ↑ "般社団法人 日本レコード協会 (Certifications of November 2015)". www.riaj.or.jp (in Japanese). 
Retrieved 2016-01-12. ↑ "週間 CDシングルランキング 2015年12月21日付". 
ORICON STYLE (in Japanese). 
Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. 
Retrieved 16 December 2015. ↑ "般社団法人 日本レコード協会 (Certifications of December 2015)". www.riaj.or.jp (in Japanese). 
Retrieved 2016-01-12. ↑ "2016 Oricon Half Year Chart – Singles". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon Inc. 
Retrieved June 26, 2016. ↑ "般社団法人 日本レコード協会 (Certifications of March 2016)". www.riaj.or.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2016-04-09. ↑ Cumulative sales of "Chi, Ase, Namida": 【ビルボード】防弾少年団『血、汗、涙』が310,276枚を売り上げ、シングル・セールス・チャートを大差で首位獲得 [BTS' bs&t sold 310,276 copies ascending to the top, making a big gap in the singles sales chart] (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. 
Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017. デイリー CDシングルランキング 2017年05月09日付 [CD single daily ranking from May 9, 2017] (in Japanese). 
Oricon. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017. 방탄소년단 日 싱글 '피 땀 눈물', 오리콘 1위+20만장 돌파 [Bulletproof Boysscout's Single 'Blood Sweat Tears', Oricon No.1 + 200,000 Breakthrough] (in Korean). 
Retrieved June 15, 2017. ↑ "般社団法人 日本レコード協会 (Certifications of May 2017)". www.riaj.or.jp (in Japanese). 
Retrieved 2017-06-15. ↑ "2017년 49주차 Download Chart". gaon.com. 
Retrieved 14 December 2017. 
The group debuted in South Korea on June 13, 2013 with the single album 2 Cool 4 Skool. 
They made a comeback on September 2013 with an extended play, O!RUL8,2?. 
In February 2014, BTS released their second extended play, Skool Luv Affair. This marked the first time their album charted on the Billboard World Albums chart, and Japan's Oricon Albums Chart.[1] A repackaged version of the album, Skool Luv Affair Special Addition was released in May 2014. 
Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications KOR [10] BEL (FL) [11] CAN [12] JPN [13] NLD [14] NZ [15] SWE [16] UK [17] US [18] US World [19] Korean Dark & Wild Released: August 19, 2014 Label: Big Hit Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download 2 — — 78 — — — — — 3 KOR: 224,636[20] JPN: 6,501[21] Wings Released: October 10, 2016 Label: Big Hit Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download 1 72 19 7 68 24 56 62 26 1 KOR: 880,660[22] CHN: 156,226[23] JPN: 68,467[24] US: 22,000[25] Love Yourself: Tear Released: May 18, 2018[26] Label: Big Hit Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download To be released Japanese Wake Up Released: December 24, 2014 Label: Pony Canyon Formats: CD, CD+DVD, digital download — — — 3 — — — — — — JPN: 27,538[27] Youth Released: September 7, 2016 Label: Pony Canyon Formats: CD, CD+DVD, digital download — — — 1 — — — — — — JPN: 94,293[28] RIAJ: Gold[29] Face Yourself Released: April 4, 2018[30] Label: Universal Music Japan Formats: CD, CD+DVD, CD+Blu-ray, digital download — 94 40 1 116 —[upper-alpha 1] — 78 43 1 JPN: 300,672 (Physical)[32] JPN: 4,308 (Digital)[33] US: 4,000[34] "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. 
Name 
Carl Tanzler, or sometimes Count Carl von Cosel (February 8, 1877 – July 3, 1952), was a German-born radiology technician at the Marine-Hospital Service in Key West, Florida. 
He developed an obsession for a young Cuban-American tuberculosis patient, Elena "Helen" Milagro de Hoyos (July 31, 1909 – October 25, 1931), that carried on well after the disease had caused her death.[1] In 1933, almost two years after her death, Tanzler removed Hoyos' body from its tomb, and lived with the corpse at his home for seven years until its discovery by Hoyos' relatives and authorities in 1940.[2] 
He was born as Karl Tänzler or Georg Karl Tänzler on February 8, 1877 in Dresden, Germany. 
Around 1920 he married Doris Anna Shafer (1889–1977). 
Together they had two children: Ayesha Tanzler (1922–1998), and Clarista Tanzler (1924–1934), who died of diphtheria. 
Tanzler grew up in Germany. 
The following "Editorial Note" accompanying the autobiographical account "The Trial Bay Organ: A Product of Wit and Ingenuity" by "Carl von Cosel" in the Rosicrucian Digest[3] of March and April 1939, gives details about his stay in Australia before and during World War I and his return to Germany after the war:[4][5] 
Tanzler's account of Trial Bay Gaol, his secret building of a sailing boat, etc., is confirmed by Nyanatiloka Mahathera, who mentions that he planned to escape from the Gaol with "Count Carl von Cosel" in a sailing boat, and provides other information about the internment of Germans in Australia during WWI.[6] 
The facts underlying the case and the preliminary hearing drew much interest from the media at the time (most notably, from the Key West Citizen and Miami Herald), and created a sensation among the public, both regionally and nationwide. 
The public mood was generally sympathetic to Tanzler, whom many viewed as an eccentric "romantic".[1] 
Though not reported contemporaneously, research (most notably by authors Harrison and Swicegood) has revealed evidence of Tanzler's necrophilia with Hoyos's corpse.[1][7] Two physicians (Dr. DePoo and Dr. Foraker) who attended the 1940 autopsy of Hoyos's remains recalled in 1972 that a paper tube had been inserted in the vaginal area of the corpse that allowed for intercourse.[1][7] Others contend that since no evidence of necrophilia was presented at the 1940 preliminary hearing, and because the physicians' "proof" surfaced in 1972, over 30 years after the case had been dismissed, the necrophilia allegation is questionable. 
While no existing contemporary photographs of the autopsy or photographs taken at the public display show a tube, the necrophilia claim was repeated by the HBO Autopsy program in 2005.[9] 
Obsession 
Later life and death 
Early life 
Carl Tanzler Tanzler in 1942 Born (1877-02-08)February 8, 1877 Dresden, German Empire Died July 3, 1952(1952-07-03) (aged 75) Pasco County, Florida, U.S. Occupation radiology technician Spouse(s) Doris Tanzler Children Ayesha Tanzler, Clarista Tanzler 
Tanzler went by many names; he was listed as Georg Karl Tänzler on his German marriage certificate. He was listed as Carl Tanzler von Cosel on his United States citizenship papers, and he was listed as Carl Tanzler on his Florida death certificate. Some of his hospital records were signed Count Carl Tanzler von Cosel. 
Many years ago, Carl von Cosel travelled from India to Australia with the intention of proceeding to the South Seas Islands. 
Finally, she suggested that her son return to his sister in the United States ... 
Tanzler emigrated to the United States in 1926, sailing from Rotterdam on February 6, 1926 to Havana, Cuba. 
From Cuba he settled in Zephyrhills, Florida, to where his sister had already emigrated, and was later joined by his wife and two daughters. Leaving his family behind in Zephyrhills in 1927, he took a job as a radiology technician at the U.S. Marine Hospital in Key West, Florida under the name Carl von Cosel. 
During his childhood in Germany, and later while traveling briefly in Genoa, Italy, Tanzler claimed to have been visited by visions of a dead ancestor, Countess Anna Constantia von Cosel, who revealed the face of his true love, an exotic dark-haired woman, to him.[1] 
On April 22, 1930, while working at the Marine Hospital in Key West, Tanzler met Maria Elena "Helen" Milagro de Hoyos (1909–1931), a local Cuban-American woman who had been brought to the hospital by her mother for an examination. 
Tanzler immediately recognized her as the beautiful dark-haired woman that had been revealed to him in his earlier "visions."[7] By all accounts, Hoyos was viewed as a local beauty in Key West.[1][7][8] 
Elena was the daughter of local cigar maker Francisco "Pancho" Hoyos (1883–1934) and Aurora Milagro (1881–1940). 
She had two sisters, Florinda "Nana" Milagro Hoyos (1906–1944), who married Mario Medina (c.1905–1944) and also succumbed to tuberculosis; and Celia Milagro Hoyos (1913–1934). 
Medina, Nana's husband, was electrocuted trying to rescue a coworker who hit a powerline with his crane at a construction site. 
On February 18, 1926, Hoyos married Luis Mesa (1908–?), the son of Caridad and Isaac Mesa. 
Luis left Hoyos shortly after Hoyos miscarried the couple's child, and moved to Miami. 
Hoyos was legally married to Mesa at the time of her death. 
Hoyos was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis, a typically fatal disease at the time, that eventually claimed the lives of almost all of her entire immediate family. 
Tanzler, with his self-professed medical knowledge, attempted to treat and cure Hoyos with a variety of medicines, as well as x-ray and electrical equipment, that were brought to the Hoyoses' home.[1][7] Tanzler showered Hoyos with gifts of jewelry and clothing, and allegedly professed his love to her, but no evidence has surfaced to show that any of his affection was reciprocated by Hoyos.[1][7] 
Despite Tanzler's best efforts, Hoyos died of tuberculosis at her parents' home in Key West on October 25, 1931.[1] Tanzler paid for her funeral, and with the permission of her family he then commissioned the construction of an above ground mausoleum in the Key West Cemetery, which he visited almost every night.[1][7] 
One evening in April 1933, Tanzler crept through the cemetery where Hoyos was buried and removed her body from the mausoleum, carting it through the cemetery after dark on a toy wagon, and transporting it to his home. 
He reportedly said that Hoyo's spirit would come to him when he would sit by her grave and serenade her corpse with a favorite Spanish song. 
He also said that she would often tell him to take her from the grave.[1] Tanzler attached the corpse's bones together with wire and coat hangers, and fitted the face with glass eyes. 
As the skin of the corpse decomposed, Tanzler replaced it with silk cloth soaked in wax and plaster of paris. 
As the hair fell out of the decomposing scalp, Tanzler fashioned a wig from Hoyos's hair that had been collected by her mother and given to Tanzler not long after her burial in 1931.[7] Tanzler filled the corpse's abdominal and chest cavity with rags to keep the original form, dressed Hoyos's remains in stockings, jewelry, and gloves, and kept the body in his bed. 
Tanzler also used copious amounts of perfume, disinfectants, and preserving agents, to mask the odor and forestall the effects of the corpse's decomposition.[9] 
In October, 1940, Hoyo's sister Florinda heard rumors of Tanzler sleeping with the disinterred body of her sister, and confronted Tanzler at his home, where Hoyos's body was eventually discovered. 
Florinda notified the authorities, and Tanzler was arrested and detained. 
Tanzler was psychiatrically examined, and found mentally competent to stand trial on the charge of "wantonly and maliciously destroying a grave and removing a body without authorization."[1] After a preliminary hearing on October 9, 1940 at the Monroe County Courthouse in Key West, Tanzler was held to answer on the charge, but the case was eventually dropped and he was released, as the statute of limitations for the crime had expired.[1][7] 
Shortly after the corpse's discovery by authorities, Hoyos's body was examined by physicians and pathologists, and put on public display at the Dean-Lopez Funeral Home, where it was viewed by as many as 6,800 people.[8] Hoyos's body was eventually returned to the Key West Cemetery where the remains were buried in an unmarked grave, in a secret location, to prevent further tampering.[1] 
In 1944, Tanzler moved to Pasco County, Florida close to Zephyrhills, Florida, where he wrote an autobiography that appeared in the Pulp publication, Fantastic Adventures, in 1947. 
His home was near his wife Doris, who apparently helped to support Tanzler in his later years.[1] Tanzler received United States citizenship in 1950 in Tampa. 
Separated from his obsession, Tanzler used a death mask to create a life-sized effigy of Hoyos, and lived with it until his death on July 3, 1952.[9] His body was discovered on the floor of his home three weeks after his death. He died under the name "Carl Tanzler". 
It has been recounted that Tanzler was found in the arms of the Hoyos effigy upon discovery of his corpse, but his obituary reported that he died on the floor behind one of his organs. 
The obituary recounted: "a metal cylinder on a shelf above a table in it wrapped in silken cloth and a robe was a waxen image".[10] 
Her name was Maria Elena de Hoyos and she was a beautiful, 22-year-old woman. ↑ "Rosicrucian Digest". Supreme Council of the Rosicrucian Order. 
21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017 – via Google Books. ↑ "The Trial Bay Organ: A Product of Wit and Ingenuity," The Rosicrucian Digest, March 1939, pp.54–58, April 1939, pp.92–96. ↑ Harrison, Ben (2001). Undying Love: The True Story Of A Passion That Defied Death. 
St. Martin's Press. 
ISBN 0-312-97802-2. ... Tanzler left Germany, a country that was dispirited and defeated after the First World War, and sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States, ... ↑ Bhikkhu Nyanatusita & Hellmuth Hecker, The Life of Nyanatiloka Thera, Kandy, 2008, pp. 53–54. 
Work 
Martin Medňanský pseudonyms Dušan Sava Pepkin, Divinkov Svedernický, Martin Divinko Svedernicý, M.M. (Hungarian: Mednyánszky Márton; 10 November 1840 – 15 November 1891) was a Slovak Catholic priest, a poet and a publicist in the Kingdom of Hungary. 
He came from an old noble family Medňanský (Hungarian: Mednyánszky) from Medné. 
He was born on 10 November 1840 in Malá Divina (now Divinka) as the second of the eight children of his father Ľudovít and mother Jozefa née Nozdrovická.[1] He had studied at the local village school, then at Piarist grammar schools in Trenčín and Nitra. 
In Trenčín, he had several Czech professors what potentially influenced his views on the Czech-Slovak question. 
In Nitra he had studied also theology and was a member of Slovak educational society Slovak School.[1] After the abolishment of the society by the church hierarchy, he continued together with other students in private studies in the Slovak language. 
On 24 September 1864, he was ordained as a priest. 
His early ministry was spent in parishes in Lietava, Vysoká, Bošáca and Zliechov.[2] In 1869, he became a priest in Beckov where he spent the rest of his career. 
In 1891, he resigned because of illness and moved to Istebník (now a part of Trenčín) where he became known as a successful fruiterer and a vintner. 
He died on 15 November 1891 in Istebník.[2] 
Medňanský published his works in several Slovak journals, calendars and almanachs (Slovenské pohľady, Slovenský letopis, Slovenský kalendár, Slovenskosť, Slovenský Sion, Národnie noviny, Katolícke noviny, Obzor, Orol, Sokol, Tovaryštvo, Pútnik svätoštefanský /the editor in 1882 - 1885/). 
He also published in Czech journals (Obzor, Vlast, Pozor, Posvátná kazatelna), Polish journal Ruch literacki and in the press of Slovak Americans (Jednota). 
He also translated from French, German, Hungarian and Polish. 
Although his poetry was later published in two volume work Poesie Dušana Savy Pepkina, he was more recognized as the author of prose. 
Medňanský was a member of numerous Slovak-affiliated philanthropic and patriotic societies (Radhošť, Muzálna slovenská spoločnosť, Dedičstvo sv. Cyrila a Metoda, Spolok svätého Vojtecha).[3] As a nobleman, he was proud of his Slovak origin and tried to demonstrate that this is not in the conflict with his privileged position.[4] He was a co-organiser of collection for Museum in Martin, donated his library to Ľudovít Vladimír Rizner (one of founders of Slovak bibliography) and performed several similar cultural and national aware activities. 
Life 
Sources 
ISBN 9788089388677. 
Easter egg games 
Egg hunts 
Egg rolling 
Patterning 
Symbolism and related customs 
Colouring 
Decorated Easter eggs 
Easter eggs, also called Paschal eggs,[1] are decorated eggs that are usually used as gifts on the occasion of Easter. As such, Easter eggs are common during the season of Eastertide (Easter season). 
The oldest tradition is to use dyed and painted chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute chocolate eggs wrapped in colored foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate. 
However, real eggs continue to be used in Eastern European tradition. Although eggs, in general, were a traditional symbol of fertility and rebirth,[2] in Christianity, for the celebration of Eastertide, Easter eggs symbolize the empty tomb of Jesus, from which Jesus resurrected.[3][4][5] In addition, one ancient tradition was the staining of Easter eggs with the colour red "in memory of the blood of Christ, shed as at that time of his crucifixion."[3][6] This custom of the Easter egg can be traced to early Christians of Mesopotamia, and from there it spread into Russia and Siberia through the Orthodox Churches, and later into Europe through the Catholic and Protestant Churches.[6][7][8][9] This Christian use of eggs may have been influenced by practices in "pre-dynastic period in Egypt, as well as amid the early cultures of Mesopotamia and Crete".[10] 
A decorated ostrich egg with Punic artwork 
The practice of decorating eggshells as part of spring rituals is ancient,[11] with decorated, engraved ostrich eggs found in Africa which are 60,000 years old.[12] In the pre-dynastic period of Egypt and the early cultures of Mesopotamia and Crete, eggs were associated with death and rebirth, as well as with kingship, with decorated ostrich eggs, and representations of ostrich eggs in gold and silver, were commonly placed in graves of the ancient Sumerians and Egyptians as early as 5,000 years ago.[13] These cultural relationships may have influenced early Christian and Islamic cultures in those areas, as well as through mercantile, religious, and political links from those areas around the Mediterranean.[10] 
Red coloured Easter egg with Christian cross, from the Saint Kosmas Aitolos Greek Orthodox Monastery 
The Christian custom of Easter eggs, specifically, started among the early Christians of Mesopotamia, who stained eggs with red colouring "in memory of the blood of Christ, shed at His crucifixion".[7][14][6][8][9] The Christian Church officially adopted the custom, regarding the eggs as a symbol of the resurrection of Jesus, with the Roman Ritual, the first edition of which was published in 1610 but which has texts of much older date, containing among the Easter Blessings of Food, one for eggs, along with those for lamb, bread, and new produce. The blessing is for consumption as a food, rather than decorated.[8][9] 
Influential 19th century folklorist and philologist Jacob Grimm speculates, in the second volume of his Deutsche Mythologie, that the folk custom of Easter eggs among the continental Germanic peoples may have stemmed from springtime festivities of a Germanic goddess known in Old English as Ēostre (namesake of modern English Easter) and possibly known in Old High German as *Ostara (and thus namesake of Modern German Ostern 'Easter'): 
Blessing of Easter foods in Poland 
Red coloured Easter eggs 
In some countries like Sweden, Norway and Germany eggs are used as a table decoration hanging on a tree-branch 
Some Christians symbolically link the cracking open of Easter eggs with the empty tomb of Jesus.[17] 
In the Orthodox churches, Easter eggs are blessed by the priest at the end of the Paschal Vigil (which is equivalent to Holy Saturday), and distributed to the faithful. 
The egg is seen by followers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection: while being dormant it contains a new life sealed within it.[3][4] 
Similarly, in the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, the so-called święconka, i.e. blessing of decorative baskets with a sampling of Easter eggs and other symbolic foods, is one of the most enduring and beloved Polish traditions on Holy Saturday. 
In Greece, women traditionally dye the eggs with onion skins and vinegar on Thursday (also the day of Communion). 
These ceremonial eggs are known as kokkina avga. They also bake tsoureki for the Easter Sunday feast.[18] Red Easter eggs are sometimes served along the centerline of tsoureki (braided loaf of bread).[19][20] 
The dying of Easter eggs in different colours is commonplace, with colour being achieved through boiling the egg in natural substances (such as, onion peel (brown colour), oak or alder bark or walnut nutshell (black), beet juice (pink) etc.), or using artificial colourings. 
Eggs hidden for an Easter egg hunt 
Egg rolling is also a traditional Easter egg game played with eggs at Easter. 
In the United Kingdom, Germany, and other countries children traditionally rolled eggs down hillsides at Easter.[27] This tradition was taken to the New World by European settlers,[27][28] and continues to this day each Easter with an Easter egg roll on the White House lawn. 
Different nations have different versions of the game. 
In Mesopotamia children secured during the 40-day period following Easter day as many eggs as possible and dyed them red, "in memory of the blood of Christ shed at that time of his Crucifixion"--a rationalization. Dyed eggs were sold in the market, green and yellow being favorite colors. 
The use of eggs at Easter seems to have come from Persia into the Greek Christian Churches of Mesopotamia, thence to Russia and Siberia through the medium of Orthodox Christianity. 
From the Greek Church the custom was adopted by either the Roman Catholics or the Protestants and then spread through Europe. 1 2 3 4 Donahoe's Magazine, Volume 5. T.B. Noonan. 
1881. Retrieved 7 April 2012. The early Christians of Mesopotamia had the custom of dyeing and decorating eggs at Easter. 
They were stained red, in memory of the blood of Christ, shed at His crucifixion. 
The Church adopted the custom, and regarded the eggs as the emblem of the resurrection, as is evinced by the benediction of Pope Paul V., about 1610, which reads thus: "Bless, O Lord! we beseech thee, this thy creature of eggs, that it may become a wholesome sustenance to thy faithful servants, eating it in thankfulness to thee on account of the resurrection of the Lord." Thus the custom has come down from ages lost in antiquity.) 1 2 3 4 Vicki K. Black (1 Jul 2004). Welcome to the Church Year: An Introduction to the Seasons of the Episcopal Church. 
Church Publishing, Inc. 
The Christians of this region in Mesopotamia were probably the first to connect the decorating of eggs with the feast of the resurrection of Christ, and by the Middle Ages this practice was so widespread that in some places Easter Day was called Egg Sunday. In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after services on Easter Day. 
Retrieved 2013-03-31. ↑ Treasures from Royal Tombs of Ur By Richard L. Zettler, Lee Horne, Donald P. Hansen, Holly Pittman 1998 pgs 70-72 ↑ Williams, Victoria (21 November 2016). Celebrating Life Customs around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 2. 
The history of the Easter egg can be traced back to the time of the advent of Christianity in Mesopotamia (around the first to the third century), when people use to stain eggs red as a reminder of the blood spilled by Christ during the Crucifixion. In time, the Christian church in general adopted this custom with the eggs considered to be a symbol of both Christ's death and Resurrection. Moreover, in the earliest days of Christianity Easter eggs were considered symbolic of the thomb in which Jesus's corpse was laid after the Crucifixion for eggs, as a near universal symbol of fertility and life, were like Jesus's tomb, something from which new life came forth. ↑ The Roman Ritual. 
London: George Bell and Sons. pp780-781 ↑ Allen, Emily (25 December 2016). 
"When is Easter 2016? 
What are the dates for Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday". 
The Daily Telegraph. 
Retrieved 26 February 2016. Eggs illustrate new life, just as Jesus began his new life on East Sunday after the miracle of his resurrection. When eggs are cracked open they are said to symbolise an empty tomb. ↑ Wagstaff, Natalie. 
"Kalo Paska - Happy Easter". ↑ "Today's Recipe from Our Files: Greek Easter bread, Tsoueki". ↑ Red and Butter, Martha Stewart magazine ↑ "How to Dye Easter eggs naturally without a box onion skins beets cabbage". seriouseats.com. ↑ "Natural Easter Eggs 3 Ways!/ with nylon stockings". natashaskitchen.com. ↑ Culture – Pysanky, Ukrainian International Directory ↑ Yakovenko, Svitlana 2017, “The Magical Dyed Egg – Krashanka” in Traditional Velykden: Ukrainian Easter Recipes, Sova Books, Sydney 1 2 A. Munsey Pu Frank a. Munsey Publishers (March 2005). The Puritan April to September 1900. 
Kessinger Publishing. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4191-7421-6. ↑ Tillery, Carolyn (2008-03-15). 
1 2 "Easter Eggs - Egg Rolling". 
Inventors.about.com. 
2012-04-09. Retrieved 2012-09-24. ↑ "Easter Eggs: their origins, tradition and symbolism". Wyrdology.com. 
Retrieved 2008-03-15. ↑ "Scottish Country Dance of the Day | Butterscotch & Thistles". 
Scottish Country Dance of the Day | Butterscotch & Thistles. 
Retrieved 2018-01-08. ↑ "Pocking eggs or la toquette". 
Creolecajun.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2008-03-20. ↑ "If Your Eggs Are Cracked, Please Step Down: Easter Egg Knocking in Marksville". 
Lord, let the grace of your blessing + come upon these eggs, that they be healthful food for your faithful who eat them in thanksgiving for the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns with you forever and ever.[15] 
Croatian Easter basket 
Easter egg 
Colors for the Easter eggs 
Heated wax paint used to decorate traditional Easter Eggs in the Czech Republic 
When boiling them with onion skins leaves can be attached prior to dying to create leaf patterns. The leaves are attached to the eggs before they are dyed with a transparent cloth to wrap the eggs with like inexpensive muslin or nylon stockings, leaving patterns once the leaves are removed after the dyeing process.[21][22] These eggs are part of Easter custom in many areas and often accompany other traditional Easter foods. Passover haminados are prepared with similar methods. 
An egg hunt is a game in which decorated eggs, which may be hard-boiled chicken eggs, chocolate eggs, or artificial eggs containing candies, are hidden for children to find. 
The eggs often vary in size, and may be hidden both indoors and outdoors.[25] When the hunt is over, prizes may be given for the largest number of eggs collected, or for the largest or the smallest egg.[25] 
Publication ban 
Karla Leanne Homolka (born May 4, 1970),[2] known now as Leanne Teale,[3] is a Canadian serial killer who, with her first husband Paul Bernardo, raped and murdered at least three minors. 
She attracted worldwide media attention when she was convicted of manslaughter following a plea bargain in the 1991 and 1992 rape-murders of two Ontario teenage girls, Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French, as well as the rape and death of her sister Tammy.[4] 
Homolka and Bernardo were arrested in 1993. 
In 1995, Bernardo was convicted of the two teenagers' murders and received life in prison and a dangerous offender designation, the full maximum sentence allowed in Canada. During the 1993 investigation, Homolka stated to investigators that Bernardo had abused her and that she had been an unwilling accomplice to the murders. 
As a result, she struck a deal with prosecutors for a reduced prison sentence of 12 years in exchange for a guilty plea to the charge of manslaughter. 
Homolka scored 5/40 on the Psychopathy Checklist, in contrast to Bernardo's 35/40.[5] 
However, videotapes of the crimes surfaced after the plea bargain and demonstrated that she was a more active participant than she had claimed.[6][7] As a result, the deal that she had struck with prosecutors was dubbed in the Canadian press the "Deal with the Devil". 
Public outrage about Homolka's plea deal continued until her high-profile release from prison in 2005.[8] 
Following her release from prison, she settled in the province of Quebec, where she married again and gave birth to a boy. 
In 2007, the Canadian press reported that she had left Canada for the Antilles with her husband and their baby, and had changed her name to Leanne Teale.[9] In 2012, journalist Paula Todd found Homolka living in Guadeloupe, under the name Leanne Bordelais, with her husband and their three children.[10] On October 17, 2014, the jury in the first-degree murder trial of Luka Magnotta heard that Homolka is living in Quebec.[11] In May 2017, it was reported that Homolka has been volunteering at her children's elementary school in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, a Montreal neighbourhood.[12][13] 
Citing the need to protect Bernardo's right to a fair trial, a publication ban was imposed on Homolka's preliminary inquiry.[16] 
The Crown had applied for the ban imposed on July 5, 1993, by Mr. Justice Francis Kovacs of the Ontario Court (General Division). 
Homolka, through her lawyers, supported the ban, whereas Bernardo's lawyers argued that he would be prejudiced by the ban since Homolka previously had been portrayed as his victim. Four media outlets and one author also opposed the application. 
Some lawyers argued that rumours could be doing more damage to the future trial process than the publication of the actual evidence.[17] 
June 17, 2010. ↑ "Bernardo Trial Gets Underway". 
Thecanadianencyclopedia.com. 
Retrieved February 13, 2011. 1 2 "Murder Trial in Canada Stirs Press Freedom Fight." 
December 10, 1993. ↑ "Dov Wisebrod, "The Homolka Information Ban"". 
Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. 
Retrieved February 13, 2011. ↑ R. v. Domm (1996), 31 O.R. (3d) 540 (C.A.). ↑ "Microsoft Word – Word_rr_English.doc" (PDF). 
Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011. ↑ Vincent Larouche (December 15, 2007). 
During the summer of 1990, Bernardo became obsessed with Karla's younger sister, Tammy Homolka. 
Homolka agreed to assist Bernardo in drugging Tammy, seeing an opportunity to "minimise risk, take control, and keep it all in the family."[14] In July, "according to Bernardo's testimony, he and Karla served Tammy a spaghetti dinner spiked with Valium stolen from Karla's workplace. 
Bernardo raped Tammy for about a minute before she started to wake up."[15] 
Six months before their wedding in 1991, Homolka stole the anesthetic agent halothane from the Martindale Veterinarian Clinic where she worked. 
On December 23, 1990, after a Homolka family Christmas party, Bernardo and Karla Homolka drugged Tammy Homolka with the animal tranquilizers. 
Bernardo and Karla Homolka raped Tammy while she was unconscious. 
Tammy later choked on her own vomit and died. 
Before calling 911, they hid the evidence, redressed Tammy, who had a chemical burn on her face, and moved her into her basement bedroom. 
A few hours later Tammy was pronounced dead at St. Catharines General Hospital without having regained consciousness. 
Bernardo told police he tried to revive her, but failed, and her death was ruled an accident.[15] 
Karla Homolka 
Steven Anthony Ballmer (/ˈbɔːlmər/; born March 24, 1956[3]) is an American businessman, investor and philanthropist who was the chief executive officer of Microsoft from January 2000 to February 2014,[4] and is the current owner of the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). 
As of January 2018, his personal wealth is estimated at US$38.7 billion,[5] ranking him the 21st richest person in the world.[6] 
Forbes. ↑ Sarkozy fait Steve Ballmer chevalier de la Légion d'honneur on YouTube, AFP ↑ "Steve Ballmer Fast Facts". 
CNN. March 11, 2015. 
Retrieved January 28, 2016. 
1 2 "Steve Ballmer: Chief Executive Officer". 
Microsoft. 
March 1, 2005. 
Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. 
1 2 "Steve Ballmer". 
Retrieved August 23, 2017. ↑ "Forbes 400". 
Forbes. Retrieved August 23, 2017. ↑ "Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer to retire within 12 months". 
Steve Ballmer Ballmer in Las Vegas, 2010 Born Steven Anthony Ballmer (1956-03-24) March 24, 1956 Detroit, Michigan, U.S. Residence Farmington Hills, Michigan U.S. Alma mater International School of Brussels Harvard University (BA) Stanford University (dropped out) Net worth US$38.7 billion (January 2018)[1] Spouse(s) Connie Snyder (1990–present) Children 3 Awards Legion of Honour[2] 
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system. 
Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. 
They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. 
Dendritic cells are present in those tissues that are in contact with the external environment, such as the skin (where there is a specialized dendritic cell type called the Langerhans cell) and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature state in the blood. Once activated, they migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with T cells and B cells to initiate and shape the adaptive immune response. 
At certain development stages they grow branched projections, the dendrites that give the cell its name (δένδρον or déndron being Greek for "tree"). 
While similar in appearance, these are structures distinct from the dendrites of neurons. Immature dendritic cells are also called veiled cells, as they possess large cytoplasmic 'veils' rather than dendrites. 
Dendritic cells were first described by Paul Langerhans (hence "Langerhans cells") in the late nineteenth century. The term "dendritic cells" was coined in 1973 by Ralph M. Steinman and Zanvil A. Cohn.[1] For discovering the central role of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response,[2] Steinman was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 2007[3] and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011.[4] 
In blood 
Nonprimate 
In vivo – primate 
↑ Steinman, R. M.; Cohn, Z. A. (1973). 
"Identification of a Novel Cell Type in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs of Mice : I. Morphology, Quantitation, Tissue Distribution". 
The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 
137 (5): 1142–1162. doi:10.1084/jem.137.5.1142. 
PMC 2139237 . PMID 4573839. ↑ Banchereau J, Steinman RM (March 1998). "Dendritic cells and the control of immunity". 
Nature. 392 (6673): 245–52. doi:10.1038/32588. PMID 9521319. ↑ "The Lasker Foundation – 2007 Awards". 
Retrieved 2010-11-27. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2011". ↑ Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A (2002). "The instructive role of dendritic cells on T-cell responses". Arthritis Res. 4 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): S127–32. doi:10.1186/ar567. 
PMC 3240143 . 
PMID 12110131. ↑ McKenna K, Beignon A, Bhardwaj N (2005). "Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity". J. Virol. 
79 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.1.17-27.2005. PMC 538703 . PMID 15596797. ↑ Vanbervliet B, Bendriss-Vermare N, Massacrier C, et al. 
(September 2003). 
"The Inducible CXCR3 Ligands Control Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Responsiveness to the Constitutive Chemokine Stromal Cell–derived Factor 1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12". J. Exp. Med. 
198 (5): 823–30. doi:10.1084/jem.20020437. PMC 2194187 . PMID 12953097. ↑ Liu YJ (2005). 
"IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 
23 (1): 275–306. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115633. PMID 15771572. ↑ Dzionek A, Fuchs A, Schmidt P, Cremer S, Zysk M, Miltenyi S, Buck D, Schmitz J (2000). 
"BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood" (PDF). J Immunol. 
165 (11): 6037–46. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6037. PMID 11086035. ↑ Ziegler-Heitbrock, L; Ancuta, P; Crowe, S; Dalod, M; Grau, V; Hart, D. N.; Leenen, P. J.; Liu, Y. J.; MacPherson, G; Randolph, G. J.; Scherberich, J; Schmitz, J; Shortman, K; Sozzani, S; Strobl, H; Zembala, M; Austyn, J. M.; Lutz, M. B. (2010). "Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood". 
Blood. 116 (16): e74–80. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-258558. 
PMID 20628149. ↑ Ohgimoto K, Ohgimoto S, Ihara T, Mizuta H, Ishido S, Ayata M, Ogura H, Hotta H (2007). "Difference in production of infectious wild-type measles and vaccine viruses in monocyte-derived dendritic cells". Virus Res. 123 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.07.006. 
PMID 16959355. ↑ Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin M, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (2015). 
"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity". 
J Autoimmun. 57 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMC 4340844 . 
PMID 25578468. 
1 2 Smith, C. M.; Wilson, N. S.; Waithman, J; Villadangos, J. A.; Carbone, F. R.; Heath, W. R.; Belz, G. T. (2004). "Cognate CD4(+) T cell licensing of dendritic cells in CD8(+) T cell immunity". Nature Immunology. 
5 (11): 1143–8. doi:10.1038/ni1129. PMID 15475958. 1 2 Hoyer, Stefanie; Prommersberger, Sabrina; Pfeiffer, Isabell A.; Schuler-Thurner, Beatrice; Schuler, Gerold; Dörrie, Jan; Schaft, Niels (2014). 
"Concurrent interaction of DCs with CD4+and CD8+T cells improves secondary CTL expansion: It takes three to tango". 
European Journal of Immunology. 44 (12): 3543–59. doi:10.1002/eji.201444477. PMID 25211552. ↑ Stephens TA, Nikoopour E, Rider BJ, Leon-Ponte M, Chau TA, Mikolajczak S, Chaturvedi P, Lee-Chan E, Flavell RA, Haeryfar SM, Madrenas J, Singh B (Nov 2008). 
The morphology of dendritic cells results in a very large surface-to-volume ratio. That is, the dendritic cell has a very large surface area compared to the overall cell volume. 
The most common division of dendritic cells is "myeloid" vs. "plasmacytoid" (lymphoid): 
Name Description Secretion Toll-like receptors[5] Conventional dendritic cell (previously called Myeloid dendritic cell) (cDC or mDC) Most similar to monocytes. mDC are made up of at least two subsets: (1) the more common mDC-1, which is a major stimulator of T cells (2) the extremely rare mDC-2, which may have a function in fighting wound infection Interleukin 12 (IL-12) TLR 2, TLR 4 Plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) Look like plasma cells, but have certain characteristics similar to myeloid dendritic cells.[6] Can produce high amounts of interferon-alpha[7] and were previously called interferon-producing cells.[8] TLR 7, TLR 9 
The markers BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4 can be used to discriminate among the types.[9] 
Lymphoid and myeloid DCs evolve from lymphoid and myeloid precursors, respectively, and thus are of hematopoietic origin. 
By contrast, follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are probably of mesenchymal rather than hematopoietic origin and do not express MHC class II, but are so named because they are located in lymphoid follicles and have long "dendritic" processes. 
The blood DCs are typically identified and enumerated in flow cytometry. 
Three types of DCs have been defined in human blood: the CD1c+ myeloid DCs, the CD141+ myeloid DCs and the CD303+ plasmacytoid DCs. 
This represents the nomenclature proposed by the nomenclature committee of the International Union of Immunological Societies.[10] Dendritic cells that circulate in blood do not have all the typical features of their counterparts in tissue, i.e. they are less mature and have no dendrites. 
Still, they can perform complex functions including chemokine-production (in CD1c+ myeloid DCs), cross-presentation (in CD141+ myeloid DCs), and IFNalpha production (in CD303+ plasmacytoid DCs). 
In some respects, dendritic cells cultured in vitro do not show the same behaviour or capability as dendritic cells isolated ex vivo. 
Nonetheless, they are often used for research as they are still much more readily available than genuine DCs. 
Mo-DC or MDDC refers to cells matured from monocytes[11] HP-DC refers to cells derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells. 
While humans and non-human primates such as rhesus macaques appear to have DCs divided into these groups, other species (such as the mouse) have different subdivisions of DCs. 
Dendritic cell 
Blanca Martínez Suárez (born 21 October 1988), professionally known as Blanca Suárez, is a Spanish actress. 
She is best known for her performances on television series The Boarding School (2007–10), The Boat (2011–13), and the Netflix series Cable Girls. 
Blanca Suárez Suárez at the Berlinale 2017 Born Blanca Martínez Suárez (1988-10-21) 21 October 1988 Madrid, Spain Nationality Spanish Alma mater King Juan Carlos University Occupation Actress, model Years active 2007–present Partner(s) Javier Pereira (2009–11) Miguel Ángel Silvestre (2011–14) Dani Martín (2014) Joel Bosqued (2015–18) 
Charles Korvin (November 21, 1907 – June 18, 1998) was a film and television actor. 
The Hungarian actor (born Géza Korvin Kárpáthy) moved to the United States in 1940 after studying at the Sorbonne. 
Korvin made his stage debut on Broadway in 1943 using the name Geza Korvin. 
After signing a movie contract with Universal Pictures, he changed his stage name to Charles Korvin. 
He worked steadily through the 1940s, including appearing in three films with actress Merle Oberon. 
In the 1950s, after leaving Universal, he played a number of "villain" roles in films and television including a Russian agent named Rokov in Tarzan's Savage Fury starring Lex Barker as the title character. 
In 1957, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. 
On television, he played The Eagle on Disney's Zorro and played Latin dance instructor Carlos on The Honeymooners episode "Mama Loves Mambo." In 1959 he starred in the US/UK television series Interpol Calling. 
Korvin died at the age of 90 in Manhattan. 
Enter Arsène Lupin (1944) - Arsene Lupin This Love of Ours (1945) - Dr. Michel Touzac Temptation (1946) - Mahoud Baroudi Berlin Express (1948) - Perrot The Killer That Stalked New York (1950) - Matt Krane Tarzan's Savage Fury (1952) - Rokov, Russian Agent Lydia Bailey (1952) - Col. Gabriel D'autremont Sangaree (1953) - Felix Pagnol Thunderstorm (1956) - Pablo Gardia Ship of Fools (1965) - Capt. Thiele The Man Who Had Power Over Women (1970) - Alfred Felix Inside Out (1975) - Peter Dohlberg 
Charles Korvin Corvin in 1948. 
Born Géza Korvin Kárpáthy (1907-11-21)November 21, 1907 Piešťany, Slovakia Died June 18, 1998(1998-06-18) (aged 90) Manhattan, New York, U.S. Years active 1944-1993 Spouse(s) Helena Maria Fredricks (1945-1955) (divorced) Natasha Korvin (?-1998) (his death)[1] Children Edward Danziger Dorvin Katherine Pers 
Mecano was a Spanish pop band formed in 1981 and active until 1992. 
Mecano became one of the most successful Spanish pop bands of all time. 
The band is still the best-selling Spanish band to this date, reaching over 25 million albums worldwide.[1] They had a brief comeback in 1998. 
They were considered by some to be avant-garde for their time.[2] 
The band's lineup was singer Ana Torroja and brothers Nacho and José María Cano, who worked alongside session musicians such as Arturo Terriza, Manolo Aguilar, Nacho Mañó, Javier Quílez, Ángel Celada and Óscar Astruga. 
The trio's musical career spanned two distinct stages. 
The first, up to 1985, was essentially as a synthpop band; while on the second stage Mecano followed a more acoustic pop rock direction, with elements of ballad, dance, flamenco, bossanova, tango, salsa, rumba flamenca, bolero, pasodoble, and even reggae. 
The unprecedented success also hit Hispanic America. 
Also, thanks to adaptations to other languages of several of their songs, they influenced non-Spanish speaking countries such as Italy and France, as with their Une femme avec une femme. That foreign song remains to this date the one which has been for the most weeks at the top of the French charts. 
External links 
Albums 
Discography 
↑ "Grupo Mecano". 
Retrieved 15 May 2012. ↑ "Billboard". 
Retrieved 15 May 2012. ↑ https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=KHRBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=mecano+spandau+ballet&source=bl&ots=kJqvTYEB30&sig=3fKd9HMRRktQH2qE-evvc3B_JmM&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRzcme9MXMAhVDx2MKHbHOCXoQ6AEIPTAG#v=onepage&q=mecano%20spandau%20ballet&f=false ↑ http://www.revistavanityfair.es/celebrities/articulos/lista-singles-de-mecano-ana-torroja-jose-maria-cano-nacho-cano-hoy-no-me-puedo-levantar/21111 ↑ http://www.chartsinfrance.net/charts/9046/singles.php ↑ "Vuelve Mecano". ↑ www.elpais.com (25 November 2011). 
Some of their biggest number one singles include "Me Cuesta Tanto Olvidarte", "La Fuerza del Destino", Hijo de la Luna", "Cruz de Navajas", "Une femme avec une femme" ("Mujer contra Mujer", a worldwide number one hit), and "El 7 de Septiembre". 
Jonathan Aryan Jafari (born March 24, 1990), known by his internet pseudonym JonTron, is an American comedian, reviewer, and internet personality. 
He reviews video games, movies, and television shows of varying genres in a retrospective and comedic manner in his YouTube web series JonTron. 
Jafari was co-creator and former co-host of the Let's Play webseries Game Grumps, and co-created the video game entertainment website NormalBoots. 
As of July, 14 2018, Jafari has over 4.3 million subscribers and over 606 million views on his YouTube channel, JonTronShow. 
Retrieved April 27, 2017. ↑ J1Studios (February 26, 2015), JonTron Interview 2015, retrieved May 10, 2016 ↑ Jafari, Jon; Hanson, Arin (November 2, 2012). 
Game Grumps. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Ponce, Tony (September 25, 2013). 
"JonTron died and on the third day rose again". 
Destructoid. Destructoid. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ↑ Amini, Tina. 
"A Journey Through Bootleg Pokémon Games". www.kotaku.com.au. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ↑ Blevins, Joe (June 14, 2016). 
"There's a whole new world of crazy bootleg Disney video games". 
A.V. Club. 
Retrieved June 15, 2016. ↑ Allen, Kerry (June 23, 2016). 
"Disney sues over Chinese cartoon 'strikingly similar' to Cars hit". BBC. 
BBC Monitoring. Retrieved June 23, 2016. 1 2 Jafari, Jon; Hanson, Arin (November 3, 2012). 
Retrieved April 6, 2016. ↑ Chambers, Evan (May 10, 2015). 
"JonTron's StarCade: Episode 1 - Atari Games". 
Talk Amongst Yourselves. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ↑ Foxx, Chris (April 14, 2016). 
"Warcraft fans' fury at Blizzard over server closure". 
BBC. 
Retrieved April 15, 2016. ↑ "Ex-WoW Team Lead To Take Vanilla WoW Petition To Blizzard". WCCFtech. April 18, 2016. 
Retrieved October 20, 2016. ↑ LARROS_TWPS. 
"JonTron Finally Starts New Season. 
Finally. (@JonTronShow)". 
Mishka NYC. ↑ "A Legendary Pair of Boots Resurrect!". 
Talk Amongst Yourselves. 
"Hey everyone - Here's an announcement regarding the future of NormalBoots" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ↑ Ponce, Tony (July 18, 2012). 
"Egoraptor & JonTron twiddle their sticks, play some games". 
Destructoid. 
Retrieved April 6, 2016. ↑ "Is JonTron and Egoraptor's Breakup The End of 'Game Grumps'? 
Fans Sound Off on Social Media - New Media Rockstars". 
New Media Rockstars. 
Retrieved April 11, 2016. 
1 2 Amini, Tina (June 26, 2013). 
"Fans Are Upset Over YouTube Duo 'Game Grumps' Break-Up". Kotaku. 
Retrieved April 6, 2016. ↑ "Wondering Where JonTron Was All These Months?". 
Talk Amongst Yourselves. ↑ Nichols, C. 
"Titenic: the Song". Talk Amongst Yourselves. ↑ Hernandez, Patricia. "A Few Surprising Ways That Pokémon and Science Influenced Each Other". 
Kotaku. 
Retrieved April 6, 2016. ↑ Ponce, Tony (August 4, 2013). 
"Nintendo bred a new flower to market Pikmin on GameCube!?". 
Destructoid. 
Retrieved December 19, 2013. ↑ "Mike Tompkins, Pepsi Step Up To The Plate For The World Series". Tubefilter. 
October 24, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2016. ↑ "Love Is Like Drugs", Amazon, retrieved April 30, 2017 ↑ "Chart history of JonTron", Billboard, retrieved April 30, 2017 ↑ "Brilliant web animators team on Katy Perry charity cover vid". 
Monsters and Critics. 
Retrieved April 11, 2016. ↑ Zarnyx. 
"Interview with Art Director of 3D Collect-a-Thon Platformer, A Hat in Time". 
Talk Amongst Yourselves. 
Retrieved April 12, 2016. ↑ "Playtonic on Twitter". Twitter. 
Retrieved April 7, 2016. ↑ "Playtonic on Twitter". 
Twitter. 
Retrieved April 7, 2016. ↑ Christopher Dring (March 23, 2017). 
"Playtonic removes controversial YouTuber JonTron from Yooka-Laylee". 
Gamesindustry.biz. ↑ Nash, Charlie (November 18, 2016). 
"EXCLUSIVE – YouTube Star JonTron: 'I Don't Think People Will Trust' the Media Anymore". 
Breitbart. 
Retrieved April 26, 2017. 
1 2 Gach, Ethan (April 26, 2017). 
"YouTuber JonTron Tries To Clarify His Controversial Views On Race". Kotaku. 
Retrieved March 19, 2017. 
1 2 Gajanan, Mahita (March 14, 2017). 
"YouTube Star JonTron Under Fire for Controversial Comments on Race and Immigration". 
TIME. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ↑ McCormick, Rich (March 16, 2017). "When your child's favorite YouTube celebrity is a secret racist". 
The Verge. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ↑ "Debating JonTron". 
36:36 ↑ Good, Owen (March 14, 2017). 
"YouTuber JonTron reveals anti-immigrant views, loses subscribers". 
Polygon. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ↑ Tamburro, Paul (March 14, 2017). "The JonTron Controversy and Why Parents Should Be Wary of YouTube - CraveOnline". 
CraveOnline. 
Retrieved March 19, 2017. ↑ Khosravi, Ryan (March 15, 2017). 
"JonTron's Racist Tweets: Everything you need to know about the YouTube gaming scandal". Mic. 
Retrieved March 19, 2017. ↑ "JonTron's Losing YouTube Subscribers After Destiny Debate". 
Cultured Vultures. March 13, 2017. 
Retrieved March 19, 2017. ↑ Jackson, Gita (March 17, 2017). 
"Longtime Fans Of YouTuber JonTron Say They Can't Watch Him Anymore". Kotaku. 
Retrieved March 19, 2017. ↑ Sarkar, Samit (23 March 2017). 
"JonTron being cut from Yooka-Laylee after spouting racist views". 
Polygon. Retrieved 24 March 2017. ↑ Tucker, Jake (24 March 2017). 
"Playtonic remove controversial YouTuber JonTron from Yooka-Laylee". Develop. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ↑ Grubb, Jeff (23 March 2017). 
"Yooka-Laylee developer removes voice of YouTube personality JonTron after racist statements". 
Venture Beat. 
Retrieved 27 March 2017. ↑ Amato, Peter (23 March 2017). 
"Yooka-Laylee Dev Removes JonTron's Voice Acting After Racism Controversy". 
Paste Magazine. 
Retrieved 27 March 2017. ↑ Sinclair, Brendan (27 March 2017). 
"This Week In The Business: Lengthy Switch Shortages". 
Kotaku. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ↑ Frank, Allegra (October 5, 2017). "JonTron is still in A Hat in Time, but not without controversy". 
Polygon. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ↑ Alexander, Julia (December 5, 2017). 
"JonTron addresses anti-immigration remarks and fallout in new interview". 
Polygon. Retrieved April 14, 2018. ↑ "DLC Quest - VGFacts". www.vgfacts.com. ↑ "Date and Dump YouTube Personalities in This New Romantic Visual Novel". 
Motherboard. 
Retrieved May 3, 2016. ↑ Alex Carlson (November 2, 2014). 
"Asagao Academy: Normal Boots Club Lets You Date Youtubers | Hardcore Gamer". 
Retrieved May 3, 2016. ↑ "7 Awesome YouTube Gamers You Should Watch - CraveOnline". 
CraveOnline. 
August 30, 2013. ↑ "Top 10 YouTube Video Game Reviewers - TopX Ep.11". 
YouTube. 
January 29, 2015. ↑ Waxman, Olivia B. 
"These Are the Most 'Googled' Memes of 2015". 
TIME.com. 
Retrieved April 11, 2016. ↑ Tamburro, Paul (April 12, 2017). 
"JonTron's Removed Yooka-Laylee Voice Over Revealed". 
CraveOnline. 
Retrieved October 3, 2017. 
House and Senate 
Post-Vice Presidency (2001–present) 
Vice Presidency (1993–2001) 
Son's 1989 accident and first book 
Presidential run speculation 
Involvement in presidential campaigns 
Harvard, the Vietnam War, journalism, and Vanderbilt (1965–76) 
Criticism of Bush 
Early life and education 
President Bill Clinton installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay at Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, CA. 
March 9, 1996 
Vice President Gore and Tipper Gore, 1997 
Gore repeated his neutrality eight years later during the Democratic presidential primaries of 2016 until endorsing Hillary Clinton on July 25, 2016, the first day of that year's Democratic National Convention.[206] Gore appeared with her at a rally on Miami Dade College's Kendall Campus on October 11, 2016.[207][208] 
Gore receives the Nobel Peace Prize in the city hall of Oslo, 2007 
President George W. Bush meets with Al Gore and the other 2007 Nobel Award recipients, November 26, 2007 
Gore's speech on Global Warming at the University of Miami BankUnited Center, February 28, 2007 
In 2013, Gore became a vegan.[215] He had earlier admitted that "it's absolutely correct that the growing meat intensity of diets across the world is one of the issues connected to this global crisis – not only because of the [carbon dioxide] involved, but also because of the water consumed in the process"[216] and some speculate that his adoption of the new diet is related to his environmentalist stance.[216] In a 2014 interview, Gore said "Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet, really just to experiment to see what it was like. ... 
I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life."[217] 
Gore's An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, a sequel to his 2006 film, An Inconvenient Truth, premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. 
The film documents his continuing efforts to battle climate change.[218] 
A "Climate and Health Summit" which was originally going to be held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was cancelled without warning in late January, 2017.[219] A few days later, Gore revived the summit, which he will hold without the CDC.[220] 
In August 2017 during an interview with LADbible, Al Gore continued to show his support in the fight against climate change saying "Young people have the key role. 
This climate movement change is in the tradition of other great morally based movements that have advanced the cause of human-kind".[221] During the same interview he also said Donald Trump should 'resign' when asked what advice he would give him.[222] 
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Gore was criticized for his involvement in asking the EPA for less strict pollution controls for the Pigeon River.[233] 
Gore is the recipient of a number of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize (together with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007,[239][240][241] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007, a Webby Award in 2005 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for International Cooperation. 
He also starred in the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth, which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2007 and wrote the book An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, which won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2009.[8][242] 
President Obama praised Gore for advancing the cause of peace.[243] 
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. 
Gore was Bill Clinton's running mate in their successful campaign in 1992, and the pair was re-elected in 1996. 
Near the end of Clinton's second term, Gore was selected as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election but lost the election in a very close race after a Florida recount. 
After his term as vice-president ended in 2001, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him (jointly with the IPCC) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. 
Gore was an elected official for 24 years. 
He was a Representative from Tennessee (1977–85) and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the state's Senators. 
He served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. 
The 2000 presidential election was one of the closest presidential races in history. 
Gore won the popular vote, but after a controversial election dispute over a Florida recount (settled by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled 5–4 in favor of Bush), he lost the election to Republican opponent George W. Bush in the Electoral College. 
Gore is the founder and current chair of the Alliance for Climate Protection, the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management and the now-defunct Current TV network, a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc., and a senior adviser to Google.[1] Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading its climate change solutions group.[2][3] He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University, and the University of California, Los Angeles.[1][4][5][6] He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute.[7] 
Gore has received a number of awards that include the Nobel Peace Prize (joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album (2009) for his book An Inconvenient Truth,[8] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV (2007), and a Webby Award (2005). 
Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning (2007) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. 
In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Time's 2007 Person of the Year.[9] 
Gore was born on March 31, 1948 in Washington, D.C.,[10] the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. (1907–1998), a U.S. Representative who later served for 18 years as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline (LaFon) Gore (1912–2004), one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School.[11] Gore is a descendant of Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War.[12] His older sister Nancy LaFon Gore (1938–1984) died of lung cancer.[13] 
During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D.C.[14] During the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay[15][16] and raised cattle.[17] 
Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D.C., from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League.[18][19] He was the captain of the football team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art, and government.[11][14][20] He graduated 25th in a class of 51, applied to Harvard and was accepted.[18][19] 
Gore met Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson (b. 
1948) at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965. 
She was from the nearby St. Agnes School.[14] Tipper followed Gore to Boston to attend college,[13] and they married at the Washington National Cathedral on May 19, 1970.[13][21][22][23] 
They have four children—Karenna Gore (b. 
1973), Kristin Carlson Gore (b. 
1977), Sarah LaFon Gore (b. 
1979), and Albert Arnold Gore III (b. 
In June 2010 (shortly after purchasing a new home),[25] the Gores announced in an e-mail to friends that after "long and careful consideration", they had made a mutual decision to separate.[26][27] In May 2012, it was reported that Gore started dating Elizabeth Keadle of California.[28] 
Gore enrolled in Harvard College in 1965; he initially planned to major in English and write novels but later decided to major in government.[18][19] On his second day on campus, he began campaigning for the freshman student government council and was elected its president.[19] 
Gore was an avid reader who fell in love with scientific and mathematical theories,[19] but he did not do well in science classes and avoided taking math.[18] During his first two years, his grades placed him in the lower one-fifth of his class. 
During his sophomore year, he reportedly spent much of his time watching television, shooting pool, and occasionally smoking marijuana.[18][19] In his junior and senior years, he became more involved with his studies, earning As and Bs.[18] In his senior year, he took a class with oceanographer and global warming theorist Roger Revelle, who sparked Gore's interest in global warming and other environmental issues.[19][29] Gore earned an A on his thesis, "The Impact of Television on the Conduct of the Presidency, 1947–1969", and graduated with an A.B. cum laude in June 1969.[18][30] 
Albert Gore Sr. delivering a speech to the 1968 Democratic National Convention which the younger Gore helped him write 
Gore was in college during the era of anti-Vietnam War protests. 
He was against that war, but he disagreed with the tactics of the student protest movement. 
He thought that it was silly and juvenile to use a private university as a venue to vent anger at the war.[19] He and his friends did not participate in Harvard demonstrations. 
John Tyson, a former roommate, recalled that "We distrusted these movements a lot ... 
We were a pretty traditional bunch of guys, positive for civil rights and women's rights but formal, transformed by the social revolution to some extent but not buying into something we considered detrimental to our country."[19][31] Gore helped his father write an anti-war address to the Democratic National Convention of 1968 but stayed with his parents in their hotel room during the violent protests.[19] 
Tipper and Al Gore on their wedding day, May 19, 1970, at the Washington National Cathedral 
Gore has said that his other reason for enlisting was that he did not want someone with fewer options than him to go in his place.[35] Actor Tommy Lee Jones, a former college housemate, recalled Gore saying that "if he found a fancy way of not going, someone else would have to go in his place".[19][36] His Harvard advisor, Richard Neustadt, also stated that Gore decided, "that he would have to go as an enlisted man because, he said, 'In Tennessee, that's what most people have to do.'" In addition, Michael Roche, Gore's editor for The Castle Courier, stated that "anybody who knew Al Gore in Vietnam knows he could have sat on his butt and he didn't."[34] 
Meeting with Ivanka and Donald Trump 
Second presidential run (2000) 
Criticism against Gore 
Recount 
1992 presidential election 
Vanderbilt and journalism 
First presidential run (1988) 
After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."[60][61] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s.[32][62][63] In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment."[64] 
During his time in Congress, Gore was considered a "moderate" (he once referred to himself as a "raging moderate")[46] opposing federal funding of abortion, voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment in silence in schools, and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns.[47] In 1981, Gore was quoted as saying with regard to homosexuality, "I think it is wrong", and "I don't pretend to understand it, but it is not just another normal optional life style." 
In his 1984 Senate race, Gore said when discussing homosexuality, "I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm." 
He also said that he would not take campaign funds from gay rights groups.[48] Although he maintained a position against homosexuality and gay marriage in the 1980s, Gore said in 2008 that he thinks "gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women...to join together in marriage."[49] His position as a moderate (and on policies related to that label) shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000.[50] 
During his time in the House, Gore sat on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees, chairing the Science Committee's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations for four years.[44] He also sat on the House Intelligence Committee and, in 1982, introduced the Gore Plan for arms control, to "reduce chances of a nuclear first strike by cutting multiple warheads and deploying single-warhead mobile launchers."[32] While in the Senate, he sat on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Rules and Administration, and the Armed Services Committees.[32] In 1991, Gore was one of ten Democrats who supported the Gulf War.[32] 
Gore was one of the Atari Democrats who were given this name due to their "passion for technological issues, from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect."[32] On March 19, 1979, he became the first member of Congress to appear on C-SPAN.[51] During this time, Gore co-chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future with Newt Gingrich.[52] In addition, he has been described as having been a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House. 
Before computers were comprehensible, let alone sexy, the poker-faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues."[32][53] Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn noted that, 
as far back as the 1970s, Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high-speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship [...] the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. 
When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication.[54] 
Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986.[55] He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises."[54] 
As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).[56][57][58] The bill was passed on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway."[59] 
In August 1991, Gore announced that his son's accident was a factor in his decision not to run for president during the 1992 presidential election.[65] Gore stated: "I would like to be President[...]. 
But I am also a father, and I feel deeply about my responsibility to my children[...]. 
I didn't feel right about tearing myself away from my family to the extent that is necessary in a Presidential campaign."[65] During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S. Senator to make The New York Times Best Seller list since John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.[32] 
Gore campaigned for the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States against Joe Biden, Gary Hart, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Jesse Jackson, and Michael Dukakis (who eventually won the Democratic nomination). 
Gore carried seven states in the primaries, finishing third overall. 
Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson, who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election.[70][71] Gore's policies changed substantially in 2000, reflecting his eight years as Vice President.[72] 
Although Gore initially denied that he intended to run, his candidacy was the subject of speculation: "National analysts make Sen. Gore a long-shot for the Presidential nomination, but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates: a young, attractive, moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South. 
He currently denies any interest, but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand."[14] At the time, he was 39 years old, making him the "youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F. Kennedy."[14] 
CNN noted that, "in 1988, for the first time, 12 Southern states would hold their primaries on the same day, dubbed "Super Tuesday". 
Gore thought he would be the only serious Southern contender; he had not counted on Jesse Jackson."[66] Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina Primary, winning, "more than half the total vote, three times that of his closest rival here, Senator Albert Gore Jr. of Tennessee."[67] Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote: Jackson winning Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia; Gore winning Arkansas, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nevada, Tennessee, and Oklahoma.[32][66][68] Gore was later endorsed by New York City Mayor Ed Koch who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson. 
These statements cast Gore in a negative light,[66] leading voters away from Gore who received only 10% of the vote in the New York Primary. 
Gore then dropped out of the race.[32] The New York Times said that Gore also lost support due to his attacks against Jackson, Dukakis, and others.[69] 
Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.[32] Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience, work with the environment, and commitment to his family.[73][74] 
Clinton's choice was criticized as unconventional because rather than picking a running mate who would diversify the ticket, Clinton chose a fellow Southerner who shared his political ideologies and who was nearly the same age as Clinton.[32][73][75] The Washington Bureau Chief for The Baltimore Sun, Paul West, later suggested that, "Al Gore revolutionized the way Vice Presidents are made. 
When he joined Bill Clinton's ticket, it violated the old rules. 
Regional diversity? 
Not with two Southerners from neighboring states. 
Ideological balance? 
A couple of left-of-center moderates. [...] 
And yet, Gore has come to be regarded by strategists in both parties as the best vice presidential pick in at least 20 years."[76] 
Clinton and Gore accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention on July 17, 1992.[77][78] Known as the Baby Boomer Ticket and the Fortysomething Team, The New York Times noted that if elected, Clinton and Gore, at ages 45 and 44 respectively, would be the "youngest team to make it to the White House in the country's history."[73][79] Theirs was the first ticket since 1972 to try to capture the youth vote. 
Gore called the ticket "a new generation of leadership".[73][80] 
However, Gore had to compete with First Lady Hillary for President Clinton's influence, starting when she was appointed to the health-care task force without Gore's consultation. 
Vanity Fair wrote that President Clinton's "failure to confide in his vice president was a telling sign of the real pecking order", and reported "it was an open secret that some of Hillary's advisers...nurtured dreams that Hillary, not Gore, would follow Bill in the presidency".[82][83] 
Gore had a particular interest in reducing "waste, fraud, and abuse in the federal government and advocated trimming the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations."[32] During the Clinton Administration, the U.S. economy expanded, according to David Greenberg (professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University) who said that "by the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. 
Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged."[84] 
The ticket increased in popularity after the candidates traveled with their wives, Hillary and Tipper, on a "six-day, 1,000-mile bus ride, from New York to St. Louis."[81] Gore also debated the other vice presidential candidates, Dan Quayle, and James Stockdale. 
The Clinton-Gore ticket beat the Bush-Quayle ticket, 43%–38%.[32] 
The Clintons and the Gores, 1993 
Al Gore served as Vice President during the Clinton Administration. 
Clinton and Gore were inaugurated on January 20, 1993. 
At the beginning of the first term, they developed a "two-page agreement outlining their relationship". 
Clinton committed himself to regular lunch meetings; he recognized Gore as a principal adviser on nominations and appointed some of Gore's chief advisers to key White House staff positions. 
Clinton involved Gore in decision-making to an unprecedented degree for a Vice President. 
Through their weekly lunches and daily conversations, Gore became the president's "indisputable chief adviser".[32] 
According to Leslie Budd, author of E-economy: Rhetoric or Business Reality, this economic success was due, in part, to Gore's continued role as an Atari Democrat, promoting the development of information technology, which led to the dot-com boom (c. 
1995–2001).[85] Clinton and Gore entered office planning to finance research that would "flood the economy with innovative goods and services, lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry."[86] Their overall aim was to fund the development of, "robotics, smart roads, biotechnology, machine tools, magnetic-levitation trains, fiber-optic communications and national computer networks. 
Also earmarked [were] a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage."[86] Critics claimed that the initiatives would "backfire, bloating Congressional pork and creating whole new categories of Federal waste."[86] 
During the election and his term as Vice President, Gore popularized the term Information Superhighway, which became synonymous with the Internet, and he was involved in the creation of the National Information Infrastructure.[86] Gore first discussed his plans to emphasize information technology at UCLA on January 11, 1994, in a speech at The Superhighway Summit. 
He was involved in a number of projects including NetDay'96 and 24 Hours in Cyberspace. 
The Clinton–Gore administration also launched the first official White House website in 1994 and subsequent versions through 2000.[87] The Clipper Chip, which "Clinton inherited from a multi-year National Security Agency effort", was a method of hardware encryption with a government backdoor.[88] It met with strong opposition from civil liberty groups and was abandoned by 1996.[89][90] 
Gore was also involved in environmental initiatives. 
He launched the GLOBE program on Earth Day '94, an education and science activity that, according to Forbes magazine, "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment".[91] In 1998, Gore began promoting a NASA satellite (Deep Space Climate Observatory) that would provide a constant view of the Earth, marking the first time such an image would have been made since The Blue Marble photo from the 1972 Apollo 17 mission.[92] During this time, he also became associated with Digital Earth.[93] 
Glenn T. Seaborg with Gore in the White House during a visit of the 1993 Science Talent Search (STS) finalists on March 4, 1993 
In 1996, Gore became involved in a finance controversy over his attendance at an event at the Buddhist Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California.[32] In an interview on NBC's Today the following year, Gore said, "I did not know that it was a fund-raiser. 
I knew it was a political event, and I knew there were finance people that were going to be present, and so that alone should have told me, 'This is inappropriate and this is a mistake; don't do this.' 
And I take responsibility for that. 
It was a mistake."[99] In March 1997, Gore had to explain phone calls which he made to solicit funds for Democratic Party for the 1996 election.[100] In a news conference, Gore stated that, "all calls that I made were charged to the Democratic National Committee. 
I was advised there was nothing wrong with that. 
My counsel tells me there is no controlling legal authority that says that is any violation of any law."[101] The phrase "no controlling legal authority" was criticized by columnist Charles Krauthammer, who stated: "Whatever other legacies Al Gore leaves behind between now and retirement, he forever bequeaths this newest weasel word to the lexicon of American political corruption."[102] Robert Conrad Jr. was the head of a Justice Department task force appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno to investigate Gore's fund-raising controversies. 
In Spring 2000, Conrad asked Reno to appoint an independent counsel to continue the investigation. 
After looking into the matter, Reno judged that the appointment of an independent counsel was unwarranted.[103] 
Gore negotiated and strongly supported the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gasses, but said upon his return that the administration would not submit the treaty to the Senate for ratification until it was amended to include "meaningful participation by key developing nations",[94][95][96] The Senate had previously passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98), which declared opposition to any greenhouse gas treaty which would limit US emissions without similar limits on third-world countries such as China.[97][98] The Clinton administration left office three years later without having submitted the treaty for ratification. 
During the 1990s, Gore spoke out on a number of issues. 
In a 1992 speech on the Gulf War, Gore stated that he twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations.[104] In the wake of the Al-Anfal Campaign, during which Hussein staged deadly mustard and nerve gas attacks on Kurdish Iraqis, Gore cosponsored the Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988, which would have cut all assistance to Iraq.[104] The bill was defeated in part due to intense lobbying of Congress by the Reagan-Bush White House and a veto threat from President Reagan.[104] In 1998, at a conference of APEC hosted by Malaysia, Gore objected to the indictment, arrest and jailing of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's longtime second-in-command Anwar Ibrahim, a move which received a negative response from leaders there.[105] Ten years later, Gore again protested when Ibrahim was arrested a second time,[106] a decision condemned by Malaysian foreign minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim.[106] 
Soon afterward, Gore also had to contend with the Lewinsky scandal, which involved an affair between President Clinton and a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. 
Gore initially defended Clinton, whom he believed to be innocent, stating, "He is the president of the country! 
He is my friend [...] 
I want to ask you now, every single one of you, to join me in supporting him."[32] After Clinton was impeached, Gore continued to defend him stating, "I've defined my job in exactly the same way for six years now [...] to do everything I can to help him be the best president possible."[32][82][83] 
There was talk of a potential run in the 2000 presidential race by Gore as early as January 1998.[107] Gore discussed the possibility of running during a March 9, 1999, interview with CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. 
In response to Wolf Blitzer's question: "Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley", Gore responded: 
I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. 
And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. 
And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. 
I feel that it will be. 
But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. 
I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. 
During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. 
I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.[108] 
Former UCLA professor of information studies Philip E. Agre and journalist Eric Boehlert argued that three articles in Wired News led to the creation of the widely spread urban legend that Gore claimed to have "invented the Internet", which followed this interview.[109][110][111][112] In addition, computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued in his defense. 
Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn stated that "we don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he 'invented' the Internet. 
Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet."[54][110] Cerf would later state: "Al Gore had seen what happened with the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956, which his father introduced as a military bill. 
It was very powerful. 
Housing went up, suburban boom happened, everybody became mobile. 
Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues. 
His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the Internet. 
So he really does deserve credit."[113] In a speech to the American Political Science Association, former Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Newt Gingrich also stated: "In all fairness, it's something Gore had worked on a long time. 
Gore is not the Father of the Internet, but in all fairness, Gore is the person who, in the Congress, most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet, and the truth is—and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got [to Congress], we were both part of a "futures group"—the fact is, in the Clinton administration, the world we had talked about in the '80s began to actually happen."[114] Finally, Wolf Blitzer (who conducted the original 1999 interview) stated in 2008 that: "I didn't ask him about the Internet. 
I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley [...] 
Honestly, at the time, when he said it, it didn't dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having, because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what he said, which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative and creating the Internet to—I invented the Internet. 
And that was the sort of shorthand, the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him, as I'm sure he acknowledges to this very day."[115] 
Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy. 
In 2000, while on the Late Show with David Letterman he read Letterman's Top 10 List (which for this show was called, "Top Ten Rejected Gore – Lieberman Campaign Slogans") to the audience. 
Number nine on the list was: "Remember, America, I gave you the Internet, and I can take it away!"[116] In 2005 when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award "for three decades of contributions to the Internet" at the Webby Awards[117][118] he joked in his acceptance speech (limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules): "Please don't recount this vote." 
He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to joke: "We all invented the Internet." 
Gore, who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech, stated: "It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy."[118] 
During a speech that he gave on June 16, 1999, in Carthage, Tennessee, Gore formally announced his candidacy for president. 
His major theme was the need to strengthen the American family.[119] He was introduced by his eldest daughter, Karenna Gore Schiff.[119] In making the speech, Gore also distanced himself from Bill Clinton, who he stated had lied to him.[119] Gore was "briefly interrupted" by AIDS protesters claiming Gore was working with the pharmaceutical industry to prevent access to generic medicines for poor nations and chanting "Gore's greed kills."[119] Additional speeches were also interrupted by the protesters. 
Gore responded, "I love this country. 
I love the First Amendment [...] 
Let me say in response to those who may have chosen an inappropriate way to make their point, that actually the crisis of AIDS in Africa is one that should command the attention of people in the United States and around the world." 
Gore also issued a statement saying that he supported efforts to lower the cost of the AIDS drugs, provided that they "are done in a way consistent with international agreements."[120][121] 
While Bill Clinton's job-approval ratings were around 60%, an April 1999 study by the Pew Research Center for the People found that respondents suffered from "Clinton fatigue" where they were "tired of all the problems associated with the Clinton administration" including the Lewinsky scandal and impeachment. 
Texas Governor and likely Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush was leading Gore 54% to 41% in polls during that time. 
Gore's advisers believed that the "Lewinsky scandal and Bill's past womanizing...alienated independent voters—especially the soccer moms, who stood for traditional values". 
Consequently, Gore's presidential campaign "veered too far in differentiating himself from Bill and his record and had difficulty taking advantage of the Clinton administration's legitimate successes". 
In addition, Hillary's candidacy for the open Senate seat in New York exacerbated the "three-way tensions evident in the White House since 1993", as "not only was Hillary unavailable as a campaigner, she was poaching top Democratic fund-raisers and donors who would normally concentrate on the vice president". 
In one instance "Hillary insisted on being invited [to a Los Angeles fundraiser for the vice president]—over the objections of the event's organizers", where the First Lady "shocked the vice president's supporters by soliciting donations for herself in front of Tipper".[82] 
On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well.[135] Florida's Republican Secretary of State, Katherine Harris, eventually certified Florida's vote count.[136] This led to the Florida election recount, a move to further examine the Florida results.[137] 
Gore faced an early challenge by former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley.[119] Bradley was the only candidate to oppose Gore and was considered a "fresh face" for the White House.[122][123] Gore challenged Bradley to a series of debates which took the form of "town hall" meetings.[124] Gore went on the offensive during these debates leading to a drop in the polls for Bradley.[125][126] In the Iowa caucus the unions pledged their support to Gore, despite Bradley spending heavily in that state, and Bradley was much embarrassed by his two to one defeat there. 
Gore went on to capture the New Hampshire primary 53-47%, which had been a must-win state for Bradley. 
Gore then swept all of the primaries on Super Tuesday while Bradley finished a distant second in each state. 
On March 9, 2000, after failing to win any of the first 20 primaries and caucuses in the election process, Bradley withdrew his campaign and endorsed Gore. 
Gore eventually went on to win every primary and caucus and, in March 2000 even won the first primary election ever held over the Internet, the Arizona Presidential Primary.[127] By then, he secured the Democratic nomination.[128] 
On August 13, 2000, Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate. 
Lieberman became "the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation's second-highest office." 
Many pundits saw Gore's choice of Lieberman as further distancing him from the scandals of the Clinton White House.[129] Gore's daughter, Karenna, together with her father's former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones,[130] officially nominated Gore as the Democratic presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, California.[131] Gore accepted his party's nomination and spoke about the major themes of his campaign, stating in particular his plan to extend Medicare to pay for prescription drugs and to work for a sensible universal health-care system.[131] Soon after the convention, Gore hit the campaign trail with running mate Joe Lieberman. 
Gore and Bush were deadlocked in the polls.[132] They participated in three televised debates. While both sides claimed victory after each, Gore was critiqued as either too stiff, too reticent, or too aggressive in contrast to Bush.[133][134] 
The Florida recount was stopped a few weeks later by the U.S. Supreme Court. 
In the ruling, Bush v. Gore, the Justices held that the Florida recount was unconstitutional and that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline, effectively ending the recounts. 
This 7–2 vote ruled that the standards the Florida Supreme Court provided for a recount were unconstitutional due to violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and further ruled 5–4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline. 
This case ordered an end to recounting underway in selected Florida counties, effectively giving George W. Bush a 537[138] vote victory in Florida and consequently Florida's 25 electoral votes and the presidency.[139] The results of the decision led to Gore winning the popular vote by approximately 500,000 votes nationwide, but receiving 266 electoral votes to Bush's 271 (one District of Columbia elector abstained).[140] On December 13, 2000, Gore conceded the election.[141] Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but in his concession speech stated that, "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."[142] 
Bill Clinton and Gore had maintained an informal public distance for eight years, but they reunited for the media in August 2009. 
Clinton had arranged for the release of two female journalists who were being held hostage in North Korea. 
The women were employees of Gore's Current TV.[143] In May 2018, he was included as a member of the Indian Government committee to coordinate year long celebrations of Mahatma Gandhi's 150th birth anniversary from October 2, 2019.[144] 
Beginning in 2002, Gore began to publicly criticize the Bush administration. 
In a September 23 speech that he gave before the Commonwealth Club of California, Gore criticized Bush and Congress for the rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq. 
He compared this decision to the Persian Gulf War (which Gore had voted for) stating, "Back in 1991, I was one of a handful of Democrats in the United States Senate to vote in favor of the resolution endorsing the Persian Gulf War [...] 
But look at the differences between the resolution that was voted on in 1991 and the one this administration is proposing that the Congress vote on in 2002. 
The circumstances are really completely different. 
To review a few of them briefly: in 1991, Iraq had crossed an international border, invaded a neighboring sovereign nation and annexed its territory. 
Now by contrast in 2002, there has been no such invasion."[145][146] In a speech given in 2004, during the presidential election, Gore accused George W. Bush of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq.[147] The next year, Gore gave a speech which covered many topics, including what he called "religious zealots" who claim special knowledge of God's will in American politics. 
Gore stated: "They even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith."[148] After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Gore chartered two planes to evacuate 270 people from New Orleans and criticized the Bush administration's response to the hurricane.[149] In 2006, Gore criticized Bush's use of domestic wiretaps without a warrant.[150] One month later, in a speech given at the Jeddah Economic Forum, Gore criticized the treatment of Arabs in the U.S. after 9/11 stating, "Unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it's wrong [...] 
I do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the citizens of my country."[151] Gore's 2007 book, The Assault on Reason, is an analysis of what Gore refers to as the "emptying out of the marketplace of ideas" in civic discourse during the Bush administration. 
He attributes this phenomenon to the influence of television and argues that it endangers American democracy. 
By contrast, Gore argues, the Internet can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy."[152] In 2008, Gore argued against the ban of same-sex marriage on his Current TV website, stating, "I think that gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to make contracts, have hospital visiting rights, and join together in marriage."[153] In a 2009 interview with CNN, Gore commented on former Vice President Dick Cheney's criticism of the Obama administration. 
Referring to his own previous criticism of the Bush administrations, Gore stated: "I waited two years after I left office to make statements that were critical, and then of the policy [...] 
You know, you talk about somebody that shouldn't be talking about making the country less safe, invading a country that did not attack us and posed no serious threat to us at all."[154] 
While Gore has criticized Bush for his Katrina response, he has not spoken publicly about his part in the evacuation of 270 patients on September 3 & 4, 2005, from Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Tennessee. On September 1, Gore was contacted by Charity Hospital's Neurosurgeon Dr. David Kline, who had operated on his son Albert, through Greg Simon of FasterCures. 
Kline informed Gore and Simon of the desperate conditions at the hospital and asked Gore and Simon to arrange relief. On Gore's personal financial commitment, two airlines each provided a plane with one flight latter underwritten by Larry Flax. 
The flights were flown by volunteer airline crews and medically staffed by Gore's cousin, retired Col. Dar LaFon, and family physician Dr. Anderson Spickard and were accompanied by Gore and Albert III. 
Gore used his political influence to expedite landing rights in New Orleans.[149][155][156] 
Chris Anderson asks: "Will you run again?" 
Gore replies, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!" 
People were speculating that Gore would be a candidate for the 2004 Presidential Election (a bumper sticker, "Re-elect Gore in 2004!" was popular).[157] On December 16, 2002, however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004.[158] Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running. One observer concluded it was "Al Gore who has the best chance to defeat the incumbent president", noting that "of the 43 Presidents, only three have been direct descendants of former Presidents:" John Quincy Adams, Benjamin Harrison, and George W. Bush, that "all three won the office only after... anomalies in the Electoral College", that the first two were defeated for re-election in a populist backlash, and finally that "the men who first lost to the presidential progeny and then beat them" (i.e. Andrew Jackson and Grover Cleveland) "each won a sort of immortality—having his image placed on a unit of US currency", and that Gore should answer this call of history.[159] The draft movement, however, failed to convince Gore to run.[160] 
The prospect of a Gore candidacy arose again between 2006 and early 2008 in light of the upcoming 2008 presidential election. 
Although Gore frequently stated that he had "no plans to run", he did not reject the possibility of future involvement in politics which led to speculation that he might run.[161][162][163] This was due in part to his increased popularity after the release of the 2006 documentary, An Inconvenient Truth.[164] The director of the film, Davis Guggenheim, stated that after the release of the film, "Everywhere I go with him, they treat him like a rock star."[165] After An Inconvenient Truth was nominated for an Academy Award, Donna Brazile (Gore's campaign chairwoman from his 2000 campaign) speculated that Gore might announce a possible presidential candidacy during the Oscars.[166] During the 79th Academy Awards ceremony, Gore and actor Leonardo DiCaprio shared the stage to speak about the "greening" of the ceremony itself. Gore began to give a speech that appeared to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. 
However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying that it was a rehearsed gag, which he later acknowledged.[167][168] After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, speculation increased about a possible presidential run.[169] Gore's popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running, he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards.[170] Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage Gore to run.[171][172][173] Gore, however, remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency.[174] 
Gore speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado 
Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 Presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015, although he did not declare any intention to do so.[175][176] 
During the 2008 primaries, Gore remained neutral toward all of the candidates[184] which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a "compromise candidate" if the party decided it could not nominate one.[185][186] Gore responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process.[187][188] Senator Ted Kennedy had urged Gore to endorse Senator Barack Obama though Gore declined.[83] When Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3, 2008, speculation began that Gore might be tapped for the vice presidency.[189][190] On June 16, 2008, one week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign, Gore endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit, Michigan[191][192][193] which renewed speculation of an Obama-Gore ticket.[194] Gore stated, however, that he was not interested in being Vice President again.[195][196][197][198] On the timing and nature of Gore's endorsement, some argued that Gore waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 Presidential Election.[199][200] On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address, Gore gave a speech offering his full support.[201][202] Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected President during the 2008 Presidential election that Gore would be named a member of the Obama administration. 
This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama, Gore, and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9, 2008. However, Democratic officials and Gore's spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis, and Gore would not be joining the Obama administration.[203][204] On December 19, 2008, Gore described Obama's environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner, Steven Chu, and Lisa Jackson as "an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis."[205] 
After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Gore endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December 2003, weeks before the first primary of the election cycle.[177] He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman (Gore preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and Gore did not).[50][178][179] Dean's campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed, with Gore's early endorsement being credited as a factor. 
In The New York Times, Dean stated: "I actually do think the endorsement of Al Gore began the decline." 
The Times further noted that "Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr. Gore, a powerhouse of the establishment, so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it."[180] Dean's former campaign manager, Joe Trippi, also stated that after Gore's endorsement of Dean, "alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country, in every other campaign in the country", indicating that if something did not change, Dean would be the nominee.[181] Later, in March 2004, Gore endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry $6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid.[182] Gore also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[183] 
Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."[60][61] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s,[62] and is still prevalent in the environmental community. He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party."[63][209] 
In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment."[210] In the late 1990s, Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.[211][212] He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98),[97] which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".[213] 
In 2004, he co-launched Generation Investment Management, a company for which he serves as Chair. 
A few years later, Gore also founded The Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign. 
Gore also became a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading that firm's climate change solutions group.[2][3] He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts.[214] 
A conservative Washington D.C. think tank, and a Republican member of Congress, among others, have claimed that Gore has a conflict-of-interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green-energy technologies in which he has a personal investment.[223][224] Additionally, he has been criticized for his above-average energy consumption in using private jets, and in owning multiple, very large homes,[225] one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity.[226][227] Gore's spokesperson responded by stating that the Gores use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy-efficient.[228][229] 
Data in An Inconvenient Truth have been questioned. 
In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research",[230] he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. 
He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. 
Gore's spokeswoman responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film's fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool.[231] In 2009, Gore described the British court ruling as being "in my favor."[232] 
Organizations including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) criticized Gore for not advocating vegetarianism as a way for individuals to reduce their carbon footprint.[234] Gore agreed that meat production contributes to increased carbon emissions, but did not want to "go quite as far as ... saying everybody should become a vegetarian".[235] He said that although he was not a vegetarian, he had "cut back sharply" on his consumption of meat.[235] 
President Donald Trump's daughter, Ivanka, reported that she intended to make climate change one of her signature issues while her father served as President of the United States. 
She therefore contacted Al Gore, and he met with her and her father on December 5, 2016, at Trump Tower.[236] Following his visit, Gore spoke briefly to the media standing outside the elevator of Trump Tower. 
Gore related that: "I had a lengthy and very productive session with the president-elect. 
It was a sincere search for areas of common ground. 
I had a meeting beforehand with Ivanka Trump. 
The bulk of the time was with the president-elect, Donald Trump. 
I found it an extremely interesting conversation, and to be continued, and I'm just going to leave it at that."[237] This was a significant milestone, as Trump once tweeted that "[t]he concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."[238] 
388. ↑ "The Life of Al Gore, The Path to Politics". 
The Washington Post. 
December 31, 1999. 
Retrieved June 28, 2010. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Senate Historical Office staff. 
"Albert A. Gore, Jr., 45th Vice President (1993–2001)" (PDF). 
Special Collections. U.S. Senate Historical Office. 
Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2010. 
Retrieved June 29, 2010. ↑ Maraniss, David; Nakashima, Ellen (December 29, 1999). 
"Gore: To Serve or Not to Serve (The Life of Al Gore, Sixth in a series)". 
The Washington Post. 
Retrieved June 29, 2010. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 Henneberger, Melinda (July 11, 2000). 
"For Gore, Army Years Mixed Vietnam and Family Politics". The New York Times. 
Retrieved June 29, 2010. ↑ Talbott, Strobe (October 19, 1987). 
"Campaign Portrait, Al Gore:Trying to Set Himself Apart". 
Time. 
Retrieved July 7, 2010. 
1 2 Sack, Kevin (August 23, 2000). "The 2000 Campaign: The Vice President; Gore Tells Fellow Veterans He Is Dedicated to Military". 
The New York Times. 
Retrieved June 29, 2010. 
1 2 Wood, Thomas (February 29, 2008). 
"Nashville now and then: Young Al's big decision". 
Nashville Post. 
Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. 
Retrieved June 29, 2010. 
Retrieved June 29, 2009. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ↑ CNN staff (March 1, 2000). "Jesse Jackson endorses Gore for president". CNN. 
Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ↑ Sweeney, Kevin (December 1, 2000). 
"God bless Jesse Jackson". 
Salon. 
Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. 
Retrieved June 29, 2010. ↑ Spencer, Jane (September 20, 2000). 
"Who Cares Who Wins?". 
A NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Special for Students. PBS. 
Retrieved June 29, 2010. 1 2 3 4 Ifill, Gwen (July 10, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: Democrats; Clinton selects senator Gore of Tennessee as running mate". 
Retrieved June 30, 2010. ↑ Schleifer, Theodore (July 25, 2016). 
"Al Gore endorses Hillary Clinton". 
CNN. ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. 
Retrieved 2016-11-11. ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-11. ↑ "Albert A. Gore, Jr., 45th Vice President (1993–2001)". 
Retrieved June 30, 2010. ↑ "Partners: The Climate Project". 
Live Earth. April 18, 2010. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. 
Retrieved June 28, 2010. ↑ "Al Gore goes vegan, with little fanfare". 
The Washington Post. 
Retrieved November 26, 2013. 
1 2 Alman, Ashley (November 25, 2013). 
"Al Gore Goes Vegan". 
Huffington Post. 
Retrieved November 26, 2013. ↑ Gore, Al (March 7, 2014). 
I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life. ↑ Chang, Justin (2017-01-20). 
"Sundance: 'An Inconvenient Sequel' marks a welcome return to the spotlight for Al Gore". 
Los Angeles Times. 
Retrieved 2017-01-21. ↑ "CDC abruptly cancels long-planned conference on climate change and health". 
Washington Post. 
Retrieved May 18, 2017. ↑ "CDC's canceled climate change conference is back on — thanks to Al Gore". 
Washington Post. 
Retrieved May 18, 2017. ↑ "Al Gore Talks Climate Change, Trump And 'An Inconvenient Sequel'". 
LADbible. 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2017-08-21. ↑ "Al Gore has one piece of advice for Donald Trump – 'resign'". 
The Independent. 
2017-08-18. 
Retrieved 2017-08-21. ↑ Allen, Nick (November 3, 2009). 
"Al Gore urges Australia to move on carbon emissions trading" (Interview transcript). The 730 Report. 
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 
Retrieved June 30, 2010. ↑ Isikoff, Michael (November 23, 1997). 
"Gore's Pollution Problem". 
Newsweek. Retrieved July 20, 2015. (Subscription required (help)). ↑ "Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge". 
Retrieved June 30, 2010. ↑ Roston, Michael. 
"Gore Gets Praise From Obama, Clinton On Nobel Win". 
Huffington Post. 
Retrieved October 10, 2014. 
On April 3, 1989, Al, Tipper and their six-year-old son Albert were leaving a baseball game. 
Albert ran across the street to see his friend and was hit by a car. 
He was thrown 30 feet (9 m) and then traveled along the pavement for another 20 feet (6 m).[11] Gore later recalled: "I ran to his side and held him and called his name, but he was motionless, limp and still, without breath or pulse[...]. 
His eyes were open with the nothingness stare of death, and we prayed, the two of us, there in the gutter, with only my voice."[11] Albert was tended to by two nurses who happened to be present during the accident. 
The Gores spent the next month in the hospital with Albert. 
Gore also commented: "Our lives were consumed with the struggle to restore his body and spirit."[11] This event was "a trauma so shattering that [Gore] views it as a moment of personal rebirth", a "key moment in his life" which "changed everything."[11] 
Gore with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa as a journalist with the paper The Castle Courier 
When Gore graduated in 1969, he immediately became eligible for the military draft. 
His father, a vocal anti–Vietnam War critic, was facing a reelection in 1970. 
Gore eventually decided that enlisting in the Army would be the best way that he could contribute to the anti-war effort. 
This would also improve his father's reelection prospects.[32] Although nearly all of his Harvard classmates avoided the draft and service in Vietnam,[33] Gore believed if he found a way around military service, he would be handing an issue to his father's Republican opponent.[34] According to Gore's Senate biography, "He appeared in uniform in his father's campaign commercials, one of which ended with his father advising: 'Son, always love your country'."[32] Despite this, Gore Sr. lost the election.[34] 
After enlisting in August 1969, Gore returned to the anti-war Harvard campus in his military uniform to say goodbye to his adviser and was "jeered" at by students.[13][19] He later said he was astonished by the "emotional field of negativity and disapproval and piercing glances that ... certainly felt like real hatred".[19] 
Gore had basic training at Fort Dix from August to October, and then was assigned to be a journalist at Fort Rucker, Alabama.[34] In April 1970, he was named Rucker's "Soldier of the Month".[13] 
His orders to be sent to Vietnam were "held up" for some time, and the Gore family suspected that this was due to a fear by the Nixon administration that if something happened to him, his father would gain sympathy votes.[34] He was finally shipped to Vietnam on January 2, 1971, after his father had lost his seat in the Senate during the 1970 Senate election, becoming one "of only about a dozen of the 1,115 Harvard graduates in the Class of '69 who went to Vietnam."[34][37][38] Gore was stationed with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa and was a journalist with The Castle Courier.[39] He received an honorable discharge from the Army in May 1971.[13] 
Of his time in the Army, Gore later stated, "I didn't do the most, or run the gravest danger. 
But I was proud to wear my country's uniform."[36] He also later stated that his experience in Vietnam 
didn't change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. 
Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for.[40] 
Gore was "dispirited" after his return from Vietnam.[32] NashvillePost.com noted that, "his father's defeat made service in a conflict he deeply opposed even more abhorrent to Gore. 
His experiences in the war zone don't seem to have been deeply traumatic in themselves; although the engineers were sometimes fired upon, Gore has said he didn't see full-scale combat. 
Still, he felt that his participation in the war was wrong."[37] 
Although his parents wanted him to go to law school, Gore first attended Vanderbilt University Divinity School (1971–72) on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for people planning secular careers. 
He later said he went there in order to explore "spiritual issues",[24] and that "he had hoped to make sense of the social injustices that seemed to challenge his religious beliefs."[41] 
In 1971, Gore also began to work the night shift for The Tennessean as an investigative reporter.[42] His investigations of corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.[37] 
In 1974, he took a leave of absence from The Tennessean to attend Vanderbilt University Law School. His decision to become an attorney was a partial result of his time as a journalist, as he realized that, while he could expose corruption, he could not change it.[24] Gore did not complete law school, deciding abruptly, in 1976, to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives when he found out that his father's former seat in the House was about to be vacated.[24][43] 
Gore began serving in the U.S. Congress at the age of 28 and stayed there for the next 16 years, serving in both the House (1977–85) and the Senate (1985–93).[42] Gore spent many weekends in Tennessee, working with his constituents.[11][32] 
At the end of February 1976, U.S. Representative Joe L. Evins unexpectedly announced his retirement from Congress, making the Tennessee's 4th congressional district seat, to which he had succeeded Albert Gore Sr. in 1953 open. Within hours after The Tennessean publisher John Seigenthaler Sr. called him to tell him the announcement was forthcoming,[43] Gore decided to quit law school and run for the House of Representatives: 
Gore's abrupt decision to run for the open seat surprised even himself; he later said that "I didn't realize myself I had been pulled back so much to it." 
The news came as a "bombshell" to his wife. 
Tipper Gore held a job in The Tennessean's photo lab and was working on a master's degree in psychology, but she joined in her husband's campaign (with assurance that she could get her job at The Tennessean back if he lost). 
By contrast, Gore asked his father to stay out of his campaign: "I must become my own man," he explained. 
"I must not be your candidate."[32] 
Gore won the 1976 Democratic primary for the district with "32 percent of the vote, three percentage points more than his nearest rival", and was opposed only by an independent candidate in the election, recording 94 percent of the overall vote.[44] He went on to win the next three elections, in 1978, 1980, and 1982, where "he was unopposed twice and won 79 percent of the vote the other time".[44] In 1984, Gore successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate, which had been vacated by Republican Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker. 
He was "unopposed in the Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election going away", despite the fact that Republican President Ronald Reagan swept Tennessee in his reelection campaign the same year.[44] Gore defeated Republican senatorial nominee Victor Ashe, subsequently the mayor of Knoxville, and the Republican-turned-Independent, Ed McAteer, founder of the Christian right Religious Roundtable organization that had worked to elect Reagan as president in 1980.[45] 
Gore during his congressional years 
Pixel Federation, Ltd. is a Slovak game developing and publishing company headquartered in Bratislava, Slovakia. 
Founded in 2007, the company’s most successful titles are free-to-play browser and app games Diggy’s Adventures, Seaport, TrainStation and Emporea. 
It is one of the top 20 Facebook game developing studios in the EMEA region[1] and is mentioned among fast-growing tech startups in Central and Eastern Europe.[2] It has over 2 hundred employees and reached 28 million EUR of revenue in 2017.[3] 
↑ Starkell, Natasha. 
"Slovak Pixel Federation: how to get to the top 20 Facebook game developers list". Goal Europe. 
Retrieved 14 August 2018. ↑ Spisak, Anton. "The Danube Valley: central Europe's answer to Silicon Valley". FINANCIAL TIMES. 
Nikkei. Retrieved 14 August 2018. ↑ "PIXEL FEDERATION, s.r.o." finstat.sk (Slovak). Retrieved 14 August 2018. ↑ Pixel Federation's CEO Instagram post 
He is most remembered as the leader of two failed expeditions: In 1520 he was sent to Mexico by the Governor of Cuba Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, with the objective of stopping the invasion by Hernán Cortés which had not been authorized by the Governor. 
Even though his 900 men outmanned those of Cortés 3 to 1, Narváez was outmaneuvered, lost an eye and was taken prisoner. 
After a couple of years in captivity in Mexico he returned to Spain where King Carlos V named him adelantado, with the mission of exploring and colonizing Florida. 
In 1527 Narváez embarked for Florida with five ships and 600 men, among them Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca who later described the expedition in his Naufragios. 
A storm south of Cuba wrecked several of the ships. 
The rest of the expedition continued on to Florida, where the men were eventually stranded among hostile natives. 
The survivors worked their way along the US gulf coast trying to get to the province of Pánuco. 
During a storm Narváez and a small group of men were carried out to sea on a raft and were not seen again. 
Only four men survived the Narváez expedition. 
Pánfilo de Narváez was born in Castile (in either Cuéllar or Valladolid) in 1470 or 1478. 
He was a relative of Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, the first Spanish governor of Cuba. 
His nephew was Antonio Velázquez de Narváez. 
Bartolomé de las Casas described him as "a man of authoritative personality, tall of body and somewhat blonde inclined to redness"[4] 
In 1519, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, the governor of Cuba authorized and paid for Hernán Cortés to man an expedition to Mexico. 
But having second thoughts about Cortés' loyalty, he recalled the expedition shortly after embarking. 
Cortés disobeyed and proceeded with the planned expedition that would eventually result in the overthrow of the Aztec Empire. 
Arriving from Cuba Narváez was named governor of Mexico by Velázquez who sent him and 1400 men on 19 ships to México to intercept Cortés.[7]:280–281 
In the meantime, the deadly disease of smallpox spread from a carrier in Narváez's party to the native population of New Spain, killing many.[7]:282 
Pánfilo de Narváez Pánfilo de Narváez Born 1478 Died 1528 (age 50) Florida Cause of death Drowning[1] Nationality Spanish[2] Occupation Spanish Conquistador and Explorer[1] Employer Spain[2] Salary Permission to settle and rule the land from northern Mexico to the Florida peninsula[2] 
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 131, 164, 168. ↑ de las Casas, Bartolomé, Historia de las Indias (in Spanish), Book III, Ch. 
Osprey Publishing, pp. 49-50 ↑ Reséndez, Andrés (2007). 
A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca. 
New York: Basic Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-465-06841-8. ↑ Oviedo y Valdez, G. F., & Davenport, H. (1923). 
The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 27(2), 120-139. ↑ We Came Naked and Barefoot: The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca Across North America. By Alex D. Krieger. 
Edited by Margery J. Krieger. 
Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002 ↑ De Vaca, Alvar Nunez Cabeza (1993). 
Pupo-Walker, Enrique, ed. Castaways, The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. 
ISBN 0520070631. 
A guelta, close to Oubankort in Adrar des Ifoghas. 
Some examples include Guelta d'Archei in Chad and Timia in Niger. 
Camels in the Guelta d'Archei, in north-eastern Chad. 
A guelta (Arabic: قلتة‎, also transliterated qalta or galta; Berber: agelmam) is a pocket of water that forms in drainage canals or wadis in the Sahara.[1] The size and duration will depend on the location and conditions. 
It may last year-round through the dry season if fed by a source such as a spring.[1] When a river (wadi) dries up, there may be pockets of water remaining along its course (c.f. ox-bow lake).[1] In Western Sahara, gueltas correspond with oases.[1] 
1 2 3 4 Gene E. Likens, ed. (2010). Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective. 
Academic Press. p. 269. Retrieved June 5, 2014. 
Billabong - term for a similar type of body of water in Australia 
Plot 
Dinotopia is a four-hour (three-episode) TV miniseries co-produced by Walt Disney Television and Hallmark Entertainment. 
It is based on the fictional world of Dinotopia, a utopia in which sentient dinosaurs and humans coexist, created by American author James Gurney. 
The miniseries uses plot details from Gurney's first two Dinotopia books, Dinotopia and Dinotopia: The World Beneath, although it takes place in a time farther into the future. The main characters are two American teenage boys from a contemporary time frame (unlike the Victorian era castaways in the books—the film thus loses some of the classicism of the original books).[1] The boys crash their father's plane into the sea and get stranded on Dinotopia, where they must adjust to a new society. The story in the film contains references to many of the characters in the book series, with some of their descendents occupying key roles in the plot. 
The original score was composed by Trevor Jones. 
This score is performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Geoffrey Alexander. 
A pair of teenage half-brothers, Karl and David Scott, are on a flight with their father on his private plane when Karl takes over the controls, so his father can fall asleep. 
After flying into a storm, Karl struggles, causing Frank to retake control before it crashes into the ocean. 
Frank saves his sons, but has trouble escaping the crashed plane as his seatbelt fails to release. 
Karl and David wash up on the shore of a large uncharted island. 
Looking for help, Karl and David meet a man named Cyrus Crabb who leads them to Waterfall City, the capital of Dinotopia, a hidden civilization where human beings and dinosaurs peacefully coexist. 
In fact, some of the dinosaurs, notably a neurotic, but friendly Troodon named Zippo, possess human intelligence and speak perfect English. 
Among the many rules in Dinotopia is the edict that, once an outsider arrives, he or she is never allowed to leave. 
As Karl and David prepare to take their places in their new surroundings, both boys develop a strong bond with young Marion, who is on the verge of becoming a "matriarch" of the Dinotopian society. 
Legend has it that their ancestors lived in an underworld that was lit by sunstones. 
Cyrus has been stealing artifacts and books to try and find a way off the island. 
Zippo discovers all the stolen items, but Cyrus knocks him out and thows him in a water canal. 
Meanwhile, Karl finds a Dino egg and gets sent on a mission by himself. 
The sun-stones keep mysteriously breaking which causes the dinos to attack. 
David needs to learn to conquer his fears. 
Unfortunately, the incursion of vicious carnivores, not to mention an unanticipated human villain, threaten to destroy Dinotopia and everyone living there. 
Colin Salmon as Capt. Oonu; leader of the Skybax corps and the grandson of Oolu, who held the same position in the books. Hannah Yelland as Cadet Romana Denison; a Skybax rider, the daughter of the books' protagonist Will Denison and presumably of Sylvia. Lee Evans as Zippo (formally, Prof. Zippo Steneosaurus); a Troodon scholar and the former partner of Sylvia of the Hatchery, a supporting protagonist in the books. 
Stuart Wilson as Frank Scott; the father of David and Karl, believed killed in the storm that brought his sons to Dinotopia. Anna Maguire as Samantha, daughter of Waldo and Rosemary Seville and sister of Marion Waldo. Geraldine Chaplin as Grandmother Oriana; the only character from the books to appear in person in the series. 
↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 2008-04-25. 
Retrieved 2008-04-25. . Moria.co.nz, article, "Dinotopia" ?, 2002. ↑ . 
Nordihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). 
Like capsaicin, it is an irritant. 
Nordihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 7% of the total capsaicinoids mixture[2] and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. 
Pure nordihydrocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound. 
On the Scoville scale it has 9,100,000 SHU (Scoville heat units),[1] significantly higher than pepper spray. 
Capsaicin Dihydrocapsaicin Homocapsaicin Homodihydrocapsaicin Nonivamide Scoville scale Pepper spray Spice 
Nordihydrocapsaicin Names IUPAC name N-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-7-methyloctanamide Other names N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-7-methyloctanamide; N-Vanillyl-7-methyloctanamide; Vanillylamide of 7-methyloctanoic acid; NDHC Identifiers CAS Number 28789-35-7 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 147689 N ECHA InfoCard 100.208.673 PubChem CID 168836 InChI InChI=1S/C17H27NO3/c1-13(2)7-5-4-6-8-17(20)18-12-14-9-10-15(19)16(11-14)21-3/h9-11,13,19H,4-8,12H2,1-3H3,(H,18,20) N Key: VQEONGKQWIFHMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N InChI=1/C17H27NO3/c1-13(2)7-5-4-6-8-17(20)18-12-14-9-10-15(19)16(11-14)21-3/h9-11,13,19H,4-8,12H2,1-3H3,(H,18,20) Key: VQEONGKQWIFHMN-UHFFFAOYAS SMILES CC(C)CCCCCC(=O)NCC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)OC Properties Chemical formula C17H27NO3 Molar mass 293.41 g·mol−1 Solubility in water Negligible Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). 
N verify (what is YN ?) 
Infobox references 
Part V. Impact on Physiology, Pharmacology, Nutrition, and Metabolism; Structure, Pungency, Pain, and Desensitization Sequences". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 
29 (6): 435–474. ↑ Bennett DJ, Kirby GW (1968). 
"Constitution and biosynthesis of capsaicin". J. Chem. Soc. 
C: 442. doi:10.1039/j39680000442. 
Fluoroacetic acid is a chemical compound with formula CH2FCOOH. 
The sodium salt, sodium fluoroacetate, is used as a pesticide. 
It inhibits the aconitase step of the citric acid cycle.[1] 
References 
Fluoroacetate occurs naturally in at least 40 plants in Australia, Brazil, and Africa. 
It is one of only five known organic fluorine-containing natural products.[2] It was first identified in Dichapetalum cymosum, commonly known as gifblaar (Afrikaans) or poison leaf, by Marais in 1944.[3][4] As early as 1904, colonists in Sierra Leone used extracts of Chailletia toxicaria, which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts, to poison rats.[5][6][7] Several native Australian plant genera contain the toxin, including: Gastrolobium, Gompholobium, Oxylobium, Nemcia, and Acacia. 
Fluoroacetate occurrence in Gastrolobium species 
Gastrolobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. 
There are over 100 species in this genus, and all but two are native to the south west region of Western Australia, where they are known as "poison peas". 
Gastrolobium growing in south western Australia are unique in their ability to concentrate fluoroacetate from low-fluorine soils.[8] Brush-tailed possums, bush rats, and western grey kangaroos native to this region are capable of safely eating plants containing fluoroacetate, but livestock and introduced species from elsewhere in Australia are highly susceptible to the poison,[9] as are species introduced from outside Australia, such as the red fox. 
The fact that many Gastrolobium species also have high secondary toxicity to non-native carnivores is thought to have limited the ability of cats to establish populations in locations where the plants form a major part of the understorey vegetation.[10] 
See also 
Difluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid 
See also 
Masts 
Amerigo Vespucci, full-rigged ship of the Italian Marina Militare 
A full-rigged ship or fully rigged ship is term of art denoting a sailing vessel's sail plan with three or more masts, all of them square-rigged.[1] A full-rigged ship is said to have a ship rig or be ship-rigged. 
Sometimes such a vessel will merely be called a ship in 18th- to early-19th-century and earlier usage, to distinguish it from other large three-masted blue-water working vessels such as barques, barquentines, fluyts etc. This full or ship-rig sail plan thus is a term of art that differentiates such vessels as well from other working or cargo vessels with widely diverse alternative sail-plans such as galleons, cogs, sloops, caravels, schooners, brigs and carracks; some of which also have three masted variants (brigs, schooners, sloops, and galleons). 
The ship-rig sail plan also differs drastically from the large panoply of one and two masted vessels found as working and recreational sailboats. 
Alternatively, a full-rigged ship may be referred to by its function instead, as in collier or frigate, rather than being called a ship. 
In many languages the word frigate or frigate rig refers to a full-rigged ship. 
The masts of a full-rigged ship, from bow to stern, are: 
Foremast, which is the second tallest mast Mainmast, the tallest Mizzenmast, the third tallest Jiggermast, which may not be present but will be fourth tallest if so 
There is no standard name for a fifth mast on a ship-rigged vessel (though this may be called the spanker mast on a barque, schooner or barquentine). Only one five-masted full-rigged ship (the Flying P-Liner Preussen) had ever been built until recent years, when a few modern five-masted cruise sailing ships have been launched. 
Even a fourth mast is relatively rare for full-rigged ships. 
Ships with five and more masts are not normally fully rigged and their masts may be numbered rather than named in extreme cases. 
If the masts are of wood, each mast is in three or more pieces. 
They are (in order, from bottom up): 
The lowest piece is called the mast or the lower. 
Topmast Topgallant mast Royal mast, if fitted 
On steel-masted vessels, the corresponding sections of the mast are named after the traditional wooden sections. 
The lowest and normally largest sail on a mast is the course sail of that mast, and is referred to simply by the mast name: Foresail, mainsail, mizzen sail, jigger sail or more commonly forecourse etc. 
Note that even a full-rigged ship did not usually have a lateral (square) course on the mizzen mast below the mizzen topmast. 
Instead, the lowest sail on the mizzen was usually a fore/aft sail—originally a lateen sail, but later a gaff sail called a spanker or driver. 
The key distinction between a "ship" and "barque" (in modern usage) is that a "ship" carries a square-rigged mizzen topsail (and therefore that its mizzen mast has a topsail yard and a cross-jack yard) whereas the mizzen mast of a barque has only fore-and-aft rigged sails. 
The cross-jack yard was the lowest yard on a ship's mizzen mast. 
Unlike the corresponding yards on the fore and main mast it did not usually have fittings to hang a sail from: its purpose was to control the lower edge of the topsail. 
In the rare case that the cross-jack yard did carry a square sail, this sail would be called the cross-jack rather than the mizzen course. 
Above the course sail, in order, are: 
Topsail, or Lower topsail, if fitted. Upper topsail, if fitted. Topgallant sail, or Lower topgallant sail, if fitted. 
The division of a sail into upper and lower sails was a matter of practicality, since undivided sails were larger and, consequently, more difficult to handle. 
Larger sails necessitated hiring, and paying, a larger crew. 
Additionally, the great size of some late-19th and 20th century vessels meant that their correspondingly large sails would have been impossible to handle had they not been divided. 
Full-rigged sailing ship Christian Radich 
Ship Garthsnaid at sea, ca. 
The Borée stopped. 
Jibs are carried forward of the foremast, are tacked down on the bowsprit or jib-boom and have varying naming conventions. 
Staysails may be carried between any other mast and the one in front of it or from the foremast to the bowsprit. They are named after the mast from which they are hoisted, so for example a staysail hoisted to the top of the mizzen topgallant on a stay running to the top of the main topmast would be called the mizzen topgallant staysail. 
Full-rigged ship 
In light winds studding sails (pronounced "stunsls") may be carried on either side of any or all of the square rigged sails except royals and skysails. 
They are named after the adjacent sail and the side of the vessel on which they are set, for example main topgallant starboard stu'nsail. 
One or more spritsails may also be set on booms set athwart and below the bowsprit. 
One or two spankers are carried aft of the aftmost mast, if two they are called the upper spanker and lower spanker. 
A fore-and-aft topsail may be carried above the upper or only spanker, and is called the gaff sail. 
Glossary of nautical terms Rigging Sail Sail-plan Yard (sailing) 
Blue Lake (Croatian: Modro jezero or Plavo jezero) is a karst lake located near Imotski in southern Croatia. 
Like the nearby Red Lake, it lies in a deep sinkhole possibly formed by the collapse of an enormous cave.[1] The total depth from the upper rim is around 220 meters, while water depth varies with season. 
In spring, when the snow from surrounding mountains melts, it can reach 90 m, and in 1914 it reached 114 m, overflowing the southern rim. 
The lake is a popular destination for hiking and sight-seeing.[2] 
Maximum dimensions of the lake are around 800×500 m, but they significantly vary due to big changes in the water level.[3] At the end of the summer the lake may completely disappear.[3] 
In 1907 a road was built descending to the lake. 
In 1942, an earthquake caused a large landfall resulting in reduction of the lake's depth.[1] 
Official crossovers 
A crossover is the placement of two or more otherwise discrete fictional characters, settings, or universes into the context of a single story. 
They can arise from legal agreements between the relevant copyright holders, unauthorized efforts by fans or common corporate ownership. 
Crossovers often occur in an official capacity in order for the intellectual property rights holders to reap the financial reward of combining two or more popular, established properties. 
In other cases, the crossover can serve to introduce a new concept derivative of an older one. 
Copper(I) thiocyanate (or cuprous thiocyanate) is a coordination polymer with formula CuSCN. 
It is an air-stable, white solid used as a precursor for the preparation of other thiocyanate salts. 
CuSCN with NiO act synergically as a smoke suppressant additive in PVC. 
CuSCN precipitated on carbon support can be used for conversion of aryl halides to aryl thiocyanates.[10] 
Copper thiocyanate is used in some anti-fouling paints.[11][12] Advantages compared to cuprous oxide include that the compound is white and a more efficient biocide. 
Retrieved 14 January 2017. ↑ "Copper in Antifouling". ↑ V.F. Vetere et al, "Solubility and Toxic Effect of the Cuprous Thiocyanate Antifouling Pigment on Barnacle Larvae", Journal of Coatings Technology, 69:39 (March 1997) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02696144 
Synthesis 
Copper(I) thiocyanate forms from the spontaneous decomposition of dry black copper(II) thiocyanate, releasing thiocyanogen, especially when heated. 
It is also formed from copper(II) thiocyanate under water, releasing (among others) thiocyanic acid and the highly poisonous hydrogen cyanide.[1] It is conveniently prepared from solutions of copper(II) in water, such as copper(II) sulphate. 
To a copper(II) solution sulphurous acid is added and then a soluble thiocyanate is added (preferably slowly, while stirring[2]). 
Copper(I) thiocyanate is precipitated as a white powder.[3] Alternatively, a thiosulfate solution may be used as a reducing agent. 
Double salts 
Copper(I) thiocyanate forms one double salt with the group 1 elements, CsCu (SCN)2. 
The double salt only forms from concentrated solutions of CsSCN, into which CuSCN dissolves. 
From less concentrated solutions, solid CuSCN separates reflecting its low solubility.[1] When brought together with potassium, sodium or barium thiocyanate, and brought to crystallisation by concentrating the solution, mixed salts will crystallise out. 
These are not considered true double salts. 
As with CsCu (SNC)2, copper(I) thiocyanate separates out when these mixed salts are redissolved or their solutions diluted.[2] 
Uses 
Copper(I) thiocyanate is a hole conductor, a semiconductor with a wide band gap (3.6 eV, therefore transparent to visible and near infrared light).[8] It is used in photovoltaics in some third-generation cells as a hole transfer layer. 
It acts as a P-type semiconductor and as a solid-state electrolyte. 
It is often used in dye-sensitized solar cells. 
Its hole conductivity is however relatively poor (0.01 S.m−1. 
This can be improved by various treatments, e.g. exposure to gaseous chlorine or doping with (SCN)2.[9] 
Thiocyanogen, (SCN)2, is a pseudohalogen derived from the pseudohalide thiocyanate, [SCN]−. 
This hexatomic compound exhibits C2 point group symmetry and has the connectivity NCS-SCN.[1] The oxidation ability is greater than bromine. 
It reacts with water:[2] 
3(SCN)2 + 4H2O → H2SO4 + HCN + 5SCN− + 5H+ 
Thiocyanogen was originally prepared by the reaction of iodine with a suspension of silver thiocyanate in diethyl ether,[3] but this reaction suffers from competing equilibria attributed to the weak oxidizing power of iodine. 
An improved method for generating thiocyanogen entails oxidation of plumbous thiocyanate, which precipitates when aqueous solutions of lead(II) nitrate and sodium thiocyanate are combined. 
A suspension of anhydrous Pb(SCN)2 is treated with bromine in glacial acetic acid to afford a 0.1M solution of thiocyanogen that is stable for days.[4] Alternatively, a solution of bromine in methylene chloride is added dropwise to a suspension of Pb(SCN)2 in methylene chloride at 0 °C followed by filtration under argon to give a solution of thiocyanogen that should be used immediately.[5] 
Thiocyanogen adds to alkenes to give 1,2-bis(thiocyanato) compounds and reacts with titanacyclopentadienes giving (Z,Z)-1,4-bis(thiocyanato)-1,3-butadienes, which in turn can be converted to 1,2-dithiins.[1] Selenocyanogen, (SeCN)2, prepared from reaction of silver selenocyanate with iodine in tetrahydrofuran at 0 °C,[6] reacts in a similar manner to thiocyanogen.[5] 
References 
Anatoliy Vladimirovich Chepiga (Russian: Анатолий Владимирович Чепига, born 5 May 1979) is a Colonel in the GRU who served in Chechyna and has received the order of Hero of the Russian Federation,[1] the highest honour in the Russian Federation, and usually awarded personally by the President.[2] 
British investigative website Bellingcat and its partner The Insider claimed that Chepiga was one of the suspects in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and the killing of Dawn Sturgess, having travelled to the UK under the name Ruslan Boshirov.[3] 
↑ "ДВОКУ" . www.dvocu.ru. 
Retrieved 26 September 2018. ↑ "Skripal suspect 'real identity revealed'" . 
26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018 – via www.bbc.co.uk. ↑ Roth, Andrew; Dodd, Vikram (26 September 2018). "Salisbury poisoning suspect identified as Russian colonel" . the Guardian. 
Retrieved 26 September 2018. 
Related standards 
The W3C's Speech Interface Framework also defines these other standards closely associated with VoiceXML. 
ECMAScript – the scripting language used in VoiceXML OpenVXI – an open source VoiceXML interpreter SCXML – State Chart XML 
VoiceXML (VXML) is a digital document standard for specifying interactive media and voice dialogs between humans and computers. 
It is used for developing audio and voice response applications, such as banking systems and automated customer service portals. 
VoiceXML applications are developed and deployed in a manner analogous to how a web browser interprets and visually renders the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) it receives from a web server. 
VoiceXML documents are interpreted by a voice browser and in common deployment architectures, users interact with voice browsers via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). 
The VoiceXML document format is based on Extensible Markup Language (XML). 
It is a standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 
VoiceXML applications are commonly used in many industries and segments of commerce. 
These applications include order inquiry, package tracking, driving directions, emergency notification, wake-up, flight tracking, voice access to email, customer relationship management, prescription refilling, audio news magazines, voice dialing, real-estate information and national directory assistance applications. 
VoiceXML has tags that instruct the voice browser to provide speech synthesis, automatic speech recognition, dialog management, and audio playback. 
The following is an example of a VoiceXML document: 
<vxml version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"> <form> <block> <prompt> Hello world! </prompt> </block> </form> </vxml> 
When interpreted by a VoiceXML interpreter this will output "Hello world" with synthesized speech. 
Typically, HTTP is used as the transport protocol for fetching VoiceXML pages. 
Some applications may use static VoiceXML pages, while others rely on dynamic VoiceXML page generation using an application server like Tomcat, Weblogic, IIS, or WebSphere. 
Historically, VoiceXML platform vendors have implemented the standard in different ways, and added proprietary features. 
But the VoiceXML 2.0 standard, adopted as a W3C Recommendation on 16 March 2004, clarified most areas of difference. 
The VoiceXML Forum, an industry group promoting the use of the standard, provides a conformance testing process that certifies vendors' implementations as conformant. 
AT&T Corporation, IBM, Lucent, and Motorola formed the VoiceXML Forum in March 1999, in order to develop a standard markup language for specifying voice dialogs. 
By September 1999 the Forum released VoiceXML 0.9 for member comment, and in March 2000 they published VoiceXML 1.0. 
Soon afterwards, the Forum turned over the control of the standard to the W3C.[1] The W3C produced several intermediate versions of VoiceXML 2.0, which reached the final "Recommendation" stage in March 2004.[2] 
VoiceXML 2.1 added a relatively small set of additional features to VoiceXML 2.0, based on feedback from implementations of the 2.0 standard. 
It is backward compatible with VoiceXML 2.0 and reached W3C Recommendation status in June 2007.[3] 
↑ "Introduction – VoiceXML". 
Voicexml.org. Retrieved 2017-02-23..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Schwartz, Ephraim (2004-03-17). "W3C recommends VoiceXML 2.0". 
InfoWorld. Retrieved 2017-02-23. ↑ "Voice Extensible Markup Language (VoiceXML) 2.1". 
W3.org. Retrieved 2017-02-23. ↑ "Media Server Control (mediactrl)". 
Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-01-18. 
No. 75-2003. 
Retrieved 14 December 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Hayakawa, Hajime; Maejima, Hironori (2011). BepiColombo Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO) (PDF). 9th IAA Low-Cost Planetary Missions Conference. 
21–23 June 2011. Laurel, Maryland..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "BepiColombo to Enter Implementation Phase". 
26 February 2007..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Domingue, Deborah L.; Koehn, Patrick L.; et al. (August 2007). "Mercury's Atmosphere: A Surface-Bounded Exosphere". 
Space Science Reviews. 131 (1–4): 161–186. Bibcode:2007SSRv..131..161D. doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9260-9..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "BepiColombo: Fact Sheet". 
European Space Agency. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "BepiColombo - Testing general relativity". 
Retrieved 6 April 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "Mission Operations - Getting to Mercury". 
European Space Agency. Retrieved 7 February 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Clark, Stephen D.; Hutchins, Mark S.; et al. (2013). 
Washington, D.C. IEPC-2013-133..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 1 2 3 4 5 "Mercury Planetary Orbiter - Spacecraft". 
European Space Agency. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 1 2 3 "MMO (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter) : Objectives". 
Retrieved 7 February 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "Mercury Planetary Orbiter - Instruments". European Space Agency. 
15 January 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "Strofio". Discovery Program. 
NASA. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Yamakawa, Hiroshi; Ogawa, Hiroyuki; et al. 
Bibcode:2004AdSpR..33.2133Y. doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00437-X..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 1 2 "Mercury Exploration Project "BepiColombo"" (PDF). 
JAXA. 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "BepiColombo's lander". 
Official website 
Games developed 
SCS Software s.r.o. is a Czech video game development company based in Prague, Czech Republic. 
It primarily produces simulation games for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux, including the 18 Wheels of Steel and Truck Simulator series. 
SCS Software 
Investment management is the professional asset management of various securities (shares, bonds and other securities) and other assets (e.g., real estate) in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors. 
Investors may be institutions (insurance companies, pension funds, corporations, charities, educational establishments etc.) or private investors (both directly via investment contracts and more commonly via collective investment schemes e.g. mutual funds or exchange-traded funds). 
Some art forms combine a visual element with performance (e.g., cinematography) or artwork with the written word (e.g., comics). 
From prehistoric cave paintings to modern day films, art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying humankind's relationship with the environment. 
Retrieved 14 May 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Van Camp, Julie (22 November 2006). "Congressional definition of "the arts"". PHIL 361I: Philosophy of Art. 
California State University, Long Beach. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ↑ Onions, C. T; Friedrichsen, George Washington Salisbury; Burchfield, Robert William (1991). 
The Oxford dictionary of English etymology. Oxford: at The Clarendon Press. p. 994. ISBN 978-0198611127. 
OCLC 840291596. ↑ " Quadrivium". The New International Encyclopædia. Wikisource. 
"The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy." ↑ In his commentary on Martianus Capella's early fifth century work, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, one of the main sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts ↑ Rowlands, Joseph; Landauer, Jeff (2001). "Esthetics". Importance of Philosophy. 
Retrieved 28 October 2016. ↑ Harper, Douglas (2001–2016). "architect (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 29 October 2016. ↑ "Conceptual art". 
Retrieved 14 May 2017. ↑ "The definition of draftsman". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016. ↑ Perry, Lincoln (Summer 2014). 
"The Music of Painting". The American Scholar. 83 (3): 85. ↑ Miller, Ann (2007). 
Reading bande dessinée : critical approaches to French-language comic strip. p. 23. ISBN 9781841501772. 
OCLC 939254581. ↑ Honderich, Ted (2006). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001. 
ISBN 9780199264797. 
OCLC 180031201. ↑ Harper, Douglas (2001–2016). "theater (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. 
Retrieved 29 October 2016. ↑ Harper, Douglas (2001–2016). "dance (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 29 October 2016. ↑ "The New Face of French Gastronomy - Knowledge@Wharton". 
Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu. 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2018-05-08. ↑ "applied art" in The Oxford Dictionary of Art. 
Online edition. Oxford University Press, 2004. www.oxfordreference.com. 
Retrieved 23 November 2013. ↑ "Applied art | Define Applied art at". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-05-08. 
1 2 Parker, Felan (12 December 2012). "An Art World for Artgames". Loading... 
7 (11). ISSN 1923-2691. ↑ Borowiecki, Karol J.; Prieto-Rodriguez, Juan (2015). "Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions?". 
Journal of Cultural Economics. 
39 (3): 239–258. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.676.2381. doi:10.1007/s10824-014-9229-y. 
Culinary 
Medicinal 
Uses 
Mastic (Greek: Μαστίχα) is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). 
In pharmacies and nature shops, it is called "Arabic gum" (not to be confused with gum arabic) and "Yemen gum". In Greece, it is known as the "tears of Chios," being traditionally produced on that Greek island, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets. 
Originally a sap, mastic is sun-dried into pieces of brittle, translucent resin. 
When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum. 
The flavor is bitter at first, but after some chewing, it releases a refreshing, slightly pine or cedar-like flavor. 
Mastic has been harvested for at least 2,500 years since Greek Antiquity. 
The word mastic is derived from Greek: μαστιχειν, translit. mastichein "to gnash the teeth", which is also the source of the English word masticate.[1]. 
The first mention of actual mastic 'tears' was by Hippocrates. 
Hippocrates used mastic for the prevention of digestive problems, colds and as a breath freshener. 
Roman emperors used mastic along with honey, pepper, and egg in the spiced wine conditum paradoxum. 
Under the Byzantine Empire, the trade of mastic was made the emperor's monopoly. 
In the Ottoman Empire, the sultan gathered the finest mastic crop to send it to his harem. 
Producing the mastic resin is a whole-year process for the local growers. 
The harvest is known as kentos and takes place from the beginning of July to the beginning of October. First, the area around the trees is cleared and sprinkled with inert calcium carbonate. 
Then, every 4–5 days, 5–10 incisions are made in the bark of each tree to release the resin. 
As these clear drops hang from the tree, and sparkle in the sunlight, they are said to resemble crystalline teardrops; for this reason, the mastic resin is known as the "tears of Chios". 
It takes about 15–20 days for the first resin crystals to harden and fall to the ground. 
The farmers then collect the pieces of dry mastic and wash them in natural spring water, and spend most of the winter cleaning and separating the tears from the sand. 
This cleaning process is performed by hand and is regulated by the legislative framework of the Mastic Growers' Association. In addition to mastic, mastic oil is also produced. 
At present, there are twenty-four mastichochoria, or mastic villages on the island of Chios, which have been dedicated to the cultivation and production of mastic since the Byzantine era. 
Mastic production in Chios is protected by a European Union protected designation of origin. 
Mastic has been used as a medicine since antiquity and is still used in traditional folk medicine of the Middle East. In ancient Greece, it was given as a remedy for snakebite. 
The first-century Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides mentions the healing properties of mastic in his book De Materia Medica. 
Hippocrates wrote that the mastic is good for prevention of digestive problems and colds, and Galenus suggested that mastic was useful for bronchitis and for improving the condition of the blood. 
Mastic contains antioxidants and also has antibacterial and antifungal properties.[8] A University of Nottingham study published in The New England Journal of Medicine finds that mastic can cure peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori bacteria.[9] Other studies have indicated that mastic has only a modest ability to eliminate H. pylori but have also suggested that refining mastic by removing the polymer poly-β-myrcene may make the active components, particularly isomasticadienolic acid, more available and effective.[10] 
One study found that high consumption of Chios mastic powder results in decreased levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, ALT, AST, and GGT.[11] Mastic oil is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. 
In the past, it was also used in the manufacture of adhesive bandages. 
Mastic may have some value in preventing tooth decay[12] and gingivitis[13] as well as chewing mastic reduces oral bacteria. In medieval times, mastic was highly valued by sultans' harems as a breath freshener and a tooth whitener. In India and Persia, mastic was used to fill dental cavities. 
Chios mastic is a known spice in the Eastern Mediterranean. 
It is commonly used for baking and cooking, adding its aroma to foodstuffs such as brioches, ice-cream and other desserts.[14] It is especially known to the Arabian cuisine, but recently mastic is also increasingly used in Japanese cooking.[15] 
Mastichochoria 
The rarity of mastic and the difficulty of its production make it expensive. 
As a result, imitations in the form of other resins appear in the market, sold as "mastic", such as Boswellia or gum arabic. Other trees, such as Pistacia palaestina, can also produce a resin similar to mastic. 
Yet other substances, such as pine tree resin and almond tree resin, are sometimes used in place of mastic. 
↑ "Mastic @ The EpicentreThe Epicentre". 
Theepicentre.com. Retrieved 2013-06-18..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Belles, Christos (2005). Mastiha Island. 
Athens: Ellinika Gramatta Press. pp. 212–13. ISBN 978-960-89048-9-7..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "Mastiha Growers Association". www.gummastic.gr. 
Retrieved 2016-06-20..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Evgenia Choros. "Chios Mastic Museum Opened Its Doors on June 11th". 
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Burcincokuysal.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-06-18..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ TEMA Foundation. "Sakız Ağaçlarına Sevgi Aşılıyoruz Projesi'nde yeni bir dönem başlıyor". 
Retrieved 2014-06-06..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Koutsoudaki C, Krsek M, Rodger A (October 2005). "Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and the gum of Pistacia lentiscus Var. chia". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 
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PMID 9874617..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Mitakou S, et al. (February 2007). "In vitro and in vivo activities of Chios mastic gum extracts and constituents against Helicobacter pylori". 
PMID 17116667..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Triantafyllou, A.; Chaviaras, N.; Sergentanis, T. N.; Protopapa, E.; Tsaknis, J. (2007). "Chios mastic gum modulates serum biochemical parameters in a human population". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 
111 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.031. PMID 17150319..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Aksoy A, Duran N, Koksal F (June 2006). "In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effects of mastic chewing gum against Streptococcus mutans and mutans streptococci". 
51 (6): 476–81. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.11.003. PMID 16343417..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Takahashi K, Fukazawa M, Motohira H, Ochiai K, Nishikawa H, Miyata T (April 2003). "A pilot study on antiplaque effects of mastic chewing gum in the oral cavity". 
Journal of Periodontology. 74 (4): 501–5. doi:10.1902/jop.2003.74.4.501. PMID 12747455..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ co., Benetos John – Galatoulas George. 
"Chios Mastic gum information". www.mastic.gr..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Belles, Christos (2005). 
Mastiha Island. Athens: Ellinika Gramatta Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-960-89048-9-7..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "Amazon.com : Lebanese Chiclets – Mastic Flavor : Chewing Gum : Grocery & Gourmet Food". www.amazon.com..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "savoury mastic : anissa's blog". www.anissas.com..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Tosefta, tractate Shabbat. 
Chapter 13, Mishna 7..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ William Henry Burbank (1888). 
The Photographic Negative. p. 128..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 
HLM of Jardin Frémin, in Survilliers. 
In France, 72% of HLM (95% since 2000) are houses or small buildings of 20 apartments.[1] 
HLM (pronounced [aʃ ɛl ɛm]) is the acronym of Habitation à Loyer Modéré ("rent-controlled housing"), a form of private or public housing in France, Algeria, Senegal, and Quebec. 
HLMs constitute 16% of all housing in France.[1] There are approximately four million such residences, housing an estimated 10 million people.[1] The standard of living in the HLM housing projects is often the lowest in the country. 
HLM should not be confused with public housing in France; many HLM organizations are completely private, although many are also public. 
72% of HLMs built before 2001 (and 95% of those built between 2001 and 2011) are small buildings or individual houses. 
The average size of buildings is 20 apartments.[1] Construction of HLM is mainly financed by funds collected on Livret A, a type of savings account regulated by the Caisse des dépôts et consignations.[2] In 2011, the French people have placed 280 billion euros on this type of savings account.[3] 
Wildstylez Background information Born (1983-01-07) January 7, 1983 (age 35) Veenendaal, Netherlands Genres Hardstyle Years active 2007–present Labels Scantraxx, Q-Dance Records, Lose Control Music Associated acts Project One, Headhunterz, Noisecontrollers, Alpha², Brennan Heart Website wildstylez.nl 
Notable conceptions of a California megalopolis 
California Megalopolis Megaregion Los Angeles San Francisco San Diego Country United States Mexico State(s) California Nevada Baja California Population 41,888,491 
Futurists Herman Kahn and Anthony Wiener coined the name SanSan as an allusion to San Diego and San Francisco (along with BosWash and Chipitts) in The Year 2000[2][3] for a California megalopolis along the coast. 
The coastal emphasis does not conform to subsequent growth patterns extending to Metropolitan Sacramento and the Inland Empire. 
America 2050,[4] an organization sponsored by the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada.[5] This includes the Southern and Northern California megaregions in which Southern California includes Greater Los Angeles, San Diego–Tijuana, the Inland Empire and Las Vegas Valley.[6] 
Rank Urban agglomeration GMP Core citie(s) State(s) Census 2010 Census 2000 Growth 2000s 1 Los Angeles Metro $604.8 billion[13] Los Angeles CA 12,828,837 12,365,627 +3.75% 2 San Francisco Bay Area $487 billion[14] San Francisco Oakland San Jose CA 7,468,390 6,783,760 +10.09% 3 Inland Empire $133.3 billion San Bernardino Riverside CA 4,954,684 3,254,821 +52.23% 4 San Diego–Tijuana $136.3 billion[15] San Diego Tijuana CA–BC 4,947,694 4,129,433 +19.82% 5 Greater Sacramento $118.8 billion Sacramento CA–NV 2,461,780 2,069,298 +18.97% 6 Metro Las Vegas $103.3 billion Las Vegas Henderson NV 1,995,215 1,563,282 +27.63% 7 Metropolitan Fresno — Fresno CA 1,081,315 922,516 +17.21% 8 Metro Reno — Reno Sparks NV 477,397 377,386 +26.50% 9 Carson City — Carson City NV 55,274 52,457 +5.37% — — Total CA–NV–BC 36,364,071 32,271,777 +12.68% 
Northern California 
Coastal and Inland California 
Population 
Southern California 
Area composition 
The California megalopolis contains a total of 56 counties and municipalities, 46 in California, 6 in Nevada and 4 in Baja California. 
Of those 56, 26 are part of combined statistical areas in California and 5 are part of metropolitan areas in Nevada, while the remaining six are part of international metropolitan area. 
Jan 1968. ↑ http://www.america2050.org/about.html ↑ http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html ↑ "Southern California Megaregion". 
Retrieved March 5, 2011. ↑ "Archived copy". 
December 3, 2007. ↑ "North American Port Container Traffic - 2006" Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. - Port Industry Statistics - American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) - Updated May 14, 2007 - (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document) ↑ "U.S. Metro Economies: GMP – The Engines of America's Growth" (PDF). usmayors.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2011. 
Retrieved March 18, 2011. ↑ Abate, Tom (September 8, 2009). 
Beyond Megalopolis, by Virginia Tech's Metropolitan Institute, defines two megapolitan areas which extend from California into Nevada: NorCal, which includes the Reno, Nevada area, and the Southland which encompasses Greater Los Angeles, the Inland Empire, and San Diego and includes Metropolitan Las Vegas. 
None of the invented terms for a California megalopolis have ever achieved popular usage, as there has been little need for the general public to distinguish a California megalopolis from California as a whole or particular metropolitan areas such as the San Francisco Bay Area ("Bay Area") or the Greater Los Angeles Area ("L.A."). 
Northern California Megaregion 
California's economy as a whole is the largest of any state in the United States and is the fourth largest economy in the world.[10] The Northern California megaregion is home to the Silicon Valley with major corporations such as: Cisco Systems, Apple Inc., Oracle, EBay, Yahoo!, Facebook, YouTube, Google, and Hewlett Packard, the San Francisco Financial District (home to headquarters of various financial and business firms such as VISA, Wells Fargo, and Union Bank of California and is the largest financial district outside New York City), Wine Country, and much of the Central Valley which is one of the world's most productive agricultural areas, producing 8% of the nation's total crops. 
The centers of major national government offices, such as the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and the U.S. Mint, as well as the California State Capitol and the California Supreme Court are all located within the region. 
The Bay Area also has the largest concentration of multi-millionaire households of any metropolitan area in the country and the largest concentration of billionaires of any U.S. metropolitan area, almost more than the next three metropolitan areas combined.[11] 
Southern California Megaregion 
California megapolitan areas 
The Southern California megaregion is also a very economically important center in the U.S. Southern California is home to the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach (the first and second busiest container ports in the U.S. respectively) and the Port of San Diego.[12] The global center of the entertainment business, Southern California leads the world in the motion picture, television, and recorded music industry and is the home base for Hollywood, with studios such as The Walt Disney Company, ABC, Sony Pictures, Warner Bros., Universal Studios, MGM, Paramount Pictures, and 20th Century Fox headquartered here. 
Corporations such as Fox Sports Net, Guess, In-n-Out Burger, ARCO, Farmers, logistics, and many financial and banking companies are also based in the region. 
Southern California has long been the leading region in the U.S. for Aviation and Aerospace, and is one of the top five regions in the U.S. for the high-technology industry. 
Southern California is also one of the world's largest tourist industries thanks to its famous beaches, entertainment districts such as L.A. Live and Sunset Boulevard, and theme parks including Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm, and Universal Studios Hollywood. 
San Diego is an important port city, industrial, commercial, and shipbuilding center. 
It has a flourishing tourism industry, many research institutions, a large biomedical/biotechnology industry, and it is home to one of the largest concentrations of U.S. military bases and personnel of any large American city. 
Las Vegas is the largest city in Nevada, the world's second largest gambling/gaming center after Macau, and one of the fastest growing large cities and metropolitan areas in the United States. 
The vast, relatively sparsely populated area of Central California weakens the proposal that California constitutes a single megalopolis. 
The northern and southern regions continue to grow toward one another, however, with much of this recent urbanization occurring not along the expensive and crowded coast itself — or even along the somewhat developed first tier of interior coastal valleys — but farther inland along a north-south axis through the midsection of the state in the Central Valley, Antelope Valley, Inland Empire and San Joaquin Valley regions, all comparatively more affordable areas which are becoming increasingly suburbanized as they are within commuting distance (albeit often a long commute) of the state's major coastal cities.[8] 
California population density map 
Wasted Penguinz Wasted Penguinz, 2013 press picture. 
Background information Origin Helsingborg, Sweden Genres Hardstyle Years active 2008–present Labels Bazz Implant Records (2009) Scantraxx (2010–2012) Toff Music (2013-2014) Dirty Workz (2014–present) Website www.wastedpenguinz.com 
Work 
Works in Translation 
Kim Tong-ni (real name: Kim Sijong[4]) was born on November 24, 1913, in Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. 
Kim attended Gyeseong Middle School in Daegu before transferring to Kyungshin Middle School in Seoul. 
After family circumstances forced him to drop out, he devoted himself to reading in place of regular coursework. 
He read a tremendous number of books, including philosophy, world literature and Eastern classics. 
In fact, Kim's eldest brother Kim Beom-bu, who was a scholar of Chinese classics and a philosopher, had great influence on his extensive reading and his prospects of becoming a writer of Korean literature.[4] 
Kim was so poor from his childhood that hunger was almost part of his life. 
He once wrote that sometimes if there was any liquor remaining in the bowl after his father drank from it, he would gulp down even that leftover liquor to relieve his hunger.[5] In 1928, he dropped out of school in order to devote himself to writing.[3] He started his literary career by publishing poems in various newspapers at the age of 16. 
He made a name for himself in the Korean literary world with his short stories. 
Over the years he received numerous literary awards. Kim Dongri debuted as a poet in 1934 with the publication of the poem "White Heron" (Baengno) in the Chosun Ilbo and emerged as a fiction writer the next year when his story "A Descendant of Hwarang" (Hwarangui huye) was published in the JoongAng Ilbo.[3] 
He was also active in a number of organizations such as The Association of Young Korean Writers (Hanguk cheongnyeon munhakga hyeophoe), The Korea Academy of Arts (Daehanminguk yesurwon), and the Korean Writers' Association (Hanguk munin hyeophoe).[3] 
Kim was married to the writer Son So-hui (1917-1987).[6] Kim died on June 17, 1995. 
Kim's work deals with traditional and native Korean themes from a 20th-century perspective . 
As a right-wing writer and advocate of “pure literature,” Kim Dongri produced a series of critical essays opposing ideological literature, including The True Meaning of Pure Literature (Sunsu munhagui jinui, 1946) and The Theory of National Literature (Minjok munhangnon, 1948).[3] 
Kim Dong-ni's literary world, characterized by a mixture of traditional mysticism and humanist realism, investigated the idea of fate and man's place in the universe through the spiritual world of Korean tradition as it collided with foreign culture. 
His early works such as "The Portrait of Shaman" (Munyeodo, 1936), "The Post Horse Curse" (Yeongma), and "The Legend of Yellow Earth" (Hwangtogi) draw heavily on elements of traditional myth to explore the relations between shamanism and Confucianism, Christianity and Buddhism, fatalism and naturalism. 
"The Post Horse Curse" portrays a man's rebellion against and eventual acceptance of his fate as a wanderer; "The Portrait of Shaman," which was later expanded into a full-length novel entitled Eulhwa, depicts a conflict between a shaman mother and a Christian son. 
In the mother's suicide, the narrative predicts the decline of shamanism and ascendancy of newly imported Christianity. 
After the Korean War, Kim Tong-ni expanded his thematic concerns to include political clashes and the resultant suffering of people during the Korean War. 
"Hungnam evacuation" (Hungnam cheolsu), based on the actual event of the UN forces’ retreat from the city of Heungnam during the War, delves into the conflict between democracy and communism. 
"Dance of Existence" (Siljonmu) narrates a love story between a North Korean man and a South Korean woman that comes to an abrupt end when the man's wife from North Korea reappears. 
Apparent in these stories is the author's attempt to universalize elements of Korean tradition and spiritual identity by transposing them onto a contemporary reality. 
"The Cross of Shaphan" (Sabanui sipjaga, 1957), a fictional account of a man crucified next to Jesus, combines the subject of political strife with fatalistic attitude and critique of Western culture. 
In lieu of the otherworldly and removed God presented in "The Cross of Shaphan," "A Life-sized Figure of the Buddha" (Deungsinbul) suggests an image of God who embraces human suffering. 
Some of Kim's short stories were translated into English and plubished in the volume Loess Valley. 
The short story "Loess Valley" could be read as a parable for the crippling effect China has had on Korea in which a Chinese general "assassinates” a local mountain to ensure that no local Hercules can ever threaten China, but mainly it seems to be about two strong, sort of wife-swapping drunken Korean louts. 
Full of violence, it is an interesting story to read, but not one that leaves much of an impact. 
In "The Tableau of the Shaman Sorceress" is a Shaman who lives with her deaf and mute daughter. 
The daughter is re-united with her son who is now a Christian, and they fight for religious supremacy, with tragic results. 
Like "Loess Valley," it is long on trauma and violence. 
As in most cases with Kim, it ends in warfare. 
"The Rock" and "Two Reservists" are short, the first another tragic family story (featuring yet again an attempted murder), and the second about how a sense of family (including both love and loathing, but at least the violence is kept down to a mugging) grows between two reservists, both released from the army. 
The next two, and last stories by Kim, Cry of the Magpies and Deungshi-bul, were later released by KLTI and Jimoondang, and can be found and with reviews, elsewhere[7] 
The Shaman Sorceress - English ULHWA the Shaman - English ULHWA, la exorcista - Spanish Ulhwa, die schamanin - German 乙火 - Chinese La Chamane - French 
The Cross of Shaphan - English La Croix de Schaphan - French 
A Descendant of the Hwarang in A Ready-made Life: Early Masters of Modern Korean Fiction Greedy Youth in Collected Short Stories from Korea 
Kim Tong-ni (The romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea[2]) was a Korean writer.[3] 
Works in Korean (Partial) 
Awards 
Retrieved 26 May 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "Archived copy". 
Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) 1 2 3 4 5 "김동 " in the Korean Author’s Database at LTI Korea: http://klti.or.kr/ke_04_03_011.do# Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine 1 2 Great Novelist Kim Dong-ni Represents Korean Modern Literature, 2013.09.10, KBS World ↑ Dong-Ni Mok-Wol Literary Museum, KiWoong Jang, 2009_11_18일. http://www.worldyannews.com/news/quickViewArticleView.html?idxno=913 ↑ Naver people search| accessed 1/19/2014 http://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&sm=tab_ppn&query=%EA%B9%80%EB%8F%99%EB%A6%AC&os=102353&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService ↑ LOESS VALLEY And Other Korean Short Stories, Reviewed at KTLIT: http://www.ktlit.com/korean-literature/loess-valley-and-other-korean-short-stories 
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (/ˌtʃɪmɑːˈmɑːndə əŋˈɡoʊzi əˈdiːtʃeɪ/ (listen);[note 1]; born on 15 September 1977) is a Nigerian novelist, writer of short stories, and nonfiction.[3] She has written the novels Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), and Americanah (2013), the short story collection The Thing Around Your Neck (2009), and the book-length essay We Should All Be Feminists (2014). 
In 2008, Adichie was awarded a MacArthur Genius Grant. 
She was described in The Times Literary Supplement as "the most prominent" of a "procession of critically acclaimed young anglophone authors [who] is succeeding in attracting a new generation of readers to African literature".[4] Her most recent book, Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions, was published in March 2017.[5] 
Alojz Rigele (8 February 1879 – 14 February 1940) was an Slovak sculptor and painter.[1] He spent most of his life working in today's Bratislava, where numerous examples of his statues survive to this day. 
Rigele was considered to be among the leading sculptors in Slovakia before World War I. His specialty was sculpture, especially portrait. 
Together with Robert Kühmayer, Jozef Arpád Murmann and Alojz Stróbl, Alojz Rigele was part of a group of famous artists that influenced the art and architecture of the city of Bratislava.[2] This older generation of sculptors born before the 1900s often represented historical and social themes.[3] Rigele was an active member of the Pressburger Kunstverein group[4] and the Bratislava Beautification Association. 
The Alchymist from approximately 1920 is considered to be among Rigele's finest sculptures. 
Image Name / Translation Year Location / Coordinates Notes Christ the Saviour 1904 Pharmacy Salvator building, Panská Street No. 35, Old Town Made of stone. 
Dievča so srnkou (Diana) / Girl with a deer (Diane) 1942 upper part of Hviezdoslavovo square, Old Town Alojz Rigele is the co-author of the sandstone sculpture that is part of the fountain together with Robert Kühmayer. 
Gundel's plaquette Péter Pázmány's epitaph (1907) 
History of Bratislava List of fountains in Bratislava 
References 
Further reading 
Biography 
Gallery of works by Alojz Rigele (in Slovak) 
Alojz Rigele was born in 1879 in Pressburg (today Bratislava). 
His early education was at the modelling studio of the Bratislava decorative sculptor Adolf Messmer. 
He started exhibiting his works at Bratislava exhibitions since 1899. 
He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna from 1901 to 1908[1] under professor Jan Bitterlich and professor Edmund von Hellmer. 
As a winner of Péter Pázmány's epitaph in 1907, Rigele got a 2-year study opportunity at Rome where he lived from 1908 to 1910. 
In 1911, Rigele settled in Bratislava. 
He was a prolific author who took a large number of orders of varying scope, which resulted in the varying quality of his output. 
He created most of his works between 1897 and 1938. 
He received and declined numerous offers for professorship at universities in Prague and Budapest. 
Despite the arguable quality of some of his artworks, he never succeeded financially and he was not able to acquire his own professional studio. 
Alojz Rigele died in poverty in Bratislava in 1940. 
Rigele's studio 
Rigele created his works in his rented apartment inside the Lanfranconi Palace at today's Námestie Ľ. Štúra and in his studio inside a yard of a house on Štefánikova Street. 
The studio was located at that time at No. 27a; today it is located at No. 35 – 41 behind three residential buildings. The studio is a low, narrow wooden structure with one wall made of glass. It was built in the 1890s by local construction tycoon Karl Mahr. 
Štefánina Street was from the 1840s the main road connecting the Bratislava hlavná stanica with the city center. It was a street of luxury houses, palaces and villas. Karl Mahr acquired a land lot at this street which was used as a construction yard during the construction of buildings in the area. 
The yard was the headquarters of the notable stonemason company MAHR, which was owned by the unmarried sister of Karl Mahr. 
The Mahrs invested heavily into World War I war bonds that became valueless after the lost war. They had to sell all their houses and continued to live there as tenants. 
Alojz Rigele created most of his works inside this studio or outside, on the yard. 
Altogether, he used the studio for four decades and even long after his death in 1940 and the studio's later nationalization, there were parts of unfinished artworks lying around together with rare building materials including a piece of marble from the destroyed equestrian statue of Maria Theresa which stood at the today's Námestíe Ľ. 
The studio is a Category 1A Cultural Monument of Bratislava under the name Ateliér firmy Mahr a Alojza Rigeleho. 
Surviving works 
Argument from ignorance (from Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), also known as appeal to ignorance (in which ignorance represents "a lack of contrary evidence") is a fallacy in informal logic. 
It asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true. 
This represents a type of false dichotomy in that it excludes the possibility that there may have been an insufficient investigation to prove that the proposition is either true or false.[1] It also does not allow for the possibility that the answer is unknowable, only knowable in the future, or neither completely true nor completely false. [2] In debates, appeals to ignorance are sometimes used in an attempt to shift the burden of proof. 
In research, low-power experiments are subject to false negatives (there would have been an observable effect if there had been a larger sample size or better experimental design) and false positives (there was an observable effect, however this was a coincidence due purely to random chance, or the events correlate, but there is no cause-effect relationship). 
The term was likely coined by philosopher John Locke in the late 17th century. [3][4] 
Retrieved 12 March 2015. ↑ "A Step-By-Step Introduction to Statistics for Business - Richard N. Landers - Google Books". 
Retrieved December 21, 2018. ↑ "Don't Toss the Floss!". Https:. Retrieved December 24, 2018. ↑ "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. - PubMed - NCBI". 
Franek Dolas' route 
How I Unleashed World War II (Polish Jak rozpętałem drugą wojnę światową) is a Polish feature film made in 1969, based on Kazimierz Sławiński's novel "Przygody kanoniera Dolasa" (The adventures of Dolas the cannoneer). 
It was shot in Sochi, Baku, Poświętne and Łódź, among other places. 
The film was divided into three parts: 
Część I: Ucieczka (Part I: The escape) Część II: Za bronią (Part II: Following the arms) Część III: Wśród swoich (Part III: Among friends) 
Originally black and white, it was digitally colorized in 2000 by the Hollywood company Dynacs Digital Studios, as requested by the Studio Filmowe "Oko" and TV Polsat.[citation needed] 
The movie tells the story of a Polish soldier Franciszek Dolas, who - as a result of comical coincidences - is convinced that he started the Second World War. 
Trying to redeem himself at all costs, he constantly gets into new trouble. 
In doing so, he finds himself on different war fronts (Yugoslavia, Mediterranean Sea, Near East, Italy) and eventually returns to Poland. 
External links 
Motor vehicles produced by country in 2013. 
List of countries by motor vehicle production in the 2000s List of countries by motor vehicle production in the 2010s List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production Automotive industry by country List of countries by vehicles per capita Automotive industry 
Table XIV-1 - University of Michigan, 1996 ISBN 0-472-08370-8 1 2 3 UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD El sector automotriz Mexicano ante el tratado de libre comercio de america del norte, 1994 1 2 Production automobile mondiale par continent et pour les principaux pays constructeurs,1898 2011.xls Production automobile mondiale par continent et pour les principaux pays constructeurs,1898-2011 (Tableau mde, contint, grds pays) Archived 2008-04-05 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ 15,168,000 according to other sources ↑ 1977 according to other sources ↑ "Development History Of Japanese Automobile Industry". carfromjapan.com. 
This is a list of countries by motor vehicle production based on Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA) and other data from 2016 and earlier. Figures include passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, minibuses, trucks, buses and coaches.[1] 
# Country Prod. veh. per 1000 capita Population 1 Slovakia 183,93 5 445 087 2 Czech Republic 133,61 10 627 794 3 Slovenia 91,71 2 070 050 4 South Korea 79,69 51 635 256 5 Japan 76,68 126 420 000 6 Germany 68,11 82 887 000 7 Spain 60,95 46 733 038 8 Canada 58,92 37 332 100 9 United States 34,06 328 502 000 10 France 33,05 67 392 000 11 Mexico 32,14 126 577 691 12 Thailand 28,75 69 183 173 13 United Kingdom 26,49 66 040 229 14 Turkey 20,98 80 810 525 15 China 20,81 1 394 170 000 16 Italy 18,91 60 395 921 17 Iran 18,46 82 111 600 18 Poland 17,95 38 433 600 19 Portugal 17,06 10 291 027 20 Finland 16,59 5 522 015 World 12,87 7 560 396 866 21 Brazil 12,85 210 098 000 22 Taiwan 12,36 23 584 865 23 Serbia 11,41 7 001 444 24 Morocco 10,78 34 899 900 25 Argentina 10,61 44 494 502 26 Russia 10,56 146 877 088 27 South Africa 10,22 57 725 600 28 Indonesia 4,59 265 015 300 29 Uzbekistan 4,29 32 653 900 30 Australia 3,91 25 217 300 31 India 3,56 1 342 010 000 32 Belgium 3,31 11 449 656 33 Vietnam 2,49 95 001 537 34 Romania 1,84 19 523 621 35 Colombia 1,52 49 464 683 36 Algeria 1,42 42 545 964 37 Belarus 1,42 9 477 100 38 Malaysia 1,41 32 606 800 39 Austria 1,13 8 857 960 40 Philippines 1,09 107 039 000 41 Kazakhstan 1,04 18 356 900 42 Netherlands 0,91 17 290 900 43 Hungary 0,52 9 771 000 44 Ukraine 0,23 42 198 483 45 Pakistan 0,11 203 302 000 46 Venezuela 0,06 31 828 110 47 Egypt 0,04 98 170 900 48 Sweden 0,02 10 215 250 49 Tunisia 0,02 11 434 994 
The effective potential (also known as effective potential energy) combines multiple, perhaps opposing, effects into a single potential. 
In its basic form, it is the sum of the 'opposing' centrifugal potential energy with the potential energy of a dynamical system. It may be used to determine the orbits of planets (both Newtonian and relativistic) and to perform semi-classical atomic calculations, and often allows problems to be reduced to fewer dimensions. 
L is the angular momentum r is the distance between the two masses μ is the reduced mass of the two bodies (approximately equal to the mass of the orbiting body if one mass is much larger than the other); and U(r) is the general form of the potential. 
Chang'e 5 (Chinese: 嫦娥五号; pinyin: Cháng'é wǔhào) is a robotic Chinese lunar exploration mission consisting of a lander and a sample-return vehicle. 
It is currently under development and it is scheduled for a launch in December 2019, after being postponed due to the failure of the Long March 5 launch vehicle in 2017.[5] Chang'e 5 will be China's first sample return mission, aiming to return at least 2 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples back to the Earth.[2] Like its predecessors, the spacecraft is named after the Chinese moon goddess, Chang'e. 
This will be the first lunar sample-return mission since Luna 24 in 1976. 
The probe was planned for launch by the Long March 5 rocket at the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on Hainan Island, but the failure of this vehicle in 2017 created uncertainty about its ability to carry Chang'e 5.[1] Targeted to the northwest region of the Moon, the specific region intended for sampling is Mons Rümker in Oceanus Procellarum.[2][4] 
The mission is reported to consist of four modules: the lander would collect about 2 kg (4.4 lb) of samples from 2 metres (6.6 ft) below the surface[1] and place them in an attached ascent vehicle that will be launched into lunar orbit. The ascent vehicle will make an automatic rendezvous and docking with an orbiter that would transfer the samples into a sample-return capsule for their delivery to Earth.[3][3] 
Chandrayaan-2 (Sanskrit: चन्द्रयान-२; Sanskrit: [tʃəndrəjaːn dʋi]; lit: Moon-vehicle[8][9] pronunciation ) is India's second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1.[10] Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission is planned to be launched to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).[5][6] It includes a lunar orbiter, lander and rover, all developed by India.[11] 
Orbiter and lander in stacked configuration with the rover inside the lander 
The mission is planned to fly on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,877 kg (8,547 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island.[7][6][30] As of February 2018[update], the mission has an allocated cost of ₹800 crore (approximately US$125 million).[31] 
Chandrayaan-2 is scheduled to launch in April 2019[4] and will attempt to soft land a lander and rover in a high plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude of about 70° south. 
If successful, Chandrayaan-2 will be the second mission to land a rover near the lunar south pole.[12][13] 
Artist impression of the rover 
The rover's mass will be about 27 kg (60 lb) and will operate on solar power.[2][3] The rover will move on 6 wheels on the lunar surface, perform on-site chemical analysis and send the data to the orbiter above, which will relay it to the Earth station.[3][4] 
According to ISRO, this mission will use and test various new technologies and conduct new experiments.[14][15][16] The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on-site chemical analysis. 
The data will be relayed to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter, which will piggyback on the same launch.[17][18] 
History 
External links 
Design 
1 2 3 4 Nair, Avinash (31 May 2015). "ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end". 
Retrieved 7 August 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief". 
Gadgets360. NDTV. 
Press Trust of India. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh". 
Indian Department of Space. 
28 August 2018. 
Retrieved 29 August 2018. 
1 2 3 ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline. Vikram Gopal, Hindustan Times. 11 January 2019. 
1 2 Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". 
The Times of India. 
Times News Network. 
Retrieved 15 August 2018. 1 2 3 Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". 
The Times of India. 
Times News Network. 
Retrieved 7 August 2016. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kiran Kumar, Aluru Seelin (August 2015). 
Chandrayaan-2 - India's Second Moon Mission. YouTube.com. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics. 
Retrieved 7 August 2016. ↑ "candra". 
Spoken Sanskrit. 
Retrieved 5 November 2008. ↑ "yaana". 
Spoken Sanskrit. 
Retrieved 5 November 2008. ↑ "ISRO begins flight integration activity for Chandrayaan-2, as scientists tests lander and rover". 
The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 
25 October 2017. 
Retrieved 21 December 2017. ↑ Bagla, Pallava (4 August 2018). "India Slips in Lunar Race with Israel As Ambitious Mission Hits Delays". 
NDTV. 
Retrieved 15 August 2018. ↑ Bagla, Pallava (31 January 2018). 
"India plans tricky and unprecedented landing near moon's south pole". 
Science. 
Retrieved 19 February 2018. 
1 2 Amitabh, S.; Srinivasan, T. P.; Suresh, K. (2018). 
Potential Landing Sites for Chandrayaan-2 Lander in Southern Hemisphere of Moon (PDF). 
49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 19-23 March 2018. 
The Woodlands, Texas. Bibcode:2018LPI....49.1975A. 
Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2018. ↑ Mallikarjun, Y. (7 September 2007). 
"Chandrayaan-2 to be finalised in 6 months". The Hindu. 
Retrieved 22 October 2008. ↑ "Chandrayaan-II will try out new ideas, technologies". 
The Week. 7 September 2010. 
Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. 
Retrieved 7 September 2010. ↑ "Landing spots for Chandrayaan-2 identified". 
DNA India. 
21 February 2014. 
Retrieved 23 February 2014. ↑ Subramanian, T. S. (4 January 2007). 
"ISRO plans Moon rover". 
The Hindu. 
Retrieved 22 October 2008. ↑ Rathinavel, T.; Singh, Jitendra (24 November 2016). 
"Question No. 1084: Deployment of Rover on Lunar Surface" (PDF). 
Rajya Sabha. ↑ Chand, Manish (12 November 2007). 
"India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal". Nerve. 
Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. 
Retrieved 12 January 2014. ↑ Sunderarajan, P. (19 September 2008). 
"Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2". The Hindu. 
Retrieved 23 October 2008. ↑ "ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design". 
Domain-b.com. 
17 August 2009. 
Retrieved 20 August 2009. ↑ "India and Russia complete design of new lunar probe". 
Sputnik News. 
RIA Novosti. 17 August 2009. 
Retrieved 20 August 2009. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised" (Press release). 
Indian Space Research Organisation. 30 August 2010. 
Retrieved 4 January 2010. 1 2 3 4 Ramachandran, R. (22 January 2013). 
"Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone". 
The Hindu. 
1 2 3 Laxman, Srinivas (6 February 2012). "India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure". 
Asian Scientist. 
Retrieved 5 April 2012. 
1 2 "India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief". NDTV. 
Indo-Asian News Service. 9 September 2012. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up". 
Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 
14 August 2013. ↑ Clark, Stephen (15 August 2018). 
"Launch Schedule". 
Spaceflight Now. 
Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 launch postponed to October: ISRO chief". The Economic Times. 
Press Trust of India. 
23 March 2018. 
Retrieved 16 August 2018. 
1 2 Kumar, Chethan (12 August 2018). 
"Isro wants Chandrayaan-2 lander to orbit moon first". 
The Times of India. 
Times News Network. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ↑ Singh, Surendra (20 February 2018). 
"Chandrayaan-2 mission cheaper than Hollywood film Interstellar". The Times of India. Times News Network. 
Retrieved 3 March 2018. 
1 2 3 "Annual Report 2014-2015" (PDF). 
Indian Space Research Organisation. 
December 2014. p. 82. 
1 2 "Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon". The Economic Times. 
Times News Network. 2 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. 
On October 11, 2018, Bad Bunny released "Mia", a collaboration with Drake, first teased in January. 
The pair released the video in tandem.[19][20] It reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100.[21] 
Artistry 
Bad Bunny is primarily a Latin trap performer. 
As described by a Rolling Stone article, Bad Bunny sings and raps with a "conversational tone", employing "a low, slurry tone, viscous melodies and a rapper's cadence."[1] In an interview with Billboard, Bad Bunny stated that his biggest music inspirations growing up were Héctor Lavoe, Vico C, Daddy Yankee and Marc Anthony.[23] 
Discography 
Early life and education 
Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio was born on March 10, 1994, in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. 
He has two brothers.[2] Martínez wanted to be a singer since he was five years old.[3] He took courses in audiovisual communication at University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo.[4] 
Career 
2015–present: Career beginnings, breakthrough and collaborations 
While working at an Econo (a supermarket in Puerto Rico) as a bagger, Bad Bunny also released music as an independent artist.[1][5] Bad Bunny's song "Diles", on SoundCloud, caught the attention of DJ Luian who signed him to his record label, Hear this Music. 
By DJ Luian signing him, he was able to work with more well-known Latino artists.[6] Since then, he has earned multiple top-ten entries on the US Hot Latin Songs chart. 
His breakthrough single, "Soy Peor", established him as a forerunner in the Latin American trap scene and reached number 22 on the Hot Latin Songs chart.[7] "Soy Peor's" lyrics and mood simultaneously perform loss and sexual desire and have been described as embodying a "politically vital feeling of the here and now."[8] 
In the summer of 2017, Bad Bunny signed a booking deal with Cardenas Marketing Network (CMN) for several Latin American countries.[9] He was featured in Becky G's single "Mayores", released in July 2017.[10] Starting in November 2017, Bad Bunny hosted Beats 1's first Spanish-language show, Trap Kingz.[11] Also in November 2017, Bad Bunny's track, "Tu No Metes Cabra" peaked at number 38 on the Hot Latin Songs chart.[12] The re-mix also demanded the release from prison of Anuel AA. 
At around the same time, the song "Sensualidad," released as a collaboration between Bad Bunny, J Balvin, and Prince Royce, peaked at number 8 on the Hot Latin Songs chart,[13] while the remix of "Te Boté" with Ozuna and Nicky Jam reached number one on that chart.[14] In 2018, Cardi B collaborated with Bad Bunny and J Balvin on the Billboard Hot 100 number-one single, "I Like It".[12] In Cardi B's single, Bad Bunny raps in Spanish, Spanglish, and English.[15] The song's music video was filmed in March 2018 in Miami.[16] It became Bad Bunny's first and only number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100.[17] 
On July 21, 2018, Bad Bunny had a five-minute performance at the Tomorrowland Festival in Belgium as part of the set presented by DJ Alesso, who invited him to perform. 
He sang his lyrics to the Cardi B song "I Like It".[18] 
Retrieved June 28, 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Rivera, Nayeli (June 13, 2017). 
Representative porkchop plot for the 2005 Mars launch opportunity (horizontal axis: departure dates, vertical axis: arrival dates) A given blue contour represents a solution with a constant C3. The center of the porkchop is the optimal solution for the lowest C3. The red lines represent trips with the same travel time for the trajectory. 
A porkchop plot (also pork-chop plot) is a chart that shows contours of equal characteristic energy (C3) against combinations of launch date and arrival date for a particular interplanetary flight.[1] 
Launch window Specific orbital energy Orbit Parabolic trajectory Hyperbolic trajectory 
External links 
By examining the results of the porkchop plot, engineers can determine when launch opportunities exist (a launch window) that is compatible with the capabilities of a particular spacecraft.[2] A given contour, called a porkchop curve, represents constant C3, and the center of the porkchop the optimal minimum C3. 
The orbital elements of the solution, where the fixed values are the departure date, the arrival date, and the length of the flight, were first solved mathematically in 1761 by Johann Heinrich Lambert, and the equation is generally known as Lambert's problem (or theorem).[2] 
Use 
For the Voyager program, engineers at JPL plotted around 10,000 potential trajectories using porkchop plots, from which they selected around 100 that were optimal for the mission objectives. The plots allowed them to reduce or eliminate planetary encounters taking place over the Thanksgiving or Christmas holidays, and to plan the completion of the mission's primary goals before the end of the fiscal year 1981.[3] 
The 1918 influenza pandemic (January 1918 – December 1920; colloquially known as Spanish flu) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus.[1] It infected 500 million people around the world,[2] including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic, and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million (three to five percent of the world's population),[3] making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.[4][5][6] 
Infectious disease already limited life expectancy in the early 20th century. 
But in the first year of the pandemic, life expectancy in the United States dropped by about 12 years.[7][8][9] Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile, elderly, or already weakened patients but the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults.[10] 
To maintain morale, wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.[11][12] Papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII).[13] This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit,[14] thereby giving rise to the pandemic's nickname, "Spanish Flu".[15] 
Scientists offer several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic. 
Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus was unusually aggressive. 
One group of researchers recovered the virus from the bodies of frozen victims, and transfected animals with it, causing a rapidly progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). 
It was postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body, whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups.[16] 
In 2007, analysis of medical journals from the period of the pandemic[17][18] found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza, but that the special circumstances of the epidemic (malnourishment, overcrowded medical camps and hospitals, poor hygiene) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims, typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed.[19][20] 
Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic's geographic origin.[2] It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s.[21] 
The blue path in this image is an example of a hyperbolic trajectory 
A hyperbolic trajectory is depicted in the bottom-right quadrant of this diagram, where the gravitational potential well of the central mass shows potential energy, and the kinetic energy of the hyperbolic trajectory is shown in red. 
The height of the kinetic energy decreases as the speed decreases and distance increases according to Kepler's laws. 
The part of the kinetic energy that remains above zero total energy is that associated with the hyperbolic excess velocity. 
The semi major axis is directly linked to the specific orbital energy ( ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon \,} ) or characteristic energy C 3 {\displaystyle C_{3}} of the orbit, and to the velocity the body attains at as the distance tends to infinity, the hyperbolic excess velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }\,\!} ). 
where: μ = G m {\displaystyle \mu =Gm\,\!} is the standard gravitational parameter and C 3 {\displaystyle C_{3}} is characteristic energy, commonly used in planning interplanetary missions 
Note that the total energy is positive in the case of a hyperbolic trajectory (whereas it is negative for an elliptical orbit). 
In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics, a hyperbolic trajectory is the trajectory of any object around a central body with more than enough speed to escape the central object's gravitational pull. The name derives from the fact that according to Newtonian theory such an orbit has the shape of a hyperbola. In more technical terms this can be expressed by the condition that the orbital eccentricity is greater than one. 
Under simplistic assumptions a body traveling along this trajectory will coast towards infinity, settling to a final excess velocity relative to the central body. 
Similarly to parabolic trajectories, all hyperbolic trajectories are also escape trajectories. 
The specific energy of a hyperbolic trajectory orbit is positive. 
Velocity 
Under standard assumptions the orbital speed ( v {\displaystyle v\,} ) of a body traveling along a hyperbolic trajectory can be computed from the vis-viva equation as: 
μ {\displaystyle \mu \,} is standard gravitational parameter, r {\displaystyle r\,} is radial distance of orbiting body from central body, a {\displaystyle a\,\!} is the (negative) semi-major axis. 
Under standard assumptions, at any position in the orbit the following relation holds for orbital velocity ( v {\displaystyle v\,} ), local escape velocity ( v e s c {\displaystyle {v_{esc}}\,} ) and hyperbolic excess velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }\,\!} ): 
v 2 = v e s c 2 + v ∞ 2 {\displaystyle v^{2}={v_{esc}}^{2}+{v_{\infty }}^{2}} 
Parameters describing a hyperbolic trajectory 
A radial hyperbolic trajectory is a non-periodic trajectory on a straight line where the relative speed of the two objects always exceeds the escape velocity. 
There are two cases: the bodies move away from each other or towards each other. 
This is a hyperbolic orbit with semi-minor axis = 0 and eccentricity = 1. 
Although the eccentricity is 1 this is not a parabolic orbit. 
Orbit Orbital equation Kepler orbit List of orbits Planetary flyby Hyperbolic asteroid Hyperbolic comet 
Like an elliptical orbit, a hyperbolic trajectory for a given system can be defined (ignoring orientation) by its semi major axis and the eccentricity. 
However, with a hyperbolic orbit other parameters may be more useful in understanding a body's motion. 
The following table lists the main parameters describing the path of body following a hyperbolic trajectory around another under standard assumptions and the formula connecting them. 
Semi-major axis, energy and hyperbolic excess velocity 
The semi major axis ( a {\displaystyle a\,\!} ) is not immediately visible with an hyperbolic trajectory but can be constructed as it is the distance from periapsis to the point where the two asymptotes cross. 
Usually, by convention, it is negative, to keep various equations consistent with elliptical orbits. 
Hyperbolic trajectory equations Element Symbol Formula using v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }} (or a {\displaystyle a} ), and b {\displaystyle b} Standard gravitational parameter μ {\displaystyle \mu \,} v 2 ( 2 / r − 1 / a ) {\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{(2/r-1/a)}}} b v ∞ 2 cot ⁡ θ ∞ {\displaystyle bv_{\infty }^{2}\cot \theta _{\infty }} Eccentricity (>1) e {\displaystyle e} ℓ r p − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\ell }{r_{p}}}-1} 1 + b 2 / a 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1+b^{2}/a^{2}}}} Semi-major axis (<0) a {\displaystyle a\,\!} 1 / ( 2 / r − v 2 / μ ) {\displaystyle 1/(2/r-v^{2}/\mu )} − μ / v ∞ 2 {\displaystyle -\mu /v_{\infty }^{2}} Hyperbolic excess velocity v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }} − μ / a {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-\mu /a}}} (External) Angle between asymptotes 2 θ ∞ {\displaystyle 2\theta _{\infty }} 2 sin − 1 ⁡ ( − 1 / e ) {\displaystyle 2\sin ^{-1}(-1/e)} π + 2 tan − 1 ⁡ ( b / a ) {\displaystyle \pi +2\tan ^{-1}(b/a)} [1] Impact parameter (semi-minor axis) b {\displaystyle b} − a e 2 − 1 {\displaystyle -a{\sqrt {e^{2}-1}}} Semi-latus rectum ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } a ( 1 − e 2 ) {\displaystyle a(1-e^{2})} b 2 / a = h 2 / μ {\displaystyle b^{2}/a=h^{2}/\mu } Periapsis distance r p {\displaystyle r_{p}} a ( 1 − e ) {\displaystyle a(1-e)} a 2 + b 2 + a {\displaystyle {\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}+a} Specific orbital energy ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } − μ / 2 a {\displaystyle -\mu /2a} v ∞ 2 / 2 {\displaystyle v_{\infty }^{2}/2} Specific angular momentum h {\displaystyle h} μ ℓ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mu \ell }}} b v ∞ {\displaystyle bv_{\infty }} 
In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics a parabolic trajectory is a Kepler orbit with the eccentricity equal to 1. 
When moving away from the source it is called an escape orbit, otherwise a capture orbit. 
It is also sometimes referred to as a C3 = 0 orbit (see Characteristic energy). 
Energy 
Under standard assumptions, the specific orbital energy ( ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon \,} ) of a parabolic trajectory is zero, so the orbital energy conservation equation for this trajectory takes the form: 
v {\displaystyle v\,} is orbital velocity of orbiting body, r {\displaystyle r\,} is radial distance of orbiting body from central body, μ {\displaystyle \mu \,} is the standard gravitational parameter. 
This is entirely equivalent to the characteristic energy (square of the speed at infinity) being 0: 
Under standard assumptions a body traveling along an escape orbit will coast along a parabolic trajectory to infinity, with velocity relative to the central body tending to zero, and therefore will never return. 
Parabolic trajectories are minimum-energy escape trajectories, separating positive-energy hyperbolic trajectories from negative-energy elliptic orbits. 
Velocity 
A radial parabolic trajectory is a non-periodic trajectory on a straight line where the relative velocity of the two objects is always the escape velocity. 
There are two cases: the bodies move away from each other or towards each other. 
Kepler orbit Parabola 
The orbital velocity ( v {\displaystyle v\,} ) of a body travelling along parabolic trajectory can be computed as: 
r {\displaystyle r\,} is the radial distance of orbiting body from central body, μ {\displaystyle \mu \,} is the standard gravitational parameter. 
The green path in this image is an example of a parabolic trajectory. 
A parabolic trajectory is depicted in the bottom-left quadrant of this diagram, where the gravitational potential well of the central mass shows potential energy, and the kinetic energy of the parabolic trajectory is shown in red. 
The height of the kinetic energy decreases asymptotically toward zero as the speed decreases and distance increases according to Kepler's laws. 
ISBN 0-486-60061-0..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} p 188 ↑ Montenbruck, Oliver; Pfleger, Thomas (2009). 
A circular orbit is depicted in the top-left quadrant of this diagram, where the gravitational potential well of the central mass shows potential energy, and the kinetic energy of the orbital speed is shown in red. 
The height of the kinetic energy remains constant throughout the constant speed circular orbit. 
A circular orbit is the orbit with a fixed distance around the barycenter, that is, in the shape of a circle. 
Velocity 
G is the gravitational constant M is the mass of both orbiting bodies (M1+M2), although in common practice, if the greater mass is significantly larger, the lesser mass is often neglected, with minimal change in the result. μ = G M {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mu =GM\,} is the standard gravitational parameter. 
Angular speed and orbital period 
Hence the orbital period ( T {\displaystyle T\,\!} ) can be computed as: 
In this case, not only the distance, but also the speed, angular speed, potential and kinetic energy are constant. 
There is no periapsis or apoapsis. This orbit has no radial version. 
Energy 
The specific orbital energy ( ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon \,} ) is negative, and 
Thus the virial theorem applies even without taking a time-average: 
Édouard Albert Roche (17 October 1820 – 27 April 1883) was a French astronomer and mathematician, who is best known for his work in the field of celestial mechanics. 
His name was given to the concepts of the Roche sphere, Roche limit and Roche lobe. 
He also was the author of works in meteorology. 
See also 
Biography 
He was born in Montpellier, and studied at the University of Montpellier, receiving his D.Sc. in 1844 and later becoming a professor at the same institution, where he served in the Faculté des Sciences starting in 1849.[1] Roche made a mathematical study of Laplace's nebular hypothesis and presented his results in a series of papers to the Academy of Montpellier from his appointment until 1877. 
The most important were on comets (1860) and the nebular hypothesis itself (1873). 
Roche's studies examined the effects of strong gravitational fields upon swarms of tiny particles. 
He is perhaps most famous for his theory that the planetary rings of Saturn were formed when a large moon came too close to Saturn and was pulled apart by gravitational forces. 
He described a method of calculating the distance at which an object held together only by gravity would break up due to tidal forces; this distance became known as the Roche limit. 
His other best known works also involved orbital mechanics. 
The Roche sphere describes the limits at which an object which is in orbit around two other objects will be captured by one or the other, and the Roche lobe approximates the gravitational sphere of influence of one astronomical body in the face of perturbations from another heavier body around which it orbits. 
Works 
Roche lobe Roche limit Roche sphere 
References 
List of works[permanent dead link], on the site of the Académie des sciences (31 items) (Includes—unnumbered—works commenting that of Roche. 
A two-line element set (TLE) is a data format encoding a list of orbital elements of an Earth-orbiting object for a given point in time, the epoch. 
Using suitable prediction formula, the state (position and velocity) at any point in the past or future can be estimated to some accuracy. 
The TLE data representation is specific to the simplified perturbations models (SGP, SGP4, SDP4, SGP8 and SDP8), so any algorithm using a TLE as a data source must implement one of the SGP models to correctly compute the state at a time of interest. TLEs can describe the trajectories only of Earth-orbiting objects. 
TLEs are widely used as input for projecting the future orbital tracks of space debris for purposes of characterizing "future debris events to support risk analysis, close approach analysis, collision avoidance maneuvering" and forensic analysis.[1] 
The format was originally intended for punch cards, encoding a set of elements on two standard 80-column cards. 
This format was eventually replaced by text files with each set of elements written to two 70-column ASCII lines. 
The United States Air Force tracks all detectable objects in Earth orbit, creating a corresponding TLE for each object, and makes available TLEs for non-classified objects on the website Space Track.[2][3] The TLE format is a de facto standard for distribution of an Earth-orbiting object's orbital elements. 
The meaning of this data is as follows:[10] 
Field Columns Content Example 1 01–24 Satellite name ISS (ZARYA) 
A TLE set may include a title line preceding the element data, so each listing may take up three lines in the file. 
The title is not required, as each data line includes a unique object identifier code. 
Field Columns Content Example 1 01–01 Line number 1 2 03–07 Satellite number 25544 3 08–08 Classification (U=Unclassified) U 4 10–11 International Designator (Last two digits of launch year) 98 5 12–14 International Designator (Launch number of the year) 067 6 15–17 International Designator (piece of the launch) A 7 19–20 Epoch Year (last two digits of year) 08 8 21–32 Epoch (day of the year and fractional portion of the day) 264.51782528 9 34–43 First Time Derivative of the Mean Motion divided by two [11] −.00002182 10 45–52 Second Time Derivative of Mean Motion divided by six (decimal point assumed) 00000-0 11 54–61 BSTAR drag term (decimal point assumed) [11] -11606-4 12 63–63 The number 0 (originally this should have been "Ephemeris type") 0 13 65–68 Element set number. 
Incremented when a new TLE is generated for this object.[11] 292 14 69–69 Checksum (modulo 10) 7 
Field Columns Content Example 1 01–01 Line number 2 2 03–07 Satellite number 25544 3 09–16 Inclination (degrees) 51.6416 4 18–25 Right ascension of the ascending node (degrees) 247.4627 5 27–33 Eccentricity (decimal point assumed) 0006703 6 35–42 Argument of perigee (degrees) 130.5360 7 44–51 Mean Anomaly (degrees) 325.0288 8 53–63 Mean Motion (revolutions per day) 15.72125391 9 64–68 Revolution number at epoch (revolutions) 56353 10 69–69 Checksum (modulo 10) 7 
For a body in a typical low Earth orbit, the accuracy that can be obtained with the SGP4 orbit model is on the order of 1 km within a few days of the epoch of the element set.[12] The term "low orbit" may refer to either the altitude (minimal or global) or orbital period of the body. 
Historically, the SGP algorithms defines low orbit as an orbit of less-than 225 minutes. 
The Satellite Catalog Number (also known as NORAD Catalog Number, NORAD ID, NASA catalog number, USSPACECOM object number or simply catalog number and similar variants) is a sequential 5-digit number assigned by USSPACECOM (United States Space Command) to all Earth orbiting satellites in order of identification. 
Before USSPACECOM, the catalog was maintained by NORAD. 
The first catalogued object, catalog number 00001, is the Sputnik 1 launch vehicle, with the Sputnik 1 satellite assigned catalog number 00002.[1] 
As of August 2017[update], the National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog listed more than 42,900 tracked objects including more than 7,800 satellites launched into orbit since 1957.[2] 
The International Designator, also known as COSPAR designation, and in the United States as NSSDC ID, is an international naming convention for satellites. 
It consists of the launch year, a 3-digit incrementing launch number of that year and up to a 3-letter code representing the sequential identifier of a piece in a launch. 
For example, 1990-037A is the Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-31, which carried the Hubble Space Telescope (1990-037B) into space. 
This launch was the 37th known successful launch worldwide in 1990. 
The number reveals that it was launched in 1990 and that it was the 37th launch made that year. Spacecraft which do not complete an orbit of the Earth, for example launches which fail to achieve orbit, are not usually assigned IDs.[citation needed] 
The designation system has been generally known as the COSPAR system, named for the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council for Science.[citation needed] COSPAR subsumed the first designation system, devised at Harvard University in 1958. 
That system used letters of the Greek alphabet to designate artificial satellites. 
For example, Sputnik 1 was designated 1957 Alpha 2. 
The Harvard designation system continued to be used for satellites launched up to the end of 1962, when it was replaced with the modern system. The first satellite to receive a new-format designator was Luna E-6 No.2, 1963-001B, although some sources, including the NSSDC website, anachronistically apply the new-format designators to older satellites, even those no longer in orbit at the time of its introduction. 
The catalog is administered in the United States by the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), part of NASA.[1] 
Satellite Catalog Number 
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A model of the Beresheet spacecraft, initially called Sparrow, was presented at the 66th IAC in October 2015 
In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 via Spaceflight Industries.[14][23] It will be launched in February 2019[3][24] as a secondary payload, along with the telecom satellite PSN-6.[25] 
The 585-kilogram lander, previously known as Sparrow, was officially named Beresheet (Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-size:1.15em;font-family:"Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli","SBL BibLit","SBL Hebrew",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}בְּרֵאשִׁית‬, "Genesis") in December 2018.[26] Once Beresheet is in Earth orbit and separated from the Falcon 9 launcher, and after several orbits around Earth, the spacecraft will slowly perform orbit raising. 
The orbit raising would take 2.5 months before reaching the Moon's area of influence. Once there, the spacecraft will perform maneuvers to be captured in a lunar orbit and orbit around the Moon between 2 weeks and 1 month. 
In the right orbit around the landing site, it will decelerate until soft landing on the lunar surface.[27] 
Dimensions: about 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter and 1.5 m high.[20] Mass: 585 kg (1,300 lb) at launch; approximately 400 kg of that mass is propellant.[20] Science payload: Magnetometer, by the Weizmann Institute of Science Laser retroreflector array, by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center[30][31] Operation time: Approx. 
2 days on the lunar surface,[4] as it has no thermal control and is expected to overheat soon.[32] 
Artist's concept of Beresheet on the lunar surface 
References 
This is a list of diplomatic missions of the United States of America. 
The United States has the most diplomatic missions of any country in the world.[1] 
Algeria Algiers (Embassy) Angola Luanda (Embassy) Benin Cotonou (Embassy) Botswana Gaborone (Embassy) Burkina Faso Ouagadougou (Embassy) Burundi Bujumbura (Embassy) Cameroon Yaoundé (Embassy) Cape Verde Praia (Embassy) Central African Republic Bangui (Embassy) Chad N'Djamena (Embassy) Republic of the Congo Brazzaville (Embassy) Côte d'Ivoire Abidjan (Embassy) Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa (Embassy) Djibouti Djibouti (Embassy) Egypt Cairo (Embassy) Alexandria (Consulate General) Equatorial Guinea Malabo (Embassy) Eritrea Asmara (Embassy) Ethiopia Addis Ababa (Embassy) Gabon Libreville (Embassy) Gambia Banjul (Embassy) Ghana Accra (Embassy) Guinea Conakry (Embassy) Kenya Nairobi (Embassy) Lesotho Maseru (Embassy) Liberia Monrovia (Embassy) Madagascar Antananarivo (Embassy) Malawi Lilongwe (Embassy) Mali Bamako (Embassy) Mauritania Nouakchott (Embassy) Mauritius Port Louis (Embassy) Morocco Rabat (Embassy) Casablanca (Consulate General) Mozambique Maputo (Embassy) Namibia Windhoek (Embassy) Niger Niamey (Embassy) Nigeria Abuja (Embassy) Lagos (Consulate General) Rwanda Kigali (Embassy) Senegal Dakar (Embassy) Sierra Leone Freetown (Embassy) Somalia Mogadishu (Embassy) South Africa Pretoria (Embassy) Cape Town (Consulate General) Durban (Consulate General) Johannesburg (Consulate General) South Sudan Juba (Embassy) Sudan Khartoum (Embassy) Swaziland Mbabane (Embassy) Tanzania Dar es Salaam (Embassy) Togo Lomé (Embassy) Tunisia Tunis (Embassy) Uganda Kampala (Embassy) Zambia Lusaka (Embassy) Zimbabwe Harare (Embassy) 
Americas 
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's (Consular Agency) Argentina Buenos Aires (Embassy) Barbados Bridgetown (Embassy) Bahamas Nassau (Embassy) Belize Belmopan (Embassy) Bolivia La Paz (Embassy) Santa Cruz (Consular Agency) Brazil Brasília (Embassy) Recife (Consulate General) Rio de Janeiro (Consulate General) São Paulo (Consulate General) Belo Horizonte (American Presence Post) Fortaleza (Consular Agency) Manaus (Consular Agency) Porto Alegre (Consulate) Salvador (Consular Agency) Canada Ottawa (Embassy) Calgary (Consulate General) Halifax (Consulate General) Montreal (Consulate General) Quebec City (Consulate General) Toronto (Consulate General) Vancouver (Consulate General) Winnipeg (Consulate) Chile Santiago (Embassy) Colombia Bogotá (Embassy) Cartagena (Embassy Branch Office) Barranquilla (Consular Agency) Costa Rica San José (Embassy) Cuba Havana (Embassy) Dominican Republic Santo Domingo (Embassy) Bávaro (Consular Agency) Puerto Plata (Consular Agency) Ecuador Quito (Embassy) Guayaquil (Consulate General) El Salvador San Salvador (Embassy) Grenada St. George's (Embassy) Guatemala Guatemala City (Embassy) Guyana Georgetown (Embassy) Haiti Port-au-Prince (Embassy)[13] Honduras Tegucigalpa (Embassy) San Pedro Sula (Consular Agency) Jamaica Kingston (Embassy) Montego Bay (Consular Agency) Mexico Mexico City (Embassy) Ciudad Juárez (Consulate General) Guadalajara (Consulate General) Hermosillo (Consulate General) Matamoros (Consulate General) Mérida (Consulate General) Monterrey (Consulate General) Nogales (Consulate General) Nuevo Laredo (Consulate General) Tijuana (Consulate General) Acapulco (Consular Agency) Cabo San Lucas (Consular Agency) Cancún (Consular Agency) Mazatlán (Consular Agency) Oaxaca (Consular Agency) Piedras Negras (Consular Agency) Playa del Carmen (Consular Agency) Puerto Vallarta (Consular Agency) San Miguel de Allende (Consular Agency) Nicaragua Managua (Embassy) Panama Panama City (Embassy) Paraguay Asunción (Embassy) Peru Lima (Embassy) Cusco (Consular Agency) Suriname Paramaribo (Embassy) Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain (Embassy) Uruguay Montevideo (Embassy) Venezuela Caracas (Embassy) Maracaibo (Consular Agency) 
Asia 
Afghanistan Kabul (Embassy) Armenia Yerevan (Embassy) Azerbaijan Baku (Embassy) Bahrain Manama (Embassy) Bangladesh Dhaka (Embassy) Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan (Embassy) Cambodia Phnom Penh (Embassy) China Beijing (Embassy) Chengdu (Consulate General) Guangzhou (Consulate General) Hong Kong (Consulate General) Shanghai (Consulate General) Shenyang (Consulate General) Wuhan (Consulate General) Georgia Tbilisi (Embassy) India New Delhi (Embassy) Chennai (Consulate General) Hyderabad (Consulate General) Kolkata (Consulate General) Mumbai (Consulate General) Indonesia Jakarta (Embassy) Denpasar (Consular Agency) Medan (Consulate) Surabaya (Consulate General) Iran Tehran (Interests Section in Swiss Embassy) Iraq Baghdad (Embassy) Basra (Consulate General) Erbil (Consulate General) Israel Jerusalem (Embassy) Tel Aviv (Embassy Branch Office) Japan Tokyo (Embassy) Naha (Consulate General) Osaka (Consulate General) Sapporo (Consulate General) Fukuoka (Consulate) Nagoya (Consulate) Jordan Amman (Embassy) Kazakhstan Astana (Embassy) Almaty (Consulate General) Kuwait Kuwait City (Embassy) Kyrgyzstan Bishkek (Embassy) Laos Vientiane (Embassy) Lebanon Beirut (Embassy) Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (Embassy) Mongolia Ulaanbaatar (Embassy) Myanmar Yangon (Embassy) Nepal Kathmandu (Embassy) Oman Muscat (Embassy) Pakistan Islamabad (Embassy) Karachi (Consulate General) Lahore (Consulate General) Peshawar (Consulate General) Philippines Manila (Embassy) Cebu City (Consular Agency) Qatar Doha (Embassy) Saudi Arabia Riyadh (Embassy) Dhahran (Consulate General) Jeddah (Consulate General) Singapore Singapore (Embassy) South Korea Seoul (Embassy) Busan (Consulate) Sri Lanka Colombo (Embassy) Syria Damascus (Interests Section in Czech Embassy)[note 1] Taiwan [14] Taipei (American Institute in Taiwan—Taipei Office) Kaohsiung (American Institute in Taiwan—Kaohsiung Branch Office) Tajikistan Dushanbe (Embassy) Thailand Bangkok (Embassy) Chiang Mai (Consulate General) Timor-Leste Dili (Embassy) Turkey Ankara (Embassy) Istanbul (Consulate General) Adana (Consulate) Izmir (Consular Agency) Turkmenistan Ashgabat (Embassy) United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi (Embassy) Dubai (Consulate General) Uzbekistan Tashkent (Embassy) Vietnam Hanoi (Embassy) Ho Chi Minh City (Consulate General) 
Albania Tirana (Embassy) Austria Vienna (Embassy) Belarus Minsk (Embassy) Belgium Brussels (Embassy) Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo (Embassy) Banja Luka (Embassy Branch Office) Mostar (Embassy Branch Office) Bulgaria Sofia (Embassy) Croatia Zagreb (Embassy) Cyprus[15] Nicosia (Embassy) Czech Republic Prague (Embassy) Denmark Copenhagen (Embassy) Estonia Tallinn (Embassy) Finland Helsinki (Embassy) France Paris (Embassy) Marseille (Consulate General) Strasbourg (Consulate General) Bordeaux (American Presence Post) Lyon (American Presence Post) Rennes (American Presence Post) Toulouse (American Presence Post) Fort-de-France, Martinique (Consular Agency) Tahiti, French Polynesia (Consular Agency) Germany Berlin (Embassy) Bremen (Consular Agency) Düsseldorf (Consulate General) Frankfurt (Consulate General) Hamburg (Consulate General) Leipzig (Consulate General) Munich (Consulate General) Greece Athens (Embassy) Thessaloniki (Consulate General) Holy See Rome (Embassy)[note 2] Hungary Budapest (Embassy) Iceland Reykjavík (Embassy) Ireland Dublin (Embassy) Italy Rome (Embassy) Florence (Consulate General) Milan (Consulate General) Naples (Consulate General) Genoa (Consular Agency) Palermo (Consular Agency) Venice (Consular Agency) Kosovo Pristina (Embassy) Latvia Riga (Embassy) Lithuania Vilnius (Embassy) Luxembourg Luxembourg (Embassy) Macedonia Skopje (Embassy) Malta Valletta (Embassy) Moldova Chişinău (Embassy) Montenegro Podgorica (Embassy) Netherlands The Hague (Embassy) Amsterdam (Consulate General) Willemstad, Curaçao (Consulate General) Norway Oslo (Embassy) Poland Warsaw (Embassy) Kraków (Consulate General) Poznań (Consular Agency) Portugal Lisbon (Embassy) Ponta Delgada (Consulate) Romania Bucharest (Embassy) Russia Moscow (Embassy) Vladivostok (Consulate General) Yekaterinburg (Consulate General) Serbia Belgrade (Embassy) Slovakia Bratislava (Embassy) Slovenia Ljubljana (Embassy) Spain Madrid (Embassy) Barcelona (Consulate General) Las Palmas (Consular Agency) Málaga (Consular Agency) Palma de Mallorca (Consular Agency) Seville (Consular Agency) Valencia (Consular Agency) Sweden Stockholm (Embassy) Switzerland Bern (Embassy) Geneva (Consular Agency) Zürich (Consular Agency) Ukraine Kiev (Embassy) United Kingdom London (Embassy) Belfast (Consulate General) Edinburgh (Consulate General) Hamilton, Bermuda (Consulate General) George Town, Cayman Islands (Consular Agency) 
Australia Canberra (Embassy) Melbourne (Consulate General) Perth (Consulate General) Sydney (Consulate General) Fiji Suva (Embassy) Marshall Islands Majuro (Embassy) Federated States of Micronesia Kolonia (Embassy) New Zealand Wellington (Embassy) Auckland (Consulate General) Palau Koror (Embassy) Papua New Guinea Port Moresby (Embassy) Samoa Apia (Embassy) Solomon Islands Honiara (Consular Agency) 
Addis Ababa (Delegation to the African Union)(established 2006)[16] Brussels (Delegations to the European Union, see United States Mission to the European Union) Geneva (Delegations to several International Organizations) Jakarta (Delegation to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Manila (Delegation to the Asian Development Bank) Montréal (Delegation to the International Civil Aviation Organization) New York City (Delegation to the United Nations) Paris (Delegations to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and UNESCO) Rome (Delegation to the Food and Agriculture Organization) Vienna (Delegations to the United Nations and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) Washington, D.C. (Delegation to the Organization of American States) 
See also 
In astrodynamics and celestial dynamics, the orbital state vectors (sometimes state vectors) of an orbit are Cartesian vectors of position ( r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } ) and velocity ( v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } ) that together with their time (epoch) ( t {\displaystyle t\,} ) uniquely determine the trajectory of the orbiting body in space. 
Orbital position vector, orbital velocity vector, other orbital elements 
The velocity vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \,} can be derived from position vector r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,} by differentiation with respect to time: 
See also 
State vectors are defined with respect to some frame of reference, usually but not always an inertial reference frame. 
One of the more popular reference frames for the state vectors of bodies moving near Earth is the Earth-centered equatorial system defined as follows: 
The origin is Earth's center of mass; The Z axis is coincident with Earth's rotational axis, positive northward; The X/Y plane coincides with Earth's equatorial plane, with the +X axis pointing toward the vernal equinox and the Y axis completing a right-handed set. 
This reference frame is not truly inertial because of the slow, 26,000 year precession of Earth's axis, so the reference frames defined by Earth's orientation at a standard astronomical epoch such as B1950 or J2000 are also commonly used. 
The position vector r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } describes the position of the body in the chosen frame of reference, while the velocity vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } describes its velocity in the same frame at the same time. 
Together, these two vectors and the time at which they are valid uniquely describe the body's trajectory. 
In astronomy, a celestial coordinate system (or celestial reference system) is a system for specifying positions of celestial objects: satellites, planets, stars, galaxies, and so on. Coordinate systems can specify an object's position in three-dimensional space or plot merely its direction on a celestial sphere, if the object's distance is unknown or trivial. 
The equatorial system is the normal coordinate system for most professional and many amateur astronomers having an equatorial mount that follows the movement of the sky during the night. Celestial objects are found by adjusting the telescope's or other instrument's scales so that they match the equatorial coordinates of the selected object to observe. 
Popular choices of pole and equator are the older B1950 and the modern J2000 systems, but a pole and equator "of date" can also be used, meaning one appropriate to the date under consideration, such as when a measurement of the position of a planet or spacecraft is made. 
There are also subdivisions into "mean of date" coordinates, which average out or ignore nutation, and "true of date," which include nutation. 
The coordinate systems are implemented in either spherical or rectangular coordinates. 
Spherical coordinates, projected on the celestial sphere, are analogous to the geographic coordinate system used on the surface of Earth. 
These differ in their choice of fundamental plane, which divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres along a great circle. 
Rectangular coordinates, in appropriate units, are simply the cartesian equivalent of the spherical coordinates, with the same fundamental (x, y) plane and primary (x-axis) direction. 
Each coordinate system is named after its choice of fundamental plane. 
Notation 
The following table lists the common coordinate systems in use by the astronomical community. 
The fundamental plane divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres and defines the baseline for the latitudinal coordinates, similar to the equator in the geographic coordinate system. 
The poles are located at ±90° from the fundamental plane. 
The primary direction is the starting point of the longitudinal coordinates. 
The origin is the zero distance point, the "center of the celestial sphere", although the definition of celestial sphere is ambiguous about the definition of its center point. 
The horizontal, or altitude-azimuth, system is based on the position of the observer on Earth, which revolves around its own axis once per sidereal day (23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.091 seconds) in relation to the star background. 
The positioning of a celestial object by the horizontal system varies with time, but is a useful coordinate system for locating and tracking objects for observers on Earth. 
It is based on the position of stars relative to an observer's ideal horizon. 
Equatorial system 
The equatorial coordinate system is centered at Earth's center, but fixed relative to the celestial poles and the vernal equinox. 
The coordinates are based on the location of stars relative to Earth's equator if it were projected out to an infinite distance. 
The equatorial describes the sky as seen from the solar system, and modern star maps almost exclusively use equatorial coordinates. 
Note that azimuth (A) is measured from the south point, turning positive to the west.[6] Zenith distance, the angular distance along the great circle from the zenith to a celestial object, is simply the complementary angle of the altitude: 90° − a.[7] 
Armed men without insignia (so-called "little green men") in Simferopol Airport, 28 February 2014. 
Initially, President of Russia Vladimir Putin stated that the men in green were not part of Russian Armed Forces, but groups of local militia who had seized their weapons from the Ukrainian Army.[5] The SACEUR of NATO Allied Command Operations General Philip Breedlove said that these "green men" were in fact Russian troops.[6] 
In March 2014, Putin continued to maintain that there was no pre-planned intervention,[7][8] but that "the heavily armed, tightly coordinated groups who took over Crimea's airports and ports at the start of the incursion – they were merely spontaneous 'self-defence groups' who may have acquired their Russian-looking uniforms from local [military] shops (voyentorg)".[9][10] According to the Ukrainian Gun Owners Association, Ukrainian law does not allow the selling or carrying of firearms other than for hunting.[11] 
On 17 April, President Putin admitted for the first time publicly that Russian special forces were involved in the events of Crimea, for the purposes of protecting local people and creating conditions for a referendum.[12][13][14][15] Later, he admitted that Russian Armed Forces had blocked Ukrainian Armed Forces in Crimea during the events.[16] 
In answer to the question of the presence of Russian troops in Crimea, Russian Minister of Defence Sergey Shoygu said, "Regarding the statements about use of Russian special forces in Ukrainian events, I can only say one thing – it's hard to search for a black cat in a dark room, especially if it's not there," and added cryptically that searching for the cat would be "stupid" if the cat is "intelligent, brave, and polite".[17][18] 
In April 2015, retired Russian Admiral Igor Kasatonov (Игорь Касатонов [ru]) said that the "little green men" were members of Russian Spetsnaz special forces units. 
According to his information, Russian troop deployment in Crimea included six helicopter landings and three landings of Ilyushin Il-76 with 500 people.[19] 
During the War in Donbass a Reuters correspondent reported from a settlement of Kolosky in Donetsk Oblast on 26 August 2014 that dozens of heavily armed strangers with Russian accents had appeared on the weekend and set up a road block (about 10 kilometres from the Russian border).[20] The men had white arm bands, the same identifying mark that was worn by ten men captured a few kilometers (miles) away by Ukrainian forces and who, in a video released on Tuesday (26 August 2014), said they were Russian paratroopers.[20] A report by the BBC referred to the unmarked Russian forces in the Donbass as a "Ghost Army".[21] 
On 13 January 2015, the Ukrainian news outlet censor.net reported Russian special forces in Luhansk along with footage of eight unmarked soldiers in green army uniforms patrolling a street there with several of them carrying an AS Val, a weapon exclusive to the Russian Armed Forces.[22] 
On 17 December 2015, Russian president Putin confirmed, albeit elliptically, the presence of Russian people in Ukraine who were engaged in certain tasks, including in the military sphere, and added that this did not mean the presence of the regular Russian army (though other military forces, like marines, were not ruled out) in Ukraine.[23] 
"Little green men" armed with AK-74Ms blockading Perevalne military base, 25 kilometres south of Simferopol, 9 March 2014 
By end of 2017, OSCE observatory mission accounted for around 30,000 military-style personnel crossing from Russia to Donbass just at two border checkpoints it was allowed to monitor.[24] 
Little green men (Russian: зелёные человечки, translit. zelyonye chelovechki, Ukrainian: зелені чоловічки, translit. zeleni cholovichki) refers to masked soldiers in unmarked green army uniforms and carrying modern Russian military weapons and equipment that appeared during the Ukrainian crisis of 2014. 
The term was first used during the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, when those soldiers occupied and blockaded the Simferopol International Airport, most military bases in Crimea,[1] and the parliament in Simferopol. 
They were also known as Polite People (Russian: вежливые люди, translit. vezhlivye lyudi) as they were perceived to have behaved peacefully with little practical interference with the daily activities of the residents.[1][2] 
Weapons and equipment analysis 
In March 2014, the Finnish magazine Suomen Sotilas (Soldier of Finland) published an analysis of the weapons and equipment seen on photos of "little green men". 
The article points to a number of weapons and pieces of equipment that it asserts are issued only to armed forces in the Russian Federation: 
New EMR camouflage combat uniforms New 6Sh112 or 6Sh117 tactical vest New 6B27, 6B7-1M composite helmet New 7.62 mm PKP machine guns 6B26 composite helmets (used only by airborne troops of the Russian Federation) 6Sh92-5 tactical vest (used only by airborne troops of the Russian Federation) Gorka-3 combat uniform (used only by Russian special forces and mountain troops) Smersh AK/VOG tactical vest (used only by Russian special forces) 
The article goes on to conclude that with a very high probability "these troops are the 45th Guards Separate Reconnaissance Regiment of the VDV" based in Kubinka, Moscow.[3] 
Other media has published a photo of an unmarked Russian soldier armed with a VSS Vintorez taken as proof of deployment of Russian special forces.[4] 
1 2 Shevchenko, Vitaly (11 March 2014). 
""Little green men" or "Russian invaders"?". BBC News. Retrieved 18 November 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Oliphant, Roland (2 March 2014). 
"Ukraine crisis: 'Polite people' leading the silent invasion of the Crimea". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 November 2015. - Brady, Tara (3 March 2014). 
"Shocking pictures show people in Crimea taking SELFIES with Russian masked gunmen as Ukraine teeters on the brink of war". 
Daily Mail Online. 
Retrieved 18 November 2015. - Shaun Walker (16 March 2016). 
"Syrian mission restores pride in Russian military after years of decay". 
The Guardian. Moscow. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ Pulkki, Arto (3 March 2014). 
"Crimea Invaded By High Readiness Forces of the Russian Federation". 
Suomen Sotilas (Soldier of Finland). 
Helsinki. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. 
Retrieved 21 September 2015. ↑ Vaux, Pierre. 
"Ukraine Presents Russian Sniper Rifle Taken From Captured Soldiers, Will Charge Them With 'Terrorism'". pressimus.com. 
Retrieved 2017-04-19. ↑ "Путін: В Криму діють не війська РФ, а "загони самооборони", які забрали зброю в українців". еспресо tv. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014. ↑ Головнокомандувач НАТО у Європі вважає, що всі воєнізовані формування у Криму є армією РФ [Chief of NATO in Europe believes that all paramilitary forces in Crimea are from the army of the Russian Federation] (in Ukrainian). 
RBK Ukraine. 12 March 2014. 
Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Fernández, Rodrigo (4 March 2014). 
"Putin no descarta una intervención si el caos se apodera de Ucrania" [Putin does not rule out intervention if chaos takes hold of Ukraine]. 
El País (in Spanish). 
Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Kaufmann, Stefan (4 March 2014). 
"Kommentar: Der Unberechenbare" [Commentary: The Unpredictable]. 
Handelsblatt (in German). 
Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Borger, Julian (5 March 2014). 
"Putin offers Ukraine olive branches delivered by Russian tanks". The Guardian. 
Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Avril, Pierre (4 March 2014). 
"Ukraine : Poutine souffle le chaud et le froid" [Ukraine: Putin blows hot and cold]. 
Le Figaro (in French). 
Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Kravchenko, Yevhehia (11 January 2012). 
Українська асоціація власників зброї: вільні люди носять зброю, раби - ні [Ukrainian association of gun owners: free people carrying weapons, slaves - do not]. 
Ukrainian Association of Gun Owners (in Ukrainian). 
Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Путин: в Крыму действовали российские военные [Putin: there were Russian military operating in Crimea]. 
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Russian). 
17 April 2014. 
Retrieved 19 November 2015. ↑ Lally, Kathy (17 April 2014). 
"Putin's remarks raise fears of future moves against Ukraine". 
The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 November 2015. ↑ "Direct Line with Vladimir Putin". President of Russia. 
17 April 2014. 
Retrieved 19 November 2015. ↑ Gregory, Paul Roderick (5 May 2014). 
"Putin's 'Human Rights Council' Accidentally Posts Real Crimean Election Results". Forbes. 
Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. 
Retrieved 27 February 2016. ↑ Путин: Украинских военных в Крыму блокировали российские войска [Putin: Ukrainian militia in Crimea were blocked by Russian troops]. liga.net (in Russian). 17 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Шойгу о 'зеленых человечках' на Украине: глупо искать черную вежливую кошку в темной комнате [Shoygu about the 'green men' in Ukraine: it's foolish to look for a black polite cat in a dark room]. 
Moskovskij Komsomolets (in Russian). 
17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. 
Retrieved 10 April 2015. ↑ "Kiev's claims over special forces 'resemble paranoia': Russia". 
Zee News. 17 May 2014. 
Retrieved 21 March 2015. ↑ "NATO Recon Missed Everything: Admiral Reveals Details of Crimea Operation". 
Sputnik. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015. 
1 2 Tsvetkova, Maria (26 August 2014). 
"'Men in green' raise suspicions of east Ukrainian villagers". Reuters. Retrieved 19 November 2015. ↑ Sweeney, John (8 September 2014). 
"MH17 disaster: Russians 'controlled BUK missile system'". 
BBC News. Retrieved 8 September 2014. ↑ "Russian special forces in Luhansk: so called insurgents armed with AS "Val" assault rifles - the weapon used by the Russian Federation Army only". 
Censor.net. Interfax-Ukraine. 
13 January 2015. 
Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Nadia Khomami (17 December 2015). 
"Vladimir Putin press conference: 'Russian military personnel were in Ukraine' - as it happened". theguardian.com. 
Retrieved 17 December 2015. - "Большая пресс-конференция Владимира Путина". kremlin.ru (in Russian). 
Moscow: President of Russia. 
17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015. Мы никогда не говорили, что там нет людей, которые занимаются решением определённых вопросов, в том числе в военной сфере, но это не значит, что там присутствуют регулярные российские войска. - "Putin: Russia did have people in Ukraine doing 'certain military tasks'". 
Moscow. Reuters. 17 December 2015. 
Retrieved 17 December 2015. "We never said there were no people there who were carrying out certain tasks including in the military sphere," Putin told an annual news conference. ↑ "Response to Chief Observer of the Observer Mission at the Russian Border Checkpoints Gukovo and Donetsk | Statement to the PC". 
In 1992, Director of Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) Yevgeny Primakov admitted that the KGB was behind the Soviet newspaper articles claiming that AIDS was created by the US government.[1] 
Operation INFEKTION was a disinformation campaign run by the KGB in the 1980s to spread information that the United States invented HIV/AIDS[1] as part of a biological weapons research project at Fort Detrick, Maryland. 
The Soviet Union used it to undermine the United States' credibility, foster anti-Americanism, isolate America abroad, and create tensions between host countries and the U.S. over the presence of American military bases (which were often portrayed as the cause of AIDS outbreaks in local populations).[2] 
The AIDS story exploded across the world, and was repeated by Soviet newspapers, magazines, wire services, radio broadcasts, and television. 
It appeared 40 times in Soviet media in 1987 alone. 
It received coverage in over 80 countries in more than 30 languages,[1] primarily in leftist and communist media publications, and was found in countries as widespread as Bolivia, Grenada, Pakistan, New Zealand, Nigeria, and Malta. 
A few versions made their way into non-communist press in Indonesian and Philippine press.[3] 
Dissemination was usually along a recognized pattern: propaganda and disinformation would first appear in a country outside of the USSR and only then be picked up by a Soviet news agency, which attributed it to others' investigative journalism. 
That the story came from a foreign source (not widely known to be Soviet controlled or influenced) added credibility to the allegations, especially in impoverished and less educated countries which generally could not afford access to Western news satellite feeds. 
To aid in media placement, Soviet propaganda was provided free of charge, and many stories came with cash benefits.[1] This was particularly the case in India and Ghana, where the Soviet Union maintained a large propaganda and disinformation apparatus for covert media placement.[3] 
Soviet narrative 
To explain how AIDS outbreaks were simultaneously so prevalent in Africa, the Moscow World Service announced that Soviet correspondent Aleksandr Zhukov discovered that in the early 1970s, a Pentagon-controlled West German lab in Zaire "succeeded in modifying the non-lethal Green Monkey virus into the deadly AIDS virus." 
Radio Moscow also claimed that instead of testing a cholera vaccine, American scientists were actually infecting unwitting Zairians, thus spreading it throughout the continent. 
These scientists were unaware of the long period before symptom onset, and resumed experimentation on convicts upon return to the U.S., where it then spread when the prisoners escaped.[1] 
Claims that the CIA had sent "AIDS-oiled condoms" to other countries sprang up independently in the African press, well after the operation was started.[1] In 1987, a book (Once Again About the CIA) was published by the Novosti Press Agency, with the quote: 
The CIA Directorate of Science and Technology is continuously modernizing its inventory of pathogenic preparations, bacteria and viruses and studying their effect on man in various parts of the world. 
To this end, the CIA uses American medical centers in foreign countries. 
A case in point was the Pakistani Medical Research Center in Lahore… set up in 1962 allegedly for combating malaria. 
The resulting public backlash eventually closed down the legitimate medical research center. 
Soviet allegations declared the purpose of these research projects, to include that of AIDS, was to "enlarge the war arsenal."[1] 
Worldwide response to AIDS allegations 
Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications,[4] cover illustrating propaganda from Operation INFEKTION 
Ironically, many Soviet scientists were soliciting help from American researchers to help address the Soviet Union's burgeoning AIDS problem, while stressing the virus' natural origins. 
The U.S. refused to help as long as the disinformation campaign continued.[1] The Segal Report and the plenitude of press articles were dismissed by both Western and Soviet virologists as nonsense.[3] 
According to U.S. State Department analysts, another reason the Soviet Union "promoted the AIDS disinformation may have been its attempt to distract international attention away from its own offensive biological warfare program, which [was monitored] for decades." 
In addition to anthrax, the Soviets were believed to have developed tularemia, the plague, and cholera for biological warfare purposes, as well as botulinum toxin, enterotoxins, and mycotoxins.[1] An alternative explanation is that the operation may have been in retaliation for American accusations that the Soviets used chemical weapons in Southeast Asia, later dubbed the yellow rain incident.[2] 
Dr. Meinrad Koch, a West Berlin AIDS expert, stated in 1987 that the Segal report was "utter nonsense" and called it an "evil pseudo-scientific political concoction." 
Other scientists also pointed out flaws and inaccuracies in the Segal Report, including Dr. Viktor Zhdanov of the Ivanovsky Institute of Virology in Moscow, who was the top Soviet AIDS expert at the time. 
The president of the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences clearly stated that he believed the virus to be of natural origin. 
Other scientists and doctors from Paris, East and West Berlin, India, and Belgium called the AIDS rumors lies, scientifically unfounded, and otherwise impossible to seriously consider.[1] Although Segal himself never said "this is fact" and was very careful to maintain this line throughout his report, "such technical qualifiers do not diminish the impact of the charges, however, because when they are replayed, such qualifiers are typically either omitted or overlooked by readers or listeners."[3] 
U.S. Embassy officials wrote dozens of letters to various newspaper editors and journalists, and held meetings and press conferences to clarify matters. 
Many of their efforts resulted in newspapers printing retractions and apologies.[1] Rebuttals appeared in reports to Congress and from the State Department saying that it was impossible at the time to build a virus as complex as AIDS; medical research had only gotten so far as to clone simple viruses. 
Antibodies were found decades earlier than the reported research started, and the main academic source used for the story (Segal's Report) contained inaccuracies about even such basic things as American geography—Segal said that outbreaks appeared in New York City because it was the closest big city to Fort Detrick. 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. are all closer, while New York is 250 miles (400 km) away.[3] 
The Gorbachev administration also responded indignantly and launched a defensive denial campaign "aimed at limiting the damage done to its credibility by U.S. efforts to raise world consciousness concerning the scope of Soviet disinformation activities."[1] The Soviet Union interfered with general attempts by U.S. Embassy officials to address misconceptions and expose the Soviet disinformation campaign, to include placing pressure on news agencies that recanted their position. For example, Literaturnaya Gazeta on December 3, 1986, castigated a Brazilian newspaper which earlier in the year had run a retraction following its publication of the AIDS disinformation story. 
In 1987, Moscow's Novosti news agency disseminated a report datelined Brazzaville (Congo), calling on the West to put an end to the "anti-African campaign," and repeating the charges that the virus was created in US military laboratories" while in 1986 Literaturnaya Gazeta warned specifically against contact with Americans.[3] 
In 1988, Sovetskaya Rossiya put out an article defending their right to report different views. 
The chief of Novosti stated that it drew upon foreign sources for much of the AIDS coverage, and that the press was free under glasnost.[1] 
The Mitrokhin Archive reveals that 
faced with American protests and the denunciation of the story by the international scientific community, however, Gorbachev and his advisors were clearly concerned that exposure of Soviet disinformation might damage the new Soviet image in the West. 
In 1987, US officials were told in Moscow that the AIDS story was officially disowned, Soviet press coverage of the story came to an almost complete halt.[5] 
The campaign faded from most Soviet media outlets, but it occasionally resurfaced abroad in third-world countries as late as 1988, usually via press placement agents.[1] 
Aftermath 
In 1992, 15% of Americans considered it definitely or probably true that "the AIDS virus was created deliberately in a government laboratory."[1] In 2005, a study by the RAND Corporation and Oregon State University revealed that nearly 50% of African Americans thought AIDS was man-made, over 25% believed AIDS was a product of a government laboratory, 12% believed it was created and spread by the CIA, and 15% believed that AIDS was a form of genocide against black people.[2] Other AIDS conspiracy theories have abounded, and have been discredited by the mainstream scientific community. 
In 1992, KGB Director Yevgeny Primakov admitted that the KGB was behind the newspaper articles claiming that AIDS was created by the U.S. government.[1] Segal's role was exposed by KGB defector Vasili Mitrokhin in the Mitrokhin Archive. 
The 1999 book Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police describes how the Stasi cooperated with the KGB to spread the story.[6] 
Story genesis and progression 
The groundwork appeared in the pro-Soviet Indian newspaper Patriot which, according to a KGB defector named Ilya Dzerkvelov, was set up by the KGB in 1962 for the sheer purpose of publishing disinformation.[1] An anonymous letter was sent to the editor in July 1983 from a "well-known American scientist and anthropologist" who claimed that AIDS was manufactured at Fort Detrick by genetic engineers. 
The "scientist" claimed that "that deadly mysterious disease was believed to be the results of the Pentagon's experiments to develop new and dangerous biological weapons," and implicated CDC scientists sent to Africa and Latin America to find dangerous viruses alien to Asia and Europe. 
These results were purportedly analyzed in Atlanta and Fort Detrick and thus the "most likely course of events" leading to the development of AIDS.[3] 
The Segal Report 
The campaign started in earnest in October 1985 after the story was ignored for two years, with the original article being republished by Soviet newspaper Literaturnaya Gazeta.[1] To lend credence, the Soviet Union used a pseudo-scientific paper written in 1986 by a retired Russian-born East German biophysicist named Dr. Jakob Segal, co-authored by his wife, Dr. Lilli Segal; and Dr. Ronald Dehmlow at Humboldt University of East Berlin. 
The report was quoted heavily by Soviet propagandists, and the Segals (who were educated in France) were often said to be French researchers in order to hide their connections with communism. 
Dr. Segal postulated that the AIDS virus was synthesized by combining parts of two distantly related retroviruses: VISNA and HTLV-1.[2] An excerpt of the Segal report is as follows: 
.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0} It is very easy using genetic technologies to unite two parts of completely independent viruses… but who would be interested in doing this? The military, of course… In 1977 a special top security lab… was set up…at the Pentagon's central biological laboratory. 
One year after that… the first cases of AIDS occurred in the US, in New York City. 
How it occurred precisely at this moment and how the virus managed to get out of the secret, hush-hush laboratory is quite easy to understand. 
Everyone knows that prisoners are used for military experiments in the U.S. They are promised their freedom if they come out of the experiment alive.[3] 
Elsewhere in the report, Segal said that his hypothesis was based purely on assumptions, extrapolations, and hearsay and not at all on direct scientific evidence.[1] 
LEROS is a family of chemical rocket engines manufactured by Nammo[1] at Westcott, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. 
LEROS engines have been used as primary apogee engines for telecommunications satellites such as the Lockheed Martin A2100[2] as well as deep space missions such as Juno.[3] 
The family of engines derives from the LEROS 1 which was developed and qualified in the 1990s by Royal Ordnance. 
The in-space propulsion business was acquired by British Aerospace, then had a sequence of owners including American Pacific Corporation, Moog[4] (from 2012) and Nammo (2017). 
The LEROS engines are made of niobium alloy, which is traditionally used for liquid rocket engines such as the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Module. 
As of 2011, more than 70 LEROS 1 series engines had been flown successfully.[5] 
Uses 
NASA's Juno spacecraft firing its LEROS 1b engine (computer-generated image) 
There have been helium check valve problems on Juno leading to postponed maneuvers, and a failure after the first burn on Intelsat 33e requiring backup low-thrust jets to be used to bring the satellite to its intended orbit.[15] 
Engine Propellant Thrust Isp Comments LEROS 1c[6] Hydrazine / MON 460 N 325 LEROS 1b Hydrazine / MON 635 N 318 LEROS 2b MMH / MON 407 N 318 LEROS 4 MMH / MON 1100 N 323[7] Developed c.2014 for European Space Agency’s (ESA) Mars Robotic Exploration Program[8] 
NEAR Shoemaker (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous) Mars Global Surveyor [9] Mercury Messenger [10] Juno JCSAT-13 [11] Sirius 4 Nimiq 1 [12] SBIRS GEO 1 and GEO 2 [13][14] Intelsat 33e[7] Beresheet lunar lander[16] 
References 
A terminator or twilight zone is a moving line that divides the daylit side and the dark night side of a planetary body. 
A terminator is defined as the locus of points on a planet or moon where the line through its parent star is tangent. 
An observer on the terminator of such an orbiting body with an atmosphere would experience twilight due to light scattering by particles in the gaseous layer. 
This is primarily because the D layer, which absorbs high frequency signals, disappears rapidly on the dark side of the terminator, whereas the E and F layers above the D layer take longer to form.[4] This time-difference puts the ionosphere into a unique intermediate state along the terminator, called the “grey line”.[5] 
Reina Ueda Profile at 81 Produce Reina Ueda at Anime News Network's encyclopedia 
Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. 
On Earth, sunlight is filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. 
When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. 
When it is blocked by clouds or reflects off other objects, it is experienced as diffused light. 
The World Meteorological Organization uses the term "sunshine duration" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter.[1] Other sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of "164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day".[2] 
The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects, as it is both a requisite for vitamin D3 synthesis and a mutagen. 
Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun. 
A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface.[3] 
Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis, the process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be used to synthesize carbohydrates and to fuel the organisms' activities. 
Measurement 
Elevated solar UV-B doses increase the frequency of DNA recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants.[48] These increases are accompanied by strong induction of an enzyme with a key role in recombinational repair of DNA damage. 
Thus the level of terrestrial solar UV-B radiation likely affects genome stability in plants. 
The first of each set of two figures is for total solar radiation reaching a panel aimed at the Sun (which is 42° above the horizon), whereas the second figure of each pair is the "direct plus circumsolar" radiation (circumsolar meaning coming from the part of the sky within a couple degrees of the Sun). The totals, from 280 to 4000 nm, are 1000.4 and 900.1 W/m2 respectively. It would be good to have more direct figures from a good source, rather than summing thousands of numbers in a database. ↑ Calculated from the ASTM spectrum cited above. ↑ Qiang, Fu (2003). 
In Holton, James R. Encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences. 5. Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 1859–1863. 
Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-11-01. ↑ Appleton, E. V., Nature 3966:535 (1945) ↑ Iqbal, M., "An Introduction to Solar Radiation", Academic Press (1983), Chap. 3 ↑ NASA Solar System Exploration – Sun: Facts & Figures Archived 2015-07-03 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 27 April 2011 "Effective Temperature ... 5777 K" ↑ Garner, Rob (24 January 2017). 
"Fermi Detects Solar Flare's Highest-Energy Light". Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018. ↑ "The Multispectral Sun, from the National Earth Science Teachers Association". 
Retrieved 25 January 2018. ↑ John Buffo; Leo J. Fritschen; James L. Murphy (1972). "Direct Solar Radiation On Various Slopes From 0 To 60 Degrees North Latitude" (PDF). Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon, USA. 
Bibcode:2011GeoRL..38.1706K. doi:10.1029/2010GL045777. ↑ Willson, R. C., and A. V. Mordvinov (2003), Secular total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21–23, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1199, doi:10.1029/2002GL016038 ACRIM Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine ↑ "Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present". Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. 
Retrieved 11 October 2013. Light is a special class of radiant energy embracing wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm (or mμ), or 4000 to 7000 Å. ↑ MacEvoy, Bruce (2008). color vision. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. 
External links 
Calcium formate is the calcium salt of formic acid. 
It is also known as E238. 
Under this E number it is used as an animal feed preservative within EU, but not in foods intended for people.[5] 
Calcium formate could be used to remove environmentally harmful (see acid rain) sulfur oxides (SOX) from fossil fuel exhausts of e.g. power plants. 
Calcium formate is added to wet calcium carbonate to promote the formation of gypsum when exhaust is run through it. 
This process is called wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGS). 
Gypsum binds sulfur oxides thus reducing their release to the environment via exhaust. 
Calcium formate seems to be more effective than or almost equally as effective as some other industrially used WFGS agents.[9] 
Production 
Calcium formate is formed as a co-product during trimethylolpropane production. 
Hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) is used as the source of calcium. 
Butyraldehyde and formaldehyde react in a water solution in the presence of a basic catalyst, forming an unstable intermediate product, dimethylol butyraldehyde (DIMBA). 
DIMBA reacts further with formaldehyde to give trimethylolpropane and calcium formate. 
Calcium formate is separated from the solution, heat treated to remove formaldehyde and then dried.[1] 
Calcium formate can also be made from calcium hydroxide and carbon monoxide at high pressure and temperature[1] – e.g. et 180 °C and 35 atm.[10] It may also be made from calcium chloride and formic acid.[2] 
Safety 
Pure calcium formate powder irritates eyes severely, but causes no skin irritation. 
Powder inhalation can be dangerous.[1] The compound has a stinging taste. 
Ingesting liquids with high calcium formate concentrations cause severe gastrointestinal lesions.[11] 
Journal of environmental sciences. 67: 89–95. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.023. ↑ US patent 1920851A, "Process for producing formates of alkaline earth metals" ↑ Scott, DJ; van Wijk, N (2000). "Comparison in dairy cattle of mucosal toxicity of calcium formate and calcium chloride in oil". 
Uses 
Calcium formate is used within EU as an animal feed preservative. 
It acidifies the feed thus preventing microbe growth and increasing shelf life. 
About 15 g of calcium formate addition per kg of feed lowers its pH by one. 
15 g/kg is the maximum recommended feed concentration within EU – this level is thought to be safe for pigs, chickens, fish and ruminants. 
The compound is not environmentally harmful in feed use at these levels. 
Calcium formate prevents the growth bacteria such as E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus hirae in growth mediums. 
It also prevents the growth of fungi like Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. 
However, the relevance of these experimental observations to feed preservation is not known.[1] 
Calcium formate is used as a masking agent in the chrome tanning of leather. 
Calcium formate in tannage formulation promotes faster, more efficient leather penetration of the chrome. 
Calcium formate can also be used as a replacement for formic acid in the pickling operation.[4] 
As a grout and cement additive, calcium formate imparts a number of desirable properties in the final product, e.g. increased hardness and decreased setting time. 
Its addition is desirable for work at low temperature and for inhibition of corrosion of metal substrates within cement/grout. 
It is also effective in the prevention of efflorescence. 
In drywall (gypsum board), calcium formate can functions as a fire retardant.[1] 
Calcium formate and urea mixtures are effective deicers, and tend to cause less corrosion of steel and cement surfaces relative to some other deicers.[1] 
Research 
Calcium formate seems to be safe as a calcium supplement for people with one time doses of 3.9 g (1200 of calcium) per day.[6] Increases in blood formate concentration have been observed with such doses, but in healthy subjects the formate does not accumulate, and is quickly metabolized. 
Calcium formate is shown to be more readily absorbed form of calcium than calcium carbonate and calcium citrate.[7] No optic nerve damage has been observed with calcium formate supplementation – alongside with formaldehyde, formate is a major metabolic product of methanol, which can cause blindness upon ingestion.[8] 
Brilliant Black BN, Brilliant Black PN, Brilliant Black A, Black PN, Food Black 1, Naphthol Black, C.I. Food Black 1, or C.I. 28440, is a synthetic black diazo dye. 
It is soluble in water. 
It usually comes as tetrasodium salt. 
It has the appearance of solid, fine powder or granules. 
Calcium and potassium salts are allowed as well. 
When used as a food dye, its E number is E151. 
It is used in food decorations and coatings, desserts, sweets, ice cream, mustard, red fruit jams, soft drinks, flavored milk drinks, fish paste, lumpfish caviar and other foods.[1] 
E151 has been banned in the United States, Switzerland, Japan.[citation needed] It is approved in the European Union.[2] It was banned in Norway until 2001 when it was unbanned due to trade relationships with other countries.[citation needed] 
It is used for staining animal by-products in category 2.[clarification needed] 
Food Standards Agency, UK..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 
Brilliant green (also known as zelyonka or zelenka) is one of the triarylmethane dyes. 
It is closely related to malachite green.[1] 
Brilliant green induces vomiting when swallowed and is toxic when ingested.[4] The compound may lead to serious injuries if it comes to contact with the eye, even result in bilateral blindness due to corneal opacification.[5] 
In Russia and sometimes in Ukraine, zelyonka has been used to physically attack political opponents.[6] Since 2016, many opponents of the Russian government of Vladimir Putin have been splashed with zelyonka, including Alexei Navalny, Igor Kalyapin, liberal journalists, Nadya Tolokonnikova, Maria Alekhina, Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Ilya Varlamov and Mikhail Kasyanov.[7] 
References 
Uses 
It is indicated for disinfection of fresh postoperative and post-traumatic scars, umbilical cord of newborns, abrasions, cuts, and other violations of the integrity of the skin, in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory processes of the skin - hordeolum ("barley"), meibomite, blepharitis, pyoderma, local furunculosis, carbunculosis, staphylococcal infection.[citation needed] It is applied externally, the drug is applied to the damaged surface, capturing the surrounding healthy tissue.[citation needed] 
Brilliant green is a visible light-activated photocatalyst in organic synthesis.[3] 
Brilliant green is effective against Gram-positive bacteria [citation needed]. 
The main advantage of brilliant green over the more common antiseptics such as iodine is that it does not irritate mucous membranes as harshly on accidental contact. 
Soviet medical doctrine deemed it "not for use on mucosa" and cautions that it can cause eye damage and ophthalmic chemical burns and burns the eye, at least in the typical formulations produced for medical use.[citation needed] 
The joule per mole (symbol: J·mole−1 or J/mol) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. 
Energy is measured in joules, and the amount of material is measured in moles. 
For example, Gibbs free energy is quantified as joules per mole. 
Since 1 mole = 6.02214179×1023 particles (atoms, molecules, ions etc.), 1 Joule per mole is equal to 1 Joule divided by 6.02214179×1023 particles, or (6.022×10^23 particles/mole), 1.66054×10−24 Joule per particle. 
This very small amount of energy is often expressed in terms of a smaller unit such as the electronvolt (eV, see below). 
Physical quantities measured in J·mol−1 usually describe quantities of energy transferred during phase transformations or chemical reactions. 
Division by the number of moles facilitates comparison between processes involving different quantities of material and between similar processes involving different types of materials. 
The meaning of such a quantity is always context-dependent and, particularly for chemical reactions, is dependent on the (possibly arbitrary) definition of a 'mole' for a particular process. 
For convenience and due to the range of magnitudes involved these quantities are almost always reported in kJ·mol−1 rather than in J·mol−1. 
For example, heats of fusion and vaporization are usually of the order of 10 kJ·mol−1, bond energies are of the order of 100 kJ·mol−1, and ionization energies of the order of 1000 kJ·mol−1. 
1 kJ·mol−1 is equal to 0.239 kcal·mol−1 or 1.04×10−2 eV per particle. 
At room temperature (25 °C, 77 °F, or 298.15 K) 1 kJ·mol−1 is equal to 0.4034 k B T {\displaystyle k_{B}T} . 
In astronomy, a light curve is a graph of light intensity of a celestial object or region, as a function of time. 
The light is usually in a particular frequency interval or band. 
Light curves can be periodic, as in the case of eclipsing binaries, Cepheid variables, other periodic variables, and transiting extrasolar planets, or aperiodic, like the light curve of a nova, a cataclysmic variable star, a supernova or a microlensing event or binary as observed during occultation events. 
The study of the light curve, together with other observations, can yield considerable information about the physical process that produces it or constrain the physical theories about it. 
Microlensing 
External links 
Supernovae 
Igor Kollár (born 25 June 1965 in Žiar nad Hronom, Banská Bystrica Region) is a retired male race walker from Slovakia. He is a three-time Olympian. 
Achievements 
SkyCity Challenge founded in 2016 is a biannual architectural design Challenge. 
The Jury selected 17 winners from 89 submitted projects from 54 different countries and invited all of the members of the winning teams (cca50 participants) for the SkyCity Residence Week held in Broad Town in March 2018. 
The winners included: 1. 
Artur Zakrzewski / Konrad Weka (Poland) 3. 
Anna Andronova (Russia) 
SkyCity Challenge 19 "The Future of Housing" is the ongoing Challenge represented by the jury formed by leaders of architecture and design fields: Daan Roosegaarde, Carlo Ratti, Liu Xiaodu (co-founder of URBANUS Architecture) and others ... The aim of the challenge is to find the ultimate prefabricated set for the purpose of housing construction easily assemblable & transportable in shipping containers to any part of the world. 
The deadline of the Challenge is set to 1st of October 2019. 
External links 
Official site SkyCity official instagram account SkyCity Challenge 17 winners SkyCity Challenge 17 on Treehugger SkyCity Challenge 17 on Archdaily 
Honda MVX250F two-stroke V3 engine 
The V3 engine is a V engine with three cylinders. A V engine with the usual two banks, one bank contains two cylinders, the other only one. 
A rare configuration, it has only been used for two-stroke racing motorcycles. 
The first example was used by DKW in 1953. 
Honda later revived the layout in the following bikes: 
Honda NS500 Grand Prix racing motorcycle of the early 1980s Honda MVX250F Honda NS400R 
Suzuki also made a V3 two stroke engine called the RP68 that made 19 bhp and revved to 20000 rpm. 
Fizz buzz is a group word game for children to teach them about division.[1] Players take turns to count incrementally, replacing any number divisible by three with the word "fizz", and any number divisible by five with the word "buzz". 
Play 
Players generally sit in a circle. 
The player designated to go first says the number "1", and each player thenceforth counts one number in turn. 
However, any number divisible by three is replaced by the word fizz and any divisible by five by the word buzz. 
Numbers divisible by both become fizz buzz. 
A player who hesitates or makes a mistake is eliminated from the game. 
For example, a typical round of fizz buzz would start as follows: 
Programming 
Fizz buzz (often spelled FizzBuzz in this context) has been used as an interview screening device for computer programmers.[2][3] Writing a program to output the first 100 FizzBuzz numbers is a trivial problem for any would-be computer programmer, so interviewers can easily sort out those with insufficient programming ability. 
The holes in lotus seedheads elicit feelings of discomfort or repulsion in some people.[1][2] 
Treatment 
There are no known treatments for trypophobia, but exposure therapy, which has been used to treat phobias, is likely to be effective for treating trypophobia.[1] 
Trypophobia is an aversion to the sight of irregular patterns or clusters of small holes, or bumps.[3][4] It is not officially recognized as a mental disorder, but may fall under the broad category of specific phobia if fear is involved and the fear is excessive and distressing.[3][3] People may express only disgust or both fear and disgust to trypophobic imagery.[3] 
See also 
The understanding of trypophobia is limited.[1] Although few studies have been done on trypophobia, researchers hypothesize that it is the result of a biological revulsion that associates trypophobic shapes with danger or disease, and may therefore have an evolutionary basis.[2][3] Exposure therapy, which has been used to treat phobias, has been proposed as a treatment.[1] 
The term trypophobia is believed to have been coined by a participant in an online forum in 2005.[5] Since then, the topic of trypophobia has become popular on social media.[5] 
Signs and symptoms 
Trypophobia often presents with an autonomic nervous system response.[1] Shapes that elicit a trypophobic reaction include clustered holes in innocuous contexts, such as fruit and bubbles, and in contexts associated with danger, such as holes made by insects and holes in wounds and diseased tissue such as those caused by mango worms in animals, especially dogs. 
Upon seeing these shapes, some people said they shuddered, felt their skin crawl, experienced panic attacks, sweated, palpitated, or felt nauseated or itchy.[2][6] Other reported symptoms include goose bumps, body shakes, feeling uncomfortable, and visual discomfort such as eyestrain, distortions, or illusions.[3][7] 
Immigration to Russia is an entry process of foreign citizens for permanent residence in the territory of the Russian Federation. 
Under current law, after five years of residence, after the examination of the knowledge of the Russian language, immigrants can also obtain Russian citizenship. 
The immigration to Russia is regulated by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs.[1] The immigration plays an important role in modern Russian demographic processes, since it is the cause of the increase of the population from 2011.[2] 
Russia maintains one of the world's most liberal immigration policies; anyone who works in Russia for five years and develops fluency in the Russian language can become a citizen, provided he or she has not committed a crime, and almost anyone who is hired by a Russian firm can stay in the country and work indefinitely [3] This reflects a policy change on the part of the Putin government, in response to declining birth rates, from the more restrictive policy enacted after the fall of the Soviet Union.[4] The large non-Slavic immigrant populations arriving in response to Putin's liberal policy have sometimes been met with xenophobia; to counter this, the Russian state has shut down various anti-immigrant group pursuant to Russian hate speech laws, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration. 
Immigrant population in Russia by country of birth 
See also 
1 Ukraine 2,651,109 2 Uzbekistan 2,335,960 3 Tajikistan 1,105,500 4 Azerbaijan 610,327 5 Moldova 586,122 6 Kazakhstan 575,400 7 Kyrgyzstan 552,014 8 Armenia 514,663 9 Belarus 498,878 10 China 273,034 11 Germany 244,662 12 Afghanistan 150,000 13 United States of America 142,405 14 Turkey 111,681 15 United Kingdom 111,275 16 Finland 77,665 17 Vietnam 53,649 18 Italy 53,649 19 France 53,382 20 Spain 45,935 21 Lithuania 42,672 22 Without citizenship 35,489 23 Philippines 34,755 24 North Korea 34,217 25 Serbia 33,591 26 Canada 32,107 27 Georgia 30,718 28 Israel 30,126 29 Estonia 28,356 30 Poland 27,979 31 India 15,500 
Memorial to the pioneers heroes of the Great Patriotic War near Tolyatti, the former pioneer camp "Scarlet Sails"(From right to left: Borya Tsarikov, Marat Kazey, Zinaida Portnova, Lyonya Golikov, Valya Kotik and Volodya Dubinin). 
USSR post stamp.The pioneers-heroes Lenya Golikov and Valya Kotik 
Pioneer heroes before the Second World War 
Memorial to Shura Kober and Vitya Khomenko in Mykolayiv 
The first mention of pioneers-heroes appears in 1920. 
The press began to publish newspaper notes about the exploits of young "fighters against the class enemy", especially Pavlik Morozov. 
At the XII Congress of the Komsomol in 1954, the Book of Honor of the Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization was created. 
Morozov was the first in this book, according to the official version, bravely exposing the crimes of kulaks against Soviet power and killed by them. 
The second one was Kolya Myagotin, also killed by class enemies. 
It should be noted that the art description of some of the pioneers, in particular Pavlik Morozov,[2] Grisha Aakopyan [3] and some others included in the "Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization" until 1941 is not true. 
Morozov, according to Yuri Druzhnikov[who?], was never a pioneer,[2][4] and other heroes of the 1930s who were killed by class enemies: Kolya Myagotin, Grisha Akopyan (completely fictional character).[clarification needed][3][5] 
References 
Pioneer heroes - Soviet pioneers who made feats in the years of the establishment of Soviet power and the Great Patriotic War. 
The images of pioneer heroes were actively used in the Soviet Union as examples of high morals. 
The official list of pioneer heroes was issued in 1954 [1] with the compilation of the Book of Honor of the Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization; The books of honor of local pioneer organizations joined it. 
2 kW Hall thruster in operation as part of the Hall Thruster Experiment at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 
In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall-effect thruster (HET) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. 
Hall-effect thrusters use a magnetic field to limit the electrons' axial motion and then use them to ionize propellant, efficiently accelerate the ions to produce thrust, and neutralize the ions in the plume. 
Hall-effect thrusters (based on the discovery by Edwin Hall) are sometimes referred to as Hall thrusters or Hall-current thrusters. 
The Hall-effect thruster is classed as a moderate specific impulse (1,600 s) space propulsion technology and has benefited from considerable theoretical and experimental research since the 1960s.[1] 
thrusters with wide acceleration zone, SPT (Russian: СПД, стационарный плазменный двигатель; English: SPT, Stationary Plasma Thruster) at Design Bureau Fakel thrusters with narrow acceleration zone, DAS (Russian: ДАС, двигатель с анодным слоем; English: TAL, Thruster with Anode Layer), at the Central Research Institute for Machine Building (TsNIIMASH). 
The SPT design was largely the work of A. I. Morozov.[7][8] The first SPT to operate in space, an SPT-50 aboard a Soviet Meteor spacecraft, was launched December 1971. 
They were mainly used for satellite stabilization in North-South and in East-West directions. 
Since then until the late 1990s 118 SPT engines completed their mission and some 50 continued to be operated. 
Thrust of the first generation of SPT engines, SPT-50 and SPT-60 was 20 and 30 mN respectively. 
In 1982, SPT-70 and SPT-100 were introduced, their thrusts being 40 and 83 mN, respectively. 
In the post-Soviet Russia high-power (a few kilowatts) SPT-140, SPT-160, SPT-200, T-160 and low-power (less than 500 W) SPT-35 were introduced.[9] 
Soviet and Russian TAL-type thrusters include the D-38, D-55, D-80, and D-100.[1] 
Soviet-built thrusters were introduced to the West in 1992 after a team of electric propulsion specialists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Glenn Research Center, and the Air Force Research Laboratory, under the support of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, visited Russian laboratories and experimentally evaluated the SPT-100 (i.e., a 100 mm diameter SPT thruster). 
Over 200 Hall thrusters have been flown on Soviet/Russian satellites in the past thirty years. 
No failures have ever occurred on orbit. 
Hall thrusters continue to be used on Russian spacecraft and have also flown on European and American spacecraft. 
Space Systems/Loral, an American commercial satellite manufacturer, now flies Fakel SPT-100's on their GEO communications spacecraft. 
Since their introduction to the west in the early 1990s, Hall thrusters have been the subject of a large number of research efforts throughout the United States, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia (with many smaller efforts scattered in various countries across the globe). 
Hall thruster research in the US is conducted at several government laboratories, universities and private companies. 
Government and government funded centers include NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA's Glenn Research Center, the Air Force Research Laboratory (Edwards AFB, CA), and The Aerospace Corporation. 
Universities include the US Air Force Institute of Technology,[10] University of Michigan, Stanford University, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Michigan Technological University, and Georgia Tech. 
A considerable amount of development is being conducted in industry, such as IHI Corporation in Japan, Aerojet and Busek in the USA, SNECMA in France, LAJP in Ukraine, and SITAEL in Italy. 
The first use of Hall thrusters on lunar orbit was the European Space Agency (ESA) lunar mission SMART-1 in 2003. 
On a western satellite Hall thrusters were first demonstrated on the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) STEX spacecraft, which flew the Russian D-55. The first American Hall thruster to fly in space was the Busek BHT-200 on TacSat-2 technology demonstration spacecraft. The first flight of an American Hall thruster on an operational mission, was the Aerojet BPT-4000, which launched August 2010 on the military Advanced Extremely High Frequency GEO communications satellite. 
Operation 
The essential working principle of the Hall thruster is that it uses an electrostatic potential to accelerate ions up to high speeds. 
In a Hall thruster, the attractive negative charge is provided by an electron plasma at the open end of the thruster instead of a grid. 
A radial magnetic field of about 100–300 G (0.01–0.03 T) is used to confine the electrons, where the combination of the radial magnetic field and axial electric field cause the electrons to drift in azimuth thus forming the Hall current from which the device gets its name. 
6-kW Hall thruster in operation at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 
A schematic of a Hall thruster is shown in the adjacent image. 
An electric potential between 150 and 800 volts is applied between the anode and cathode. 
The xenon ions are then accelerated by the electric field between the anode and the cathode. 
For discharge voltages of 300 V, the ions reach speeds of around 15 km/s (9.3 mps) for a specific impulse of 1,500 seconds (15 kN·s/kg). 
Upon exiting, however, the ions pull an equal number of electrons with them, creating a plasma plume with no net charge. 
The radial magnetic field is designed to be strong enough to substantially deflect the low-mass electrons, but not the high-mass ions, which have a much larger gyroradius and are hardly impeded. 
The majority of electrons are thus stuck orbiting in the region of high radial magnetic field near the thruster exit plane, trapped in E×B (axial electric field and radial magnetic field). 
This orbital rotation of the electrons is a circulating Hall current, and it is from this that the Hall thruster gets its name. 
Collisions with other particles and walls, as well as plasma instabilities, allow some of the electrons to be freed from the magnetic field, and they drift towards the anode. 
Compared to chemical rockets, the thrust is very small, on the order of 83 mN for a typical thruster operating at 300 V, 1.5 kW. 
For comparison, the weight of a coin like the U.S. quarter or a 20-cent Euro coin is approximately 60 mN. 
As with all forms of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, thrust is limited by available power, efficiency, and specific impulse. 
However, Hall thrusters operate at the high specific impulses that is typical for electric propulsion. 
One particular advantage of Hall thrusters, as compared to a gridded ion thruster, is that the generation and acceleration of the ions takes place in a quasi-neutral plasma, so there is no Child-Langmuir charge (space charge) saturated current limitation on the thrust density. 
This allows much smaller thrusters compared to gridded ion thrusters. 
Hall thrusters operate on a variety of propellants, the most common being xenon and krypton. 
Other propellants of interest include argon, bismuth, iodine, magnesium and zinc. 
Applications 
Hall thrusters have been flying in space since December 1971 when the Soviets launched an SPT-50 on a Meteor satellite.[20] Over 240 thrusters have flown in space since that time with a 100% success rate.[21] Hall thrusters are now routinely flown on commercial GEO communications satellites where they are used for orbital insertion and stationkeeping. 
The first[not in citation given] Hall thruster to fly on a western satellite was a Russian D-55 built by TsNIIMASH, on the NRO's STEX spacecraft, launched on October 3, 1998.[22] 
The solar electric propulsion system of the European Space Agency's SMART-1 spacecraft used a Snecma PPS-1350-G Hall thruster.[23] SMART-1 was a technology demonstration mission that orbited the Moon. 
This use of the PPS-1350-G, starting on September 28, 2003, was the first use of a Hall thruster outside geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO). 
Unlike most Hall thruster propulsion systems used in commercial applications, the Hall thruster on SMART-1 could be throttled over a range of power, specific impulse, and thrust.[24] It has a discharge power range of 0.46–1.19 kW, a specific impulse of 1,100–1,600 s and thrust of 30–70 mN. 
The largest planned Hall-effect thruster is NASA's 40 kW Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS), meant to propel large-scale science missions and cargo transportation in deep space.[25] 
Hall thrusters are able to accelerate their exhaust to speeds between 10 and 80 km/s (1,000–8,000 s specific impulse), with most models operating between 15 and 30 km/s (1,500–3,000 s specific impulse). 
The thrust produced depends on the power level. 
Devices operating at 1.35 kW produce about 83 mN of thrust. 
High-power models have demonstrated up to 5.4 N in the laboratory.[2] Power levels up to 100 kW have been demonstrated for xenon Hall thrusters. 
External links 
As of 2009[update], Hall-effect thrusters ranged in input power levels from 1.35 to 10 kilowatts and had exhaust velocities of 10–50 kilometers per second, with thrust of 40–600 millinewtons and efficiency in the range of 45–60 percent.[3] 
The applications of Hall-effect thrusters include control of the orientation and position of orbiting satellites and use as a main propulsion engine for medium-size robotic space vehicles.[1] 
History 
Hall thrusters were studied independently in the United States and the Soviet Union. 
They were first described publicly in the US in the early 1960s.[4][5][6] However, the Hall thruster was first developed into an efficient propulsion device in the Soviet Union. 
In the US, scientists focused instead on developing gridded ion thrusters. 
Two types of Hall thrusters were developed in the Soviet Union: 
KDE Plasma 5 is the fifth and current generation of the graphical workspaces environment created by KDE primarily for Linux systems. 
KDE Plasma 5 is the successor of KDE Plasma 4 and was first released on 15 July 2014.[1][4][5] It includes a new default theme, known as "Breeze", as well as increased convergence across different devices. 
The graphical interface was fully migrated to QML, which uses OpenGL for hardware acceleration, which resulted in better performance and reduced power consumption.[1][6] 
Since the split of the KDE Software Compilation into KDE Plasma, KDE Frameworks and KDE Applications, each subproject can develop at its own pace.[1] KDE Plasma 5 is on its own release schedule, with feature releases every three-to-four months, and bugfix releases in the intervening months. 
Krunner – Search feature with several available plugins. 
In addition to quick launching apps, it searches files and folders, and performs numerous other tasks such as foreign currency conversion and measurement conversion. 
It also functions as a calculator.[12] Activities – "virtual desktops", which have their own layouts and wallpapers. 
They can be named and navigated through the Activities menu. 
Customize desktops, layouts and panels on multiple monitors Widgets, called "Plasmoids", can be added to the panel or desktop Dolphin file manager – bulk rename files, can be customized through "service menus" that add new functions to the context menu[13] Session Management Spectacle – for making screenshots 
History 
The first Technology Preview of Plasma 5 (at that time called Plasma 2) was released on 13 December 2013.[26] On 15 July 2014, the first release version – Plasma 5.0 – saw the light of day.[1] In spring 2015, Plasma 5 replaced Plasma 4 in many popular distributions, such as Fedora 22,[27] Kubuntu 15.04,[28] and openSUSE Tumbleweed.[29] 
Releases 
Feature releases are released every four months (up to 5.8 every three months) and bugfix releases in the intervening months.[11] Following version 5.8 LTS KDE plans to support each new LTS version for 18 months with bug fixes, while new regular releases will see feature improvements.[30] 
The default lock screen of Plasma 5 Plasma 5.0 showing KRunner and display management Power management and keyboard brightness OSD Shutdown screen of Plasma 5 login screen with Plasma integration Plasma System Settings First Technology Preview of Plasma 5 
KDE's mascot Konqi and Plasma desktop 
KDE Plasma 5 is built using Qt 5 and KDE Frameworks 5,[7] predominantly plasma-framework.[8] 
It improves support for HiDPI displays and ships a convergable graphical shell, which can adjust itself according to the device in use. 5.0 also includes a new default theme, dubbed Breeze. 
Changes under the hood include the migration to a new, fully hardware-accelerated graphics stack centered on an OpenGL(ES)-based scene graph (canvas). 
Plasma 5 completes the migration of KDE Plasma 4 to QtQuick. Qt 5's QtQuick 2 uses a hardware-accelerated OpenGL(ES) scenegraph to compose and render graphics on the screen, which allows for the offloading of computationally expensive graphics rendering tasks onto the GPU, which frees up resources on the system's main CPU, and is faster and more power efficient.[1] 
Windowing systems 
KDE Plasma 5 uses the X Window System, but support for Wayland is under development.[1] Initial support for Wayland was made available in the 5.4 release.[2] Stable support for a basic Wayland session was provided in the 5.5 release (December 2015).[10] 
Development 
KWrite Developer(s) KDE (Christoph Cullmann, Anders Lund, Joseph Wenninger, Hamish Rodda, et al.) Stable release 19.04.1 (9 May 2019; 17 days ago (2019-05-09)[1]) [±] Written in C++ Operating system Cross-Platform Type Text editor License LGPL Website kate-editor.org 
KWrite is a lightweight text editor by KDE, which, after K Desktop Environment 2, is based on the KATE text editor, and the KDE KParts technology, which allows it to use many of KATE's features. 
Export to HTML, PDF, or PostScript formats Block selection mode (see screenshot) Code folding Bookmarks Syntax highlighting Encoding selection End-of-line mode selection (Unix, Windows, classic Mac OS) Word completion Supports Plugins Supports Vi input mode 
See also 
References 
Okular is the multiplatform document viewer developed by the KDE community and based on Qt and KDE Frameworks libraries. 
It is distributed as part of the KDE Applications bundle. 
It was originally based on KPDF and it replaced KPDF, KGhostView, KFax, KFaxview and KDVI in KDE 4. 
Its functionality can be easily embedded in other applications. 
Portable Document Format (PDF) with the Poppler backend PostScript with the libspectre backend Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) with the libTIFF backend Microsoft Compiled HTML Help (CHM) with the libCHM backend DjVu with the DjVuLibre backend Device independent file format (DVI) XML Paper Specification (XPS) OpenDocument format (ODF) (only OpenDocument Text) FictionBook (*.fb2) ComicBook Plucker ePub Mobipocket Various image formats, such as JPG Markdown[11] 
History 
Okular was started for the Google Summer of Code of 2005; Piotr Szymański was the accepted student.[1][2] 
Okular was identified as a success story of the 2007 Season of Usability.[5] In this season the Okular toolbar mockup was created based on an analysis of other popular document viewers and a usage survey. 
When it was ported to Qt 5 in December 2016, the version numbering jumped from 0.26 to 1.0.[6] 
Okular's annotation features include commenting on PDF documents, highlighting and drawing lines, geometric shapes, adding textboxes, and stamps. 
Annotations are stored separately from the unmodified PDF file, or (since version 0.15 with Poppler 0.20[7]) can be saved in the document as standard PDF annotations. 
Text can be extracted to a text file. 
It is possible to select parts of the document and copy the text or image to the clipboard. 
Other features include reading text aloud using the Qt Speech module part of Qt since Qt 5 (previously using the Jovie,[8][9]), trimming of white page borders and setting of bookmarks. 
Gwenview is an image viewer for Unix-like systems (including Linux) and is released as part of the KDE Applications bundle. 
The current maintainer is Aurélien Gâteau. 
The word "Gwen" means "white" in the Breton language and is commonly used as a first name. 
History 
Gwenview was first available for K Desktop Environment 3. 
Later it was released as part of the KDE Software Compilation 4 with a simplified user interface, making it more suitable for quickly browsing through collection of images.[2] It also provided a full-screen interface that can be used to display images as a slide-show. 
In 2014, Gwenview was ported to KDE Frameworks 5 and released as part of KDE Applications.[3] The software is the default viewer for PDF files on Kubuntu. 
Directory browser Raster image (including but not limited to BMP, PNG, JPEG, GIF, MNG, TIFF, and PSD), SVG, RAW (limited), and video support Easy to use interface[5] Metadata comment editor Thumbnail image view of current directory Import images from external storage Use of KIPI (KDE Image Plugins Interface) plugins for manipulating images Filtering based on file type, file name pattern, and date. 
Share images to social networking sites[6] 
Comparison of image viewers digiKam gThumb 
This is a list of KDE Applications and other applications developed by the KDE international free software community. 
It is sorted by categories that are mostly the same KDE itself uses.[1] 
Development 
blinKen – computerised version of the game Simon Says Cantor –worksheet view to other Free Software Math packages. 
GUI frontend to SageMath, Maxima, R and KAlgebra KAlgebra – a mathematical calculator based content markup MathML language Kalzium – Displays information about the periodic table of elements Kanagram – customizable anagram game KBruch – a program for generating tasks with vulgar fractions KGeography – a geography learning program KHangMan – classic hangman game Kig – Program for exploring geometric constructions Kiten – Japanese reference/learning tool KLettres – Helps to learn the alphabet and then to read some syllables in different languages KmPlot – mathematical function plotter KTouch – program for learning touch typing KTurtle – educational programming environment using turtle graphics KStars – a planetarium program KWordQuiz Marble – geographical map program Parley – a vocabulary trainer based on the Leitner system Step – an interactive physics simulator 
Science 
Cirkuit – An application to generate publication-ready figures[5] KBibTeX – an application to manage bibliography databases in the BibTeX format Semantik – a mindmapping-like tool for document generation[6][7] Kst - a plotting and data viewing program[8] RKWard – an easy to use, transparent frontend to R 
KDE mascot Konqi and KDE game applications. 
Games 
Bomber – arcade Bombing Game Bovo – Five–in–a–row Board Game Granatier – a Bomberman clone Kajongg – a Mahjong Board Game. 
Can play against robots or in multiplayer over network. 
Kapman – Pac-Man Clone KAtomic – a clone of the early 1990s commercial game Atomix KBattleship – Battleship-style game KBlackbox – Black–box logic game. 
Shoot rays into a black box to find some balls KBlocks – a Tetris clone KBounce – a JezzBall clone KBreakout – a Breakout type game KDiamond – a Bejeweled type game KFourInLine – Four–in–a–row Board Game KGoldrunner – Hunt Gold, Dodge Enemies and Solve Puzzles Kigo – a Go Board Game Kiriki – a Yahtzee game KJumpingCube – a board game where players make boxes change color and try to succeed in taking over the board KMahjongg – Mahjong solitaire KMines – Minesweeper game KNetWalk – a puzzle game. 
The player must arrange sections of wire to connect the computers Knights – Chess board program[9] Kolf – a Golf game Kollision – a game of dexterity GNUlactic Konquest – Galactic Strategy Game KPatience – Patience Card Game KReversi – Othello/Reversi game KSame KShisen KsirK KSpaceDuel KSquares KSudoku KTron KTuberling Kubrick LsKat Palapeli 
Toys 
AMOR – Amusing Misuse Of Resources. Desktop creature KTeaTime – Tea cooking timer KTux KWeather 
KDE mascot Konqi and KDE graphics applications. 
Graphics 
KDE mascot Konqi and KDE software development applications. 
DigiKam – a digital photo editor Gwenview – Image viewer Karbon – a scalable graphics application KColorChooser – a color chooser KColorEdit – a color palette editor KFax – a faxing application KGrab – a screen grabbing program KGraphViewer – a Graphviz dot graph viewer KIconEdit – an icon editor KolourPaint – Small bitmap graphics editor (similar to Microsoft Paint) Konstruktor – LEGO CAD[10] KPhotoAlbum – a digital photo and image manager KPovModeler – Modeling and composition program for creating POV-Ray scenes Krita – Digital painting and illustration suite KRuler – a screen ruler Spectacle - a screenshot tool Kuickshow – an image viewer Okular – a universal document viewer Skanlite – an image scanning application 
KDE mascot Konqi and KDE internet applications. 
Multimedia 
Playback 
Production 
System 
Utilities 
Cervisia – CVS frontend KAppTemplate – Template-based code project generator Kate – a text editor for programmers. 
As of KDE 4, KEdit has been replaced by Kate &/or Kwrite.[2] KBugBuster – KDE-centric bug manager KCachegrind – a frontend for Valgrind KDESvn – graphical Subversion client KDevelop – an integrated development environment for multiple languages KDiff3 – Diff/Patch frontend Kommander – Dynamic dialog editor Kompare – Diff/Patch frontend KUIViewer – Qt Designer UI File Viewer Lokalize – a computer–aided translation system Okteta - a hex editor Poxml Swappo Massif Visualizer – Visualizer for Valgrind Massif data files[3] Umbrello – UML diagram application 
Accessibility 
Discontinued 
Web development 
Education 
KDE mascot Konqi and KDE education applications. 
KDE mascot Konqi and KDE science applications. 
Lya de Putti in the film Manon Lescaut (1926) by Arthur Robinson. 
Photography by Alexander Binder. 
Collection EYE Film Institute Netherlands. 
Return to Broadway 
The following year, de Putti went to Hollywood but found little success. 
Despite working with distinguished actors such as Adolphe Menjou and Zasu Pitts, she failed to make it big and left the screen by 1929 to attempt to restart her career on Broadway. 
Later, she went to England to make silent movies and studied the English language. 
She then returned to the U.S. to attempt sound films. 
She died in 1931, aged 34, at the Harbor Sanitorium, leaving just £800 (UK equivalent at the time) and a few bits of jewellery. 
Four years earlier, £800 was her weekly wage. 
She is interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. 
Filmography 
Lya de Putti (January 10, 1897 – November 27, 1931) was a Hungarian film actress during the silent era. 
She was noted for her portrayals of vamp characters. 
External links 
Early life and career 
Born as Amália Putti[1] (Hungarian: Putti Amália) in Vécse, Austria-Hungary (today Vojčice, Slovakia), she was one of the four children of Gyula Putti (Hungarian: Putti Gyula), a cavalry officer,[2] and his wife, the former Mária Holyos[3] (Hungarian: Holyos Mária). 
She had two brothers, Géza and Sándor, the latter serving as a first lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian army,[3] and a sister, Mária. 
She began her stage career on the Hungarian vaudeville circuit. 
She soon progressed to Berlin, where after performing in the ballet, she made her screen debut in 1918. 
She became the premiere danseuse at the Berlin Winter Garden in 1924. 
Around that time German film director Joe May noticed her and cast her in The Mistress of the World (1919), her first important film. 
She followed this success with noteworthy performances in Manon Lescaut and Varieté (1925). 
The latter featured her opposite Emil Jannings and directed by E.A. Dupont. 
Both films are UFA productions. 
While in Germany, de Putti starred with such actors as Conrad Veidt, Alfred Abel, Werner Krauss, Grete Mosheim, and Lil Dagover and was filmed by directors F.W. Murnau and Fritz Lang. 
De Putti came to America in February 1926. 
At the time, she told reporters she was 22 years old but her ocean liner's records list her as having been 26. 
De Putti generally was cast as a vamp character, and often wore her dark hair short in a style similar to that of Louise Brooks or Colleen Moore. 
De Putti starred in D.W. Griffith's The Sorrows of Satan (1926). 
The film was released in two versions, one in the U.S. and the other in Europe. 
In the U.S. version, one scene had de Putti fully dressed whereas the same scene in the European release had de Putti topless. 
De Putti once was rumored to be engaged to Count Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten, a former husband of oil heiress Millicent Rogers. She denied the engagement. 
In 1913, she married Zoltán Szepessy, a county magistrate. 
They divorced in 1918. 
The couple had two daughters, Ilona (b. 1914) and Judith (b. 1916). 
Caban Coch Dam 
The Elan Valley (Welsh: Cwm Elan) is a river valley situated to the west of Rhayader, in Powys, Wales, sometimes known as the "Welsh Lake District". 
It covers 70 square miles (180 km2) of lake and countryside. 
The valley contains the Elan Valley Reservoirs and Elan Village, designed by architect Herbert Tudor Buckland as part of the same scheme. Elan Village is the only purpose-built Arts and Crafts "Model Village" in Wales. 
It is also famous for its picturesque scenery. Over 80% of the valley is designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, and a popular cycle trail, the Elan Valley Trail, makes a loop from Rhayader around the reservoirs. 
Part of the trail overlaps with a spur of National Cycle Route 81 (Lon Cambria). 
External links 
Sustrans Routes2Ride: Cycling in the Elan Valley Sustrans map and description for Route 81, Lon Cambria Official site by Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water and the Elan Valley Trust City council to fund water museum at BBC News, 26 July 2006 Abandoned communities ..... Elan Valley From Shelley to the Dambusters www.geograph.co.uk : photos of the Elan Valley and surrounding area Photographs of the Elan Valley in Winter from the August 2009 Exhibition, The Beauty of Winter at the Elan Valley Visitor centre 
LightSail is a multi-year project to demonstrate controlled solar sailing within low Earth orbit using a CubeSat developed by The Planetary Society, a global non-profit organization devoted to space exploration.[4] By 2019, The Planetary Society had developed two LightSail CubeSats—LightSail 1 and LightSail 2—as follow-on of a larger light sail—Cosmos 1—that they had designed in the early 2000s and launched in 2005. 
Design 
As a solar sail, LightSail 2's propulsion is dependent on solar radiation alone. 
Solar photons exert radiation pressure on the sail, producing a small degree of acceleration. 
Thus, the solar sail will be propelled by pressure from sunlight itself, and not by the charged particles of the solar wind.[12] The Planetary Society expects LightSail 2's orbit to increase by as much as a kilometer per day.[13] 
Structure 
LightSail 2's modular design is based on a modular three-unit CubeSat, a small satellite format created for university-level space projects. 
One CubeSat-sized module carries the cameras, sensors and control systems, and the other two units will contain and deploy the solar sails.[14] 
The spacecraft contains four triangular sails, which combine to form a rectangular-shaped surface. 
The sails are made of Mylar, a reflective polyester film.[15] 
A preliminary technology demonstrator spacecraft, LightSail 1 (formerly LightSail-A[1]), was launched as a secondary payload aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket at 15:05 UTC on 20 May 2015 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.[16][17][18] The mission delivered the satellite to an orbit where atmospheric drag was greater than the force exerted by solar radiation pressure.[19] 
The LightSail spacecraft core measures 10 × 10 × 30 cm, and its kite-shaped solar sail deploys into a total area of 32 square meters (340 sq ft).[5] 
LightSail 2 was launched on 25 June 2019, and deployed by the Prox-1 carrier satellite, into a much higher low-Earth orbit than Light Sail 1, at over 720 km orbital altitude.[1][29] It will demonstrate controlled solar sailing in low Earth orbit. 
By controlling the orientation of the sail relative to the Sun, the flight team will attempt to raise the orbit apogee and increase orbital energy following sail deployment. 
Prox-1 and LightSail 2 were secondary payloads aboard the second operational SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch, which carried the STP-2 payload for the U.S. Air Force.[30] 
launch deployment of the Prox-1 carrier satellite in a 720 km (450 mi) circular orbit: T+100 minutes deployment of LightSail 2 from the P-POD CubeSat dispenser via a large spring: T+7 days initial on-orbit test operations: health check, radio communication with terrestrial four ground stations, photographic test images; all with the solar panels not yet fully deployed solar panel deployment/uncovering the solar sail stowage compartments: T+12 days 3-minute duration solar sail deployment sequence: ~T+13 days operational light sail testing—raising the apogee and lowering the perigee of LightSail 2—will last approximately one month reentry into Earth's atmosphere caused by the lowered perigee causing the satellite to encounter sufficient atmosphere to lower the perigee into the thicker part of the atmosphere 
CubeSail CubeSail (UltraSail) IKAROS, a Japanese solar sail, launched in May 2010 NanoSail-D2, the successor to NanoSail-D, launched in November 2010 Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, a solar sail planned to launch in 2019 OKEANOS, a large Japanese solar sail proposal to Jupiter Trojans Sunjammer, a solar sail that was cancelled before launch in 2014 
On May 20, 2015, the first CubeSat spacecraft, LightSail 1 (formerly called LightSail-A[1]), was launched, and deployed its solar sail on June 7, 2015. 
LightSail 2 launched as a secondary payload on the Space Test Program (STP-2) on a Falcon Heavy rocket on 25 June 2019. 
History 
In 2005, The Planetary Society attempted to send a larger solar sail satellite named Cosmos 1 into space, but the spacecraft's Russian Volna launch vehicle failed to reach orbit.[6] In 2009, the Society began working on a CubeSat-based solar sail based on NASA's NanoSail-D project,[7] which was lost in August 2008 due to the failure of its Falcon 1 launch vehicle.[8] (A second unit, NanoSail-D2, was successfully deployed in early 2011.) 
Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Cu2O. It is one of the principal oxides of copper, the other being CuO or cupric oxide. 
This red-coloured solid is a component of some antifouling paints. 
The compound can appear either yellow or red, depending on the size of the particles.[2] Copper(I) oxide is found as the reddish mineral cuprite. 
Properties 
The solid is diamagnetic. 
In terms of their coordination spheres, copper centres are 2-coordinated and the oxides are tetrahedral. 
The structure thus resembles in some sense the main polymorphs of SiO2, and both structures feature interpenetrated lattices. 
Copper(I) oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colourless complex [Cu(NH3)2]+, which is easily oxidized in air to the blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid to give solutions of CuCl2−. 
Dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid produce copper(II) sulfate and copper(II) nitrate, respectively.[4] 
Cu2O degrades to copper(II) oxide in moist air. 
In the history of semiconductor physics, Cu2O is one of the most studied materials, and many experimental semiconductor applications have been demonstrated first in this material: 
Semiconductor Semiconductor diodes[5] Phonoritons [6][7] 
The lowest excitons in Cu2O are extremely long lived; absorption lineshapes have been demonstrated with neV linewidths, which is the narrowest bulk exciton resonance ever observed.[8] The associated quadrupole polaritons have low group velocity approaching the speed of sound. 
Thus, light moves almost as slowly as sound in this medium, which results in high polariton densities. 
Another unusual feature of the ground state excitons is that all primary scattering mechanisms are known quantitatively.[9] Cu2O was the first substance where an entirely parameter-free model of absorption linewidth broadening by temperature could be established, allowing the corresponding absorption coefficient to be deduced. 
It can be shown using Cu2O that the Kramers–Kronig relations do not apply to polaritons.[10] 
Preparation 
Applications 
Cuprous oxide is commonly used as a pigment, a fungicide, and an antifouling agent for marine paints. 
Rectifier diodes based on this material have been used industrially as early as 1924, long before silicon became the standard. 
Copper(I) oxide is also responsible for the pink color in a positive Benedict's test. 
See also 
External links 
Copper(I) oxide may be produced by several methods.[3] Most straightforwardly, it arises via the oxidation of copper metal: 
Additives such as water and acids affect the rate of this process as well as the further oxidation to copper(II) oxides. 
It is also produced commercially by reduction of copper(II) solutions with sulfur dioxide. 
Aqueous cuprous chloride solutions react with base to give the same material. 
In all cases, the color is highly sensitive to the procedural details. 
Pourbaix diagram for copper in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH− not considered). 
Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water). 
Temperature 25°C. 
Formation of copper(I) oxide is the basis of the Fehling's test and Benedict's test for reducing sugars. 
These sugars reduce an alkaline solution of a copper(II) salt, giving a bright red precipitate of Cu2O. 
It forms on silver-plated copper parts exposed to moisture when the silver layer is porous or damaged. 
This kind of corrosion is known as red plague. 
Little evidence exists for cuprous hydroxide, which is expected to rapidly undergo dehydration. 
A similar situation applies to the hydroxides of gold(I) and silver(I). 
Mestský štadión Žiar nad Hronom is a multi-use stadium in Žiar nad Hronom, Slovakia. 
It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FK Pohronie. 
The stadium holds 2,309 people. 
In 1989 and 1999, has hosted the final match of Slovak Cup. 
Reconstruction 
In 2016 began reconstruction of the stadium. 
Original capacity 12.910 was decreased to 2,309 spectators (all-seated). 
The estimated cost is €2 million. 
Slovak government provided €750.000 of the cost. City of Žiar nad Hronom provided €1.000.000 and other private sponsors like Nemak €250.000[3][4] 
External links 
By the fiscal year 2017, gross revenue for the company, including sales of the familiar WD-40 Multi-Use as well as other products, totaled $381 million in annual revenue; about half of this was for sales outside the US. 
CEO Garry O. Ridge told a NASDAQ publication that they manufacture the "secret formula" in four plants located in various countries and ship it to other companies which then blend and package the product before shipping it to customers.[13] 
Function 
The long-term active ingredient is a non-volatile viscous oil which remains on the surface to which it is applied, giving lubrication and protection from moisture.[14] This oil is diluted with a volatile hydrocarbon to make a low viscosity fluid which can be aerosolized to penetrate crevices. 
The volatile hydrocarbon then evaporates, leaving behind the oil. 
A propellant (originally a low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon, now carbon dioxide) creates pressure in the can to force the liquid through the can's nozzle before evaporating.[14] The product is also sold in bulk as a liquid to industrial companies.[15] 
Formulation 
WD-40's formula is a trade secret, and has not changed over the years, according to historian Iris Engstrand.[1] 
To avoid disclosing its composition, the product was not patented in 1953, and the window of opportunity for patenting it has long since closed.[7] WD-40's main ingredients as supplied in aerosol cans, according to US Material Safety Data Sheet information, are: 
50% "aliphatic hydrocarbons". 
The manufacturer's website claims this ratio in the current formulation cannot accurately be described as Stoddard solvent, a similar mixture of hydrocarbons.[16] <25% petroleum base oil. 
Presumably a mineral oil or light lubricating oil. 
12–18% low vapor pressure aliphatic hydrocarbon. 
Reduces the liquid's viscosity so that it can be used in aerosols. 
The hydrocarbon evaporates during application. 
2–3% carbon dioxide. 
A propellant which is now used instead of the original liquefied petroleum gas to reduce WD-40's flammability. 
(A bulk liquid version, without a propellant, is also manufactured for industrial use.) <10% inert ingredients. 
60–80% hydrogen-treated heavy naphtha (a petroleum product used in wick-type cigarette lighters) 1–5% carbon dioxide 
It warns of the product's high flammability and the risk of irritation to human skin when repeatedly exposed to WD-40. 
Wearing nitrile rubber gloves and safety glasses are advised (ordinary rubber disintegrates if exposed to petroleum products). 
It also mentions that water is unsuitable for extinguishing burning WD-40. 
WD-40 spray can from Germany 
In 2009, Wired published an article with the results of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy tests on WD-40, showing that the principal components were C9 to C14 alkanes and mineral oil.[17] 
Retrieved July 30, 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 1 2 Martin, Douglas (July 22, 2009). 
External links 
WD-40 is the trademark name of a penetrating oil and water-displacing spray. 
The spray is manufactured by the WD-40 Company based in San Diego, California.[1] 
History 
Different sources credit different men with inventing WD-40 formula in 1953 as part of the Rocket Chemical Company (later renamed to WD-40 Company), in San Diego, California; the formula was kept as a trade secret and was never patented.[1] 
According to Iris Engstrand, a historian of San Diego and California history at the University of San Diego, Iver Norman Lawson invented the formula,[3] while the WD-40 company website and other books and newspapers credit Norman Larsen. 
According to Engstrand, "Lawson was acknowledged at the time, but his name later became confused with company president Norman B. Larsen."[4][5][2] "WD-40" is abbreviated from the term "Water Displacement, 40th formula", suggesting it was the result of the 40th attempt to create the product.[5] The spray, composed of various hydrocarbons, was originally designed to be used by Convair to protect the outer skin of the Atlas missile from rust and corrosion.[6][7] This outer skin also functioned as the outer wall of the missile's paper-thin fuel balloon tanks, which were so fragile that, when empty, they had to be kept inflated with nitrogen to prevent them from collapsing. 
WD-40 was later found to have many household uses[1] and was made available to consumers in San Diego in 1958.[6] 
In Engstrand's account, it was Iver Norman Lawson who came up with the water-displacing mixture after working at home, and turned it over to the Rocket Chemical Company for the sum of $500, which today (2018) is about $4,600. 
It was Norman Larsen, president of the company, who had the idea of packaging it in aerosol cans and marketed it in this way.[1] 
It was written up as a new consumer product in 1961.[8] By 1965 it was being used by airlines including Delta and United; United, for example, was using it on fixed and movable joints of their DC-8 and Boeing 720s in maintenance and overhaul.[9] At that time, airlines were using a variant called WD-60 to clean turbines, removing light rust from control lines, and when handling or storing metal parts.[9] By 1969 WD-40 was being marketed to farmers and mechanics in England.[10] In 1973, WD-40 Company, Inc., went public with its first stock offering. 
Its NASDAQ stock symbol is (NASDAQ: WDFC).[11] 
In 2014, WD-40 was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[12] 
A demonym (/ˈdɛmənɪm/; from Greek δῆμος, dêmos, "people, tribe" and όνομα, ónoma, "name") or gentilic (from Latin gentilis, "of a clan, or gens")[1] is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place and is usually derived from the name of the place.[2] 
Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for a person from the city of Cochabamba; American for a person from the country called the United States of America; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast. 
Demonyms do not always clearly distinguish place of origin or ethnicity from place of residence or citizenship, and many demonyms overlap with the ethnonym for the ethnically dominant group of a region. 
Thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. 
In English, demonyms are capitalized[3] and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist; for instance, the adjectival form of Spain is "Spanish", but the demonym is "Spaniard". 
Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne, which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square Underground station. The modern eastern boundary is Chelsea Bridge Road and the lower half of Sloane Street, including Sloane Square. To the north and northwest, the area fades into Knightsbridge and Brompton, but it is considered that the area north of King's Road as far northwest as Fulham Road is part of Chelsea. 
Chelsea once had a reputation as London's bohemian quarter, the haunt of artists, radicals, painters and poets. Little of this seems to survive now – the comfortable squares off King's Road are homes to, amongst others, investment bankers and film stars. The Chelsea Arts Club continues in situ; however, the Chelsea College of Art and Design, founded in 1895 as the Chelsea School of Art, moved from Manresa Road to Pimlico in 2005. 
Chelsea shone again, brightly but briefly, in the 1960s Swinging London period and the early 1970s. The Swinging Sixties was defined on King's Road, which runs the length of the area. 
The word Chelsea (also formerly Chelceth, Chelchith, or Chelsey,[4]) originates from the Old English term for "landing place [on the river] for chalk or limestone" (Cealc-hyð: chalk-wharf, in Anglo-Saxon). Chelsea hosted the Synod of Chelsea in 787 AD. The first record of the Manor of Chelsea precedes the Domesday Book and records the fact that Thurstan, governor of the King's Palace during the reign of Edward the Confessor (1042–1066), gave the land to the Abbot and Convent of Westminster. 
"Dormition" fresco (1315) by Georgios Kalliergis in the Church of the Resurrection 
Byzantine-era Church of the Resurrection 
View of Saint Paul, the Old Metropolitan Cathedral of Veria 
Under the Byzantine Empire Berrhoea continued to grow and prosper, developing a large and well-educated commercial class (Greek and Jewish) and becoming a center of medieval Greek learning; signs of this prosperity are reflected in the many Byzantine churches that were built at this time, during which it was a Christian bishopric (see below). 
Byzantine Museum of Veroia 
Veria (Greek: Βέροια or Βέρροια), officially transliterated Veroia, historically also spelled Berea or Berœa,[2] is a city in Macedonia, northern Greece, located 511 kilometres (318 miles) north-northwest of the capital Athens and 73 km (45 mi) west-southwest of Thessalonica. 
Ottoman Veria 
Medrese Mosque 
Under Ottoman rule, Veria continued to be a regional center of Greek commerce and learning, and counted many important Greek scholars as its natives (e.g. Ioannis Kottounios) 
The presence of a large, prosperous and educated bourgeoisie made Veria one of the centers of Greek nationalism in the region of Macedonia, and the city's inhabitants had an active part in the Greek War of Independence; important military leaders during the uprising included Athanasios Syropoulos, Georgios Syropoulos, Dimitrios Kolemis and Georgios Kolemis, among others;[10] however, as was the case with the rest of Northern Greece, eventually the uprising was defeated, and Veria only became part of modern Greece in 1912 during the Balkan Wars, when it was taken by the Hellenic Army in October 16, 1912 (October 16 is an official holiday in Veria, commemorating the city's incorporation to Greece), and was officially annexed to Greece following the signing of the Treaty of Athens in November 1913.[2] 
Even by the standards of Greece, Veria is an old city; first mentioned in the writings of Thucydides in 432 BC, there is evidence that it was populated as early as 1000 BC.[3] Veria was an important possession for Philip II of Macedon (father of Alexander the Great) and later for the Romans. 
Apostle Paul famously preached in the city, and its inhabitants were among the first Christians in the Empire. 
Later, under the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, Veria was a center of Greek culture and learning. 
Today Veria is a commercial center of Central Macedonia, the capital of the regional unit of Imathia and the seat of a Church of Greece Metropolitan bishop in the Ecumenical Patriarchate as well as a Latin Catholic titular see. 
The extensive archaeological site of Vergina (ancient Aegae, the first capital of Macedon), a UNESCO World Heritage Site containing the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, lies 12 km (7 mi) south-east of the city center of Veria. 
History 
Altar of Saint Paul Statue of St Paul View of Barabuta, Jewish quarter Kiriqos and Ioulitta Byzantine church (14th) Christ fresco by Georgios Kalliergis, (1315) in the "Resurrection of Christ" church Fresco in the Old Metropolis (14th) Ottoman-era Twin Hamam Veria Stadium Panoramic view from the Vikela hill Traditional dress 
Creatinine (/kriˈætɪnɪn/ or /kriˈætɪniːn/; from Greek: κρέας, romanized: kreas, lit. 'flesh') is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).[3] 
Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of renal health because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. 
Creatinine itself is produced[4] via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the body's immediate energy supply). 
1 2 Merck Index, 11th Edition, 2571 ↑ "Creatinine, anhydrous - CAS 60-27-5". Scbt.com..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ Creatinine in Mayo Clinic ↑ "What Is a Creatinine Blood Test? Low & High Ranges". 
Creatine is synthesized primarily in the liver from the methylation of glycocyamine (guanidino acetate, synthesized in the kidney from the amino acids arginine and glycine) by S-Adenosyl methionine. 
It is then transported through blood to the other organs, muscle, and brain, where, through phosphorylation, it becomes the high-energy compound phosphocreatine.[1] Creatine conversion to phosphocreatine is catalyzed by creatine kinase; spontaneous formation of creatinine occurs during the reaction.[6] 
Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion. 
Little or no tubular reabsorption of creatinine occurs. 
If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, blood creatinine concentrations rise. 
Therefore, creatinine concentrations in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance (CrCl), which correlates approximately with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). 
Blood creatinine concentrations may also be used alone to calculate the estimated GFR (eGFR). 
Ano Doliana (Ano meaning "upper", Greek: Άνω Δολιανά, Greek pronunciation: [ano ðolianaː]) or simply Doliana, is a stone-built mountainous village in the municipality of North Kynouria, in eastern Arcadia, Greece.[2] As of 2011 it had 90 inhabitants. 
It is a protected traditional settlement.[3][4] 
Activities 
The E4 European long distance path crosses right through Doliana, making it an ideal spot for hiking.[27][28][29] 
External links 
Meskwaki signature of a fox on the Great Peace of Montreal. 
Meskwaki are of Algonquian origin from the prehistoric Woodland period culture area. 
The Meskwaki language is a dialect of the language spoken by the Sauk and Kickapoo, within the Algonquian languages family. 
This broad group includes many tribes on the Atlantic Coast and around the Great Lakes.[citation needed] 
The Meskwaki and Sauk peoples are two distinct tribal groups. 
Linguistic and cultural connections between the two tribes have made them often associated in history. Under US government recognition treaties, officials treat the Sac (anglicized Sauk term) and Meskwaki as a single political unit, despite their distinct identities.[citation needed] 
Historically the Meskwaki lived along the Saint Lawrence River in present-day Ontario, northeast of Lake Ontario. 
The tribe may have numbered as many as 10,000, but years of war with the Huron, whom French colonial agents supplied with arms, and exposure to new European infectious diseases reduced their numbers. In response to these pressures, the Meskwaki migrated west, first to present-day eastern Michigan in the area between Saginaw Bay and Detroit west of Lake Huron. 
Later they moved further west into what is now Wisconsin.[citation needed] 
Fox Wars 
The Meskwaki fought against the French, in what are called the Fox Wars, for more than three decades (1701–1742) to preserve their homelands. The Meskwaki resistance to French encroachment was highly effective. The King of France signed a decree commanding the complete extermination of the Meskwaki, the only edict of its kind in French history.[citation needed] 
The First Fox War with the French lasted from 1712-1714. 
This first Fox War was purely economic in nature, as the French wanted rights to use the river system to gain access to the Mississippi. 
After the Second Fox War of 1728, the Meskwaki were reduced to some 1500 people. They found shelter with the Sac, but French competition carried to that tribe. 
In the Second Fox War, the French increased their pressure on the tribe to gain access to the Fox and Wolf rivers. Nine hundred Fox: 300 warriors and the remainder mostly women and children, tried to break out in Illinois to reach the English and Iroquois to the east,[8] but a combined French and hundreds of allied Native American force greatly outnumbered them. On September 9, 1730, most of the Fox warriors were killed; many women and children were taken captive into Indian slavery or killed by the French allies.[8] 
The Meskwaki (sometimes spelled Mesquaki) are a Native American people often known by Western society as the Fox tribe. They have been closely linked to the Sauk people of the same language family. 
In the Meskwaki language, the Meskwaki call themselves Meshkwahkihaki, which means "the Red-Earths", related to their creation story. 
Historically their homelands were in the Great Lakes region. 
The tribe coalesced in the St. Lawrence River Valley in present-day Ontario, Canada. 
Under French colonial pressures, it migrated to the southern side of the Great Lakes to territory that much later was organized by European Americans as the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. 
Midwest region 
The Sauk and Meskwaki allied in 1735 in defense against the French and their allied Indian tribes. Descendants spread through southern Wisconsin, and along the present-day Illinois-Iowa border. 
In 1829 the US government estimated there were 1,500 Meskwaki along with 5,500 Sac (or Sauk). Both tribes relocated southward from Wisconsin into Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. 
There are accounts of Meskwaki as far south as Pike County, Illinois.[citation needed] 
The Meskwaki and Sac were forced to leave their territory by land-hungry American settlers. President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 passed by Congress, authorizing US removal of eastern American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. The act was directed mainly at the Five Civilized Tribes in the American Southeast, but it was also used against tribes in what was then called the Northwest as well, the area east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio River.[citation needed] 
Some Meskwaki were involved with Sac warriors in the Black Hawk War over homelands in Illinois. After the Black Hawk War of 1832, the United States officially combined the two tribes into a single group known as the Sac & Fox Confederacy for treaty-making purposes. The United States persuaded the Sauk and Meskwaki to sell all their claims to land in Iowa in a treaty of October 1842. 
They moved to land west of a temporary line (Red Rock Line) in 1843. They were removed to a reservation in east central Kansas in 1845 via the Dragoon Trace. 
The Dakota Sioux called the Meskwaki who moved west of the Mississippi River the "lost people" because they had been forced to leave their homelands. 
Some Meskwaki remained hidden in Iowa, with others returning within a few years. Soon after[when?], the U.S. government forced the Sauk to a reservation in Indian Territory present-day Oklahoma.[citation needed] 
In 1851 the Iowa legislature passed an unprecedented act to allow the Meskwaki to buy land even though they had occupied it by right before and stay in the state.[citation needed] American Indians had not generally been permitted to do so, as the U.S. Government had said that tribal Indians were legally not US citizens. Only citizens could buy land. 
In 1857, the Meskwaki purchased the first 80 acres (320,000 m2) in Tama County;[citation needed] Tama was named for Taimah, a Meskwaki chief of the early 19th century. 
Many Meskwaki later moved to the Meskwaki Settlement near Tama. 
The Meskwaki suffered damaging wars with French and their Native American allies in the early 18th century, with one in 1730 decimating the tribe. 
Euro-American colonization and settlement proceeded in the United States during the 19th century and forced the Meskwaki/Fox south and west into the tall grass prairie in the American Midwest. 
In 1851 the Iowa state legislature passed an unusual act to allow the Fox to buy land and stay in the state. Other Sac and Fox were removed to Indian territory in what became Kansas, Oklahoma and Nebraska. 
In the 21st century, two federally recognized tribes of "Sac and Fox" have reservations, and one has a settlement. 
By 1910, the Sac and Meskwaki together totaled only about 1,000 people. During the 20th century, they began to recover their cultures. 
By the year 2000, their numbers had increased to nearly 4,000.[citation needed] 
In World War II, Meskwaki men enlisted in the U.S. Army. 
Several served as code talkers,[10] along with Navajo and some other speakers of uncommon languages. 
Meskwaki men used their language to keep Allied communications secret in actions against the Germans in North Africa. 
Twenty-seven Meskwaki men, then 16% of the Meskwaki population in Iowa, enlisted together in the U.S. Army in January 1941. 
Etymology 
The Geschriebenstein (German: [ɡəˈʃʁiːbm̩ˌʃtaɪ̯n] (listen)), less commonly called the Írott-kő (Hungarian: [iːrotkøː]) in English sources, is a mountain, 884 metres high,[1] located on the border between Austria and Hungary. 
It is the highest mountain of the Kőszeg Mountains, the highest point in western Hungary (Transdanubia) and highest point in Burgenland.[1] Its height is 884 m according to Austrian sources, whereas Hungarian references mostly mention 883 m. 
The highest point on the Burgenland side of the border is 879 m (AA). 
Its former Hungarian names were Fenyőhegy and Szálkő. 
Its present name (Írottkő in Hungarian, Geschriebenstein in English and German) can be translated as written stone and is assumably derived from border stones with inscriptions between the properties of the Batthyány and Esterházy families. 
On the summit, there is an observation tower built in 1913. 
This stands exactly on the border between Austria and Hungary. 
The closest towns on the Austrian side are Rechnitz and Lockenhaus. 
On the Hungarian side the closest municipality is Velem and the closest town is Kőszeg. 
External links 
C/2019 Q4 (Borisov) (internal name Gb00234) is an interstellar comet with a heliocentric orbital eccentricity of ~3 and is not bound to the Sun.[4][2][3] It may have a hyperbolic excess velocity (vinfinity) of 30 km/s[4] (vinfinity under 3 km/s can be explained by Oort cloud perturbations.) 
ʻOumuamua – the only known interstellar object, with an eccentricity of 1.19951, discovered in 2017 C/1980 E1 (Bowell) – the most eccentric comet of the Solar System with an eccentricity of 1.057 
Discovery 
The object was discovered on 30 August 2019 at MARGO, Nauchnij, by Gennady Borisov using his custom built 0.65 meter telescope[7]. 
At discovery, it was 3±0.13 au from the Sun. 
It came from the direction of Cassiopeia near the border with Perseus[2] and very close to the galactic plane. 
It will come to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) around 7 December 2019.[3] 
Eccentricity 
With a 12-day observation arc, Bill Gray's best-fit for the hyperbolic orbit has an eccentricity of about 3.4, with perihelion at 2.0 au around 7 December 2019.[1] Using 151 observations, JPL's Scout gives an eccentricity range of 2.9–4.5.[2] 
With an observation arc of only 12 days, there was still some doubt to if it was interstellar. 
But the orbit could only be parabolic if it is significantly affected by non-gravitational forces (outgassing thrust) more than any other known comets.[1] Using non-gravitational forces on the highly eccentric orbit solution could generate an eccentricity of about 1, an Earth-MOID of 0.34 au (51 million km), with perihelion at 0.90 au around 30 December 2019.[2] But the orbit converged to the hyperbolic solution which would indicate an interstellar origin.[3] 
JPL Scout eccentricity ranges[1] # of observations Observation arc (hours) Eccentricity range 81 225 0.9 – 1.6 99 272 2.0 – 4.2 127 289 2.8 – 4.7 142 298 2.8 – 4.5 151 302 2.9 – 4.5 
Interstellar velocity inbound Object Velocity C/2010 X1 (Elenin) (For comparison when 200AU from the Sun) 2.96 km/s[11] 0.62 au/year 1I/2017 U1 (ʻOumuamua) 26.33 km/s[12] 5.55 au/year C/2019 Q4 (Borisov) 30.7 km/s[3] 6.47 au/year 
Secondary spacecraft 
A few weeks before the comet flyby, the main spacecraft (spacecraft A) will deploy two small probes (B1 and B2) to venture even closer to the target, carrying complementary instrument payloads and to sample the coma.[2] Each of the three spacecraft will sample gas composition, dust flux, density, magnetic fields, and plasma and solar wind interactions, to build up a 3D profile of the region around the comet.[9] 
Spacecraft Agency Science payload A ESA CoCa: Visible/near-infrared imager MIRMIS: NIR/Thermal IR spectral imager DFP: Dust, Fields and Plasma B1 JAXA HI: Lyman-alpha Hydrogen imager PS: Plasma Suite WAC: wide angle camera B2 ESA OPIC: Optical Imager for Comets (Vis/IR) MANIaC: Mass Analyzer for Neutrals and Ions at Comets (mass spectrometer) EnVisS: Entire Visible Sky coma mapper DFP: Dust, Fields and Plasma 
The Comet Interceptor is a robotic spacecraft mission led by the European Space Agency (ESA) planned for a 2028 launch. 
The spacecraft will be "parked" at the Sun-Earth L2 point and wait for up to three years for a long-period comet to flyby at a reachable distance. 
The Principal Investigator is Geraint Jones, from the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at the United Kingdom. 
The maximum cost of the spacecraft is set at €150M, excluding science instruments and launch services.[1] 
Long-period comets have highly eccentric orbits and periods ranging from 200 years to thousands of years,[3] so they are usually discovered only months before they pass through the inner Solar System and return to the distant reaches of the outer Solar System, which is too little time to plan and launch a mission. 
Therefore, ESA will "park" the Comet Interceptor spacecraft on a stable halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point and wait for the discovery of a suitable comet that it can reach for a close flyby.[4] 
The Comet Interceptor mission is unique in that it is designed to encounter an as-yet unknown target, having to wait between 2 and 3 years for a target it can reach with a reasonable change in velocity (delta-v) within a total mission length of approximately 5 years.[1][5] The baseline design is solar electric propulsion.[4] 
Finding a suitable comet to flyby will rely on ground-based observational surveys such as Pan-STARRS, ATLAS, or the future Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).[1] In the case that no long-period comet can be intercepted in time, a backup short period comet (baseline: 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann) can be studied.[2] There is also the potential of intercepting an interstellar object passing through the Solar System, if the orbital dynamics permit.[4][6][7] 
The mission's primary science goal is stated as "to characterise, a dynamically-new comet, including its surface composition, shape, structure, and the composition of its gas coma."[8] 
Comet Interceptor is being developed as ESA's first Fast class (F-class) of the Cosmic Vision programme. 
The mission is being planned and developed by a consortium that includes the ESA and Japan's space agency JAXA.[1] The Comet Interceptor will share the launch vehicle with ESA's ARIEL space telescope which is also bound for Lagrange Point 2.[2][3] 
Artistic view of Deep Space 1, showing both the solar panels and ion engine (with blue exhaust), major aspects of this solar electric design. Solar energy may also be temporarily stored in chemical battery inside the spacecraft bus 
The Dawn spacecraft's Xenon tank prior to integration with spacecraft. 
The Xenon was the propellant for the solar-power ion drive of the spacecraft which would go on to orbit two different asteroids in the early 21st century 
SEP has been studied as a technology for a mission to Mars.[8] In particular the high specific impulse of the ion engines could lower overall mass and avoid having to use nuclear technology for power when coupled with solar panels.[9] A 1998 study for SEP for a human mission suggest that a human-sized spacecraft would need 600 to 800 kilowatts of electrical power coupled with ion engines with a specific impulse of 2000 to 2500 seconds.[10] 
BepiColombo mission to Mercury (launched) [11] Dawn asteroids mission (launched) Deep Space 1 asteroid and comet mission (launched) Hayabusa asteroid mission (launched) PSLV-C45 EMISAT Mission (launched) Asteroid Redirect Mission (cancelled) Lunar Gateway (proposed) Psyche asteroid mission (planned) 
Resistojet rocket Ion thruster High Power Electric Propulsion Pulsed plasma thruster Hall-effect thruster Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster Field-emission electric propulsion Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASMIR) 
Batteries in space Liquid-propellant rocket List of spacecraft with electric propulsion Nuclear electric rocket Solar panels on spacecraft Solar sail Solar thermal rocket Sterling engine 
Solar electric propulsion (SEP) refers to the combination of solar cells and an electric thrusters to propel a spacecraft through outer space.[1] This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft by the European Space Agency, the Japanese Space Agency, Indian Space Research Organisation and NASA.[1] SEP has a significantly higher specific impulse than normal chemical rockets, thus requiring less propellant mass to be launched with a spacecraft and it has been evaluated for missions to Mars.[2] 
Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and one or more electric thrusters, used in tandem. 
There are many different types of electric thrusters, including a so-called ion thruster, a term that is often incorrectly used to describe all types of electric thrusters. 
It is also possible to generate electricity from the Sun without using photovoltaic panels, such as with solar concentrators and a Stirling engine. 
A 50 kilowatt SEP system was studied in the 2010s for a mission to an asteroid.[3] In February 2012 NASA awarded a contract for a Solar Electric Propulsion Flight System .[4] 
An example of work on this type of technology is Advanced Electric Propulsion System.[5] 
The NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) ion engine has been used with photovoltaic solar panels, which was tested on the Deep Space 1 mission along with Solar Concentrator Arrays (Launched in 1998 as part of the New Millennium Program) [6][7] 
Cooking Fever is a cooking simulation mobile game developed by Nordcurrent, a Lithuanian game developing and publishing company. 
In the game, players manage various restaurants by making foods and drinks, serving customers, and earning money. 
Players need to make some upgrades of their kitchen appliances and interior features in order to clear higher levels. 
Cooking Fever currently has three different modes to play; the first screen is City which has 10 restaurants, second mode is Paradise Island which currently has 9 restaurants and finally, the third mode is Alpine Mountains which currently has 8 restaurants. 
The Fast Food Court is available when you start the game and other restaurants will be available as you go on increasing the levels, which are known as XP. 
Each restaurant has 40 levels to play and a minimum score is needed to pass and get promoted to the next level. 
In-app purchases are also available; if the player so chooses, they can spend real money to get extra coins and gems instead of earning them during the game.[3] 
Retrieved 2 December 2017. 
External links 
Cyanamide is an organic compound with the formula CN2H2. 
This white solid is widely used in agriculture and the production of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. 
It is also used as an alcohol-deterrent drug. 
The molecule features a nitrile group attached to an amino group. 
Derivatives of this compound are also referred to as cyanamides, the most common being calcium cyanamide (CaCN2).[1] 
Cyanamide can be regarded as a functional single carbon fragment which can react as an electrophile or nucleophile. 
The main reaction exhibited by cyanamide involves additions of compounds containing an acidic proton. 
Water, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen selenide react with cyanamide to give urea, thiourea, and selenourea, respectively: 
In this way, cyanamide behaves as a dehydration agent and thus can induce condensation reactions. 
Alcohols, thiols, and amines react analogously to give alkylisoureas, "pseudothioureas", and guanidines. 
The anti-ulcer drug cimetidine is generated using such reactivity. 
Related reactions exploit the bifunctionality of cyanamide to give heterocycles, and this latter reactivity is the basis of several pharmaceutical syntheses such as the aminopyrimidine imatinib) and agrichemicals Amitrol and hexazinone. 
The hair-loss treatment minoxidil and the anthelmintics albendazole, flubendazole, and mebendazole feature 2-aminoimidazole substructures derived from cyanamide.[3] Cyanamide is also used in the synthesis of other pharmaceutical drugs including tirapazamine, etravirine, revaprazan, and dasantafil. 
The cyanamide anion has the character of a pseudo chalcogen, cyanamide can therefore be regarded as analogue to water or hydrogen sulfide. 
A convenient method for the preparation of secondary amines which are not contaminated with primary or tertiary amines is the reaction of cyanamide with alkyl halides to N,N-dialkylcyanamides which can easily be hydrolyzed to dialkylamines and then decarboxylated.[5] Cyanamide adds itself in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide to olefinic double bonds. 
The addition product is converted by bases to N-Cyanaziridine,[6] cyclized in the presence of acids to imidazolines, which can be further reacted to vicinal diamines by alkaline cleavage.[7] 
Cyanamide is also a versatile synthetic building block for heterocycles: it forms 2-aminobenzimidazole with 1,2-diaminobenzene[8] and it forms with the readily available cyclic enamine 4-(1-cyclohexenyl)morpholine[9] and with elemental sulfur a 2-aminothiazole in good yields.[10] 
Sodium dicyanamide is available in good yield and high purity from cyanamid and cyanogen chloride,[11][12] which is suitable as an intermediate for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.[13] A guanidino group is introduced by reaction of cyanamide with sarcosine In the industrial synthesis of creatine:[14] 
This synthesis route mostly avoids problematic impurities like chloroacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, or dihydrotriazine that occur in other routes. 
The physiological precursor guanidinoacetic is obtained analogously by reacting cyanamide with glycine. 
Methods to stabilize cyanamidefmel make it available on an industrial scale. 
Due to the strong affinity towards self-condensation in alkaline media (see above) solutions of cyanamide are stabilized by the addition of 0.5 wt% of monosodium phosphate as buffer. 
Solid cyanamide is produced by careful evaporation of the solvent and subsequent addition of a hydrolysis-labile ester of formic acid. 
The ester absorbs traces of moisture (suppression of urea formation), neutralizes alkalinity (ammonia) and continually releases small amounts of formic acid.[15] 
Cyanamide, under the trade name Dormex, is a common agricultural rest-breaking agent applied in spring to stimulate uniform opening of buds, early foliation and bloom. 
Cyanamide can effectively compensate for the moderate lack of chilling units accumulated in the previous autumn and save the harvest that would otherwise be lost. 
It is particularly effective for woody plants such as berries, grapes, apples, peaches and kiwifruit. 
Overdosage, high concentration and error in timing of application can damage the buds (especially of peach trees).[16] 
A 50% aqueous solution of cyanamide is also used as a biocide (disinfectant) particularly in pig farming, because it effectively kills salmonella and shigella and fights flies in all stages of development.[17] 
Cyanamide degrades via hydrolysis to urea, an excellent fertilizer. 
Fungi, like Myrothecium verrucaria, accelerate this process utilizing the enzyme cyanamide hydratase.[18] 
Cyanamide is the name for a functional group with the formula NCNRR' where R and R' can be a variety of groups. 
These compounds are called cyanamides. 
One example is naphthylcyanamide, C10H7N(H)CN[19] Some cyanamides are prepared by alkylation of calcium cyanamide. 
Others, such as the naphthyl derivative, are produced indirectly.[2] 
Due to its high permanent dipole moment (i.e., 4.32 ± 0.08 D),[20] cyanamide was detected by spectral emissions coming from the Sgr B2 molecular cloud (T < 100 K) through its microwave transitions as the first known interstellar molecule containing the NCN frame.[21] 
Containing both a nucleophilic and electrophilic site within the same molecule, cyanamide undergoes various reactions with itself. 
Cyanamide exists as two tautomers, one with the connectivity N≡C–NH2 and the other with the formula HN=C=NH ("carbodiimide" tautomer). 
The N≡C–NH2 form dominates, but in a few reactions (e.g. silylation) the diimide form appears to be important.[1] 
It is used as an alcohol-deterrent drug in Canada, Europe, and Japan.[1] 
Cyanamide has a modest toxicity in humans.[22] Workplace exposure to hydrogen cyanamide sprays or exposure in people living in the vicinity of spraying have been reported as causing respiratory irritation, contact dermatitis, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.[22] 
International Chemical Safety Card 0424 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0160". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). OSHA guideline for cyanamide 
Cyanamide dimerizes to give 2-cyanoguanidine (dicyandiamide). 
This dimerization is disfavored by acids and is inhibited by low temperatures. 
The cyclic trimer is called melamine.[1] 
Cyanamide is produced by hydrolysis of calcium cyanamide, which in turn is prepared from calcium carbide via the Frank-Caro process.[4] 
CaCN2 + H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2NCN 
Executive 
Connected to the EPSA Website, is also the EPSA Blog. 
Here, articles on EPSA activities, members’ activities and articles from external parties are published regularly. EPSA members are encouraged to share their activities through it so contact the Publications Coordinator if you wish to do so. 
Social Media 
EPSA also uses several social networks daily, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and the EPSA Blog to reach its students and provide them with updated information about its activities. 
EPSA website 
The official source of information on EPSA is the EPSA website where information on all projects and activities is available as well as all publications. 
Information on EPSA Member Associations is shared as well. 
Projects 
EPSA Projects and Activities Webinar 
To bring EPSA closer to its members, an EPSA Projects and Activities Webinar is organised twice per mandate. A transcript is available on the EPSA website. 
EPSA Events and Educational Calendar 
The EPSA Executive manages the affairs of the Association and leads the work done in the name of EPSA on multiple fields. 
The EPSA Events and Activities Calendar is a calendar of educational opportunities accessible to European pharmaceutical students and recent graduates, organised by professionals or EPSA Member Associations. It is available on the EPSA website and in LLeaP. 
EPSA Member Associations and external partners can promote and showcase their events and activities through this calendar by submitting the official form which is available on the EPSA website. 
EPSA Alumni Project 
Since the foundation of EPSA, many students have spent much of their time working for the association. Due to all of them, EPSA is today one of the most respectful associations in Europe. The EPSA Alumni project aims to link the current EPSA Team and members to the old ones, in order to make EPSA grow with the advice, expertise and great example of these people. 
This project offers the opportunity to maintain contact with all EPSA enthusiasts and also to keep the Alumni benefiting from the association which they had given a lot of time and energy to. Besides previous EPSA Team Members, people eligible to become EPSA Alumni are past LSs, NIMPs and EPSA Trainers. 
Each of them should fill a specific form if they wish to be granted this status. The EPSA Executive or the General Assembly can grant the EPSA Alumnus status to any other individual they deem has contributed to EPSA sufficiently to be granted with this status. Part of the Alumni Project is also the Alumni Weekend (AW), organised during EPSA Congresses and an Alumni Advisory Board (AAB), established to provide advice and support to the current EPSA Team. 
Next Generation Chats and Next Generation Training 
The chats take place online around a month before the Annual Congress while the Training takes place in the weekend prior to the Annual Congress. All EPSA members can apply to both, even if they do not wish to run for a position in the EPSA Team, as they are a great way to get to know EPSA better and develop themselves. Education Sharing a multiplicity of different Educational systems all over Europe and feeling gaps to bridge within our education, EPSA believes that this issue is important and an active attitude towards it is needed. 
The pharmacist, the health professional expert on drugs, has to be conveniently prepared to meet the needs of patients and act as an added value to the healthcare system. Firstly, as future health professionals, we believe that we have to be proactive in health awareness among people and society. Promoting health habits, implementing contagious disease prevention campaigns as well as educational programmes about different social problems are the face forms of our work in this specific matter. 
The EPSA Lifelong Learning Platform (LLeaP) provides pharmaceutical students who actively engage in professional and educational activities an opportunity to gain tangible credit for these activities. It also introduces, at an early stage in the development of these future healthcare professionals, the important principles of Lifelong Learning, as well as establishes the importance of documenting professional activities and promoting them among fellow students through a Platform. 
EPSA hopes that LLeaP will help in generating European pharmaceutical graduates prepared for a career-long commitment to Continuing Professional Development. This will hopefully lead to higher quality healthcare for the citizens of Europe. 
The Methodology Booklet is a collection of the European pharmaceutical students’ opinion on the European pharmaceutical education. The opinion is collected through an extensive survey which is heavily promoted. 
The Methodology Booklet is updated every five years and additional activities, both on the European and on the national/local level are organised throughout the mandates. 
Webinars and Online Discussion Forums 
Both of these types of online activities are accessible to all EPSA members. Webinars are presentations on specific topics by professionals, followed by a Q&A session. 
Online Discussion Forums are interactive activities with the aim of collecting the opinion of EPSA members on different relevant topics and to encourage dialogue among them. 
Public Health and Social Services 
Public health and social services initiatives are very important to EPSA. At the beginning of each mandate, a calendar of public health campaigns is created and they are carried out over social media and on the local/national level by the EPSA Member Associations. Members are also encouraged to report on their campaigns and thus share good practices with each other and EPSA. 
Different social services activities, such as humanitarian runs and clothes drives, are organised throughout the mandates at EPSA Events and online. Members are again encouraged to share their good practices and experiences. The public health and/or social services coordinators of EPSA Member Associations communicate with each other through different channels coordinated by the EPSA Public Health and Social Services Coordinator. 
The Science Day takes place during the EPSA Annual Congress. The main aim is to present to all EPSA AC participants the work that has been developed by their researcher student colleagues that have carried out research work in their faculties or are doing an MSc/PhD. 
There is no theme for Science Day: all scientific posters are welcomed, no matter the area of interest. Poster and oral presentation sessions are organised. Those who participate in Science Day have the opportunity to give a 10-minute oral presentation of their work to other participants and the jury with 5 minutes for questions. 
In the end, the winners of each Science Day session are chosen and awarded. 
This is an EPSA Science project that aims to bring science closer to students. 
Six different pharmaceutical science articles are presented once a month on the EPSA Website and EPSA Social Media. There is also an option for students to submit science news they have come upon themselves. 
Participating students will receive credit for their involvement on the EPSA Website. EPSA Science! Monthly is organised around a specific topic each month. 
Science Excursions 
Science Excursions allow students interested in science contact with the professional world. 
They are organised during EPSA Events and locally by the EPSA Member Association. 
Science Blog is an interactive platform aiming to bring science closer to EPSA members. 
Articles on different topics are published as well as different challenges. EPSA members can publish articles as well. 
Training is a non-formal education that is delivered in an experimental framework. Participants actually have fun while experimenting through a learning activity, which fosters good attitudes towards lifelong learning and self-development. Through Trainings, students’ knowledge of topics that are not usually included in the classical pharmacy curricula (e.g. project management, communication and presentation skills) can be improved. 
Trainings can be found in EPSA Events but it is also possible to invite EPSA Trainers to your city! The concept of the EPSA Training Project was introduced in 2009, and it is lead within EPSA by the EPSA Training Coordinator. 
At a further stage, the students that find an inner call and experience the motivation for it can participate to the "Training New Trainers" event (TNT), on which they receive appropriate training (on topics like learning styles, communication, training design, training delivery etc.) and become part of the EPSA Trainers pool. They will consequently be able to train other students and hence spread the knowledge to others at the local, national and international level. Trainings can be included as a part of any EPSA Event, TWINNET or local event. 
Social Media Competitions 
The Public Relations Department organises different social media competitions throughout the mandate and all EPSA members can take part in them. 
Individual Mobility Project 
The EPSA Individual Mobility Project (IMP) is a long term project that gives the opportunity to pharmaceutical students, particularly those in their late years of studies, and recent pharmaceutical graduates from all European countries (members of EPSA) to gain additional real-time work experience, mainly in the fields of research and industry. Consequently, the IMP represents a unique opportunity for students and recent graduates to also gain valuable knowledge of other European countries, cultures, as well as learning and getting to know the European diversity, which is the experiences also encouraged by the European Commission. This project allows the student or graduates to gain experience and knowledge of the working practice and research techniques from the host company/institution in a project that can last between 2 and 12 months. 
Recognising that valuable links develop over years of cooperation, EPSA encourages faculties of pharmacy to become ’twin’ with their counterparts in other countries. When countries formally twin, this provides a framework by which they can build a relationship and a history full of great memories. The reasons for twin are multiple and the most important is that the countries share knowledge and experience between them. 
Students’ Guide 
The President is the leader and the stimulator of all EPSA Team Members. He is also responsible for contacts with external bodies — professional, governmental and other students’ organisations. The President leads EPSA forward to grow and flourish in benefit and influence and ensure continuity of the projects and endeavours. 
The Students' Guide is a platform that offers information on Erasmus opportunities for pharmaceutical students, as well as information on studying and living conditions in different European cities. One part of the core information depicted on the platform is the Erasmus agreements signed between different pharmaceutical faculties. 
EPSA Humanitarian Mobility Project 
The EPSA Humanitarian Mobility Project aims to combine mobility and humanitarian activities. 
EPSA members travel to a specific location and help those in need through different activities. 
This project aims to establish a bond between current professionals and students, in order to provide them with career guidance from an international perspective of development. Through this project, EPSA wants to set up a platform that introduces a greater understanding of professional development in pharmacy for students. Once a year, a call for students is opened (in October/November). 
Chat with Professionals 
Chat with Professional is an activity that enables contact between students/recent graduates and professionals. When organised online, a professional briefly presents his field of work and students are then able to ask questions. 
When organised live at EPSA events, students circulate and talk with different professionals. 
Career Week 
Vice President of Internal Affairs (vp.ia@epsa-online.org) – he is responsible for maintaining the internal communication in EPSA, being the main contact point for the Liaison Secretaries. Vice President of Internal Affairs is also the Vice President of the Association so in case the President is unable to fulfil his tasks, the Vice President of Internal Affairs takes them over. The Vice President of Internal Affairs also leads the Internal Affairs Department and is responsible for supervising the organisation of EPSA Events and the activities of EPSA Alumni. 
Career Week is a week full of online activities connected to professional development. Challenges take place as well. EPSA Members Associations are encouraged to organise similar activities locally. 
Career Fair 
Career Fairs are organised at EPSA Events. 
EPSA and RC partners present themselves through booths and short presentations. 
Other interactive activities are organised as well. 
Secretary General (secgen@epsa-online.org) — he is responsible for maintaining all documents in EPSA. This task encompasses keeping minutes of the General Assembly and other meetings in EPSA, collecting reports and preparing GA documents, as well as managing the EPSA Library and EPSA Archives. 
Treasurer (treasurer@epsa-online.org) — his main duty is to look after the finances of EPSA. He is also responsible for dealing with the membership fees of the Member Associations, and for correspondence regarding payments of Individual Members and Friends of the Association. 
Vice President of Education (vp.education@epsa-online.org) – he is responsible for educational topics-related discussions within the Association and is the primary liaison with the Reception Committees in relation to the topic and educational programme of EPSA Events. 
He is also responsible for overseeing the smooth running of the Educational Department. He is in charge of all Educational Department projects. 
Vice President of Public Relations (vp.pr@epsa-online.org) – his primary task is to coordinate all the activities in EPSA related to the image and promotion of the Association. He is therefore responsible for ensuring that the tasks of the Design, Publications, IT and Social Media Coordinators are carried out. 
The European Pharmaceutical Students' Association (EPSA) is a non-profit, non-governmental, non-political and non-religious umbrella association of 45 Pharmaceutical Students' Associations from 37 countries, representing over 100.000 pharmaceutical students across Europe. Its main objective is 'to develop the interests and opinions of European pharmaceutical students and to encourage contact and collaboration between them'. 
EPSA's motto '"Bringing Pharmacy, Knowledge and Students Together" reflects its will to promote the ideas and opinions of all European pharmaceutical students in order to improve the Education, the Pharmaceutical Profession and the Scientific Advances regarding Pharmacy. EPSA has its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, in PGEU's offices. The Vice President of External Affairs works permanently there, collaborating with the Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union in the promotion of the role of the pharmacist as the key actor in public health. 
Before being settled in Brussels, EPSA had its headquarters in Leiden, The Netherlands. 
Vice President of External Relations (vp.er@epsa-online.org) – his primary duty is to strengthen the relations between European pharmaceutical students and practising professionals, as well as other student organisations with similar aims. He is also responsible for finding and approaching new EPSA Partners and IMP Partners, and managing the Partners' database. He is the leader of the External Relations Department, coordinating and overseeing all related Projects. 
He is responsible for the preparation of policy documents, such as Statements of Opinion and Position Papers and management of the EduProf Platform. He regularly follows the activities of the European Commission and other relevant European institutions and associations regarding policy affecting health and education areas, and update EPSA Team, LSs and EduProf Platform representatives. He is the leader of the European Affairs Department, coordinating and overseeing all related projects. 
Immediate Past President (ipp@epsa-online.org) – The Immediate Past President is in the EPSA Executive in an advisory role. He has a vital role in ensuring the continuity of relationships of EPSA, particularly with external contacts and sponsors and providing background knowledge for the newly elected EPSA Executive. 
The EPSA Team consists of 30 EPSA members, working throughout the year to bring EPSA projects and activities to all EPSA members. The Team is divided into departments. 
The duties and responsibilities of each department are explained on the EPSA website. 
Liaison Secretaries 
Structure 
EPSA Liaison Secretaries are elected or appointed by Member Associations and their main task is to ensure the implementation of EPSA projects and activities at a local level and establish the connection between the executive of the National Association and EPSA Executive. Liaison Secretaries are Official Delegates with voting rights at General Assembly. 
Individual Mobility Project (IMP) Coordination Board 
The IMP Coordination Board works to benefit the development of the EPSA Individual Mobility Project (IMP) as a whole. It consists of a Central IMP Coordinator and of National/Local IMP Coordinators as representatives of every EPSA Member Association that is participating in the Individual Mobility Project. The Central IMP Coordinator is appointed, as the other EPSA Team Members, by the EPSA General Assembly while the National/Local IMP Coordinators are elected (or appointed) by the National/Local Association they represent. 
The Educational and Professional Affairs Advocacy (EduProf) Platform 
Aims to increase the level of advocacy in EPSA, supporting its Members’ causes. The ultimate goal is to issue policy documents in order to voice the opinions of EPSA Members. 
It also promotes the exchange of information and experience and provides support in student advocacy. 
Each EPSA Member Association is represented in the EduProf Platform by up to two EduProf Platform Representatives who are elected/appointed by the EPSA Member Association. 
General Assembly 
Individual Members, Friends of the Association and Observers 
Pharmaceutical students and recent graduates from countries that are members of the Council of Europe up to two years after their graduation and who are not already represented by an EPSA Member Association may apply for Individual Membership. 
Individuals, associations, companies and other parties wishing to support EPSA and be involved in EPSA may apply for the Friend of the Association status. They also hold an advisory role and are consulted by the EPSA Executive when needed. 
Member Associations 
The EPSA Ordinary and Associate Member Associations are National and Local Pharmaceutical Students' Associations of countries within the geographical entity of Europe, which are recognised by the Council of Europe as independent countries. 
EPSA represents 38 Member Associations: 
Board of Trustees 
The Board of Trustees is made up of respected professionals from different pharmaceutical fields who assist the EPSA Executive with their expertise and contacts. 
The EPSA General Assembly (GA) is the highest authority and decision-making body of the Association. Each Ordinary and Associate Member sends up to two Official Delegates to the GA. The GA consists of delegates from all Ordinary and Associate Members of EPSA who speak on behalf of their associations. 
Observers, such as EPSA Alumni and representatives from other student associations EPSA is collaborating with may also be present at the GA. The voting results and decisions taken at the GA evaluate and define the work of the association and mandate the EPSA Executive to carry out various tasks. 
The General Assembly takes place two times a year - during the EPSA Annual Congress and the EPSA Autumn Assembly. During the Autumn Assembly, EPSA Team Members present their work for the first half of their mandate and get feedback and suggestions from the members, thus shaping the next half of the year. At the Annual Congress, a new Team is elected/appointed every year. 
Honorary Life Membership 
The Honorary Life Membership is granted to persons who have done remarkable work for the Association. Thanks to their work EPSA has improved substantially to meet its aims with professionalism and excellence. The Honorary Life Members (HLMs) are elected by the General Assembly. 
Subcommittees and Working Groups 
The EPSA Executive may establish Subcommittees and Working Groups who assist the Team with specific tasks. All EPSA members may apply to become members of the Subcommittees and Working Groups. 
The active Subcommittees at the moment are the Alumni Advisory Board and the Public Relations Subcommittee. 
The first consists of past EPSA Team Members who provide advice to the EPSA Team and the latter consists of EPSA members who assist the Public Relations Department with proofreading, design and other tasks. 
Events 
Annual Congress 
The EPSA Annual Congress is the biggest and most important event in the EPSA calendar and takes place usually in April. 
It is where all EPSA members have the opportunity to meet and discuss EPSA and the pharmaceutical profession in general. The EPSA Annual Congress consists of an Educational Programme (workshops and trainings), Social Programme and a General Assembly. EPSA Annual Congress is at least 7 days and 6 nights long. 
Lyon, France was elected as the host city for the next Annual Congress in 2020. 
This is a chance for delegates from all the EPSA Member Associations to come together to refuel their spirits and enthusiasm for the coming year. 
During the Annual Congress, the new EPSA Team is elected for a one-year mandate by the General Assembly. 
Autumn Assembly 
EPSA Team 
The EPSA Autumn Assembly is EPSA's second most important event and takes place usually in October. The purpose of the EPSA Autumn Assembly is to provide an opportunity for EPSA members to review the work of the Association halfway through the year and at the same time to renew motivation and commitment to EPSA. 
A General Assembly of the year is held during Autumn Assembly. From 2004 to 2008, the EPSA Autumn Assembly was organised in collaboration with ESCP (European Society of Clinical Pharmacy) in an association of three events: the EPSA Annual 2nd Congress, the EPSA/ESCP Student Symposium and the ESCP Symposium. 
In the year of 2009, EPSA organised this event for the first time in collaboration with DIA (Drug Information Association). The next Autumn Assembly will be held in Poreč, Croatia, in October 2019. 
Summer University 
The Summer University is the third main EPSA event of the year and takes place usually at the end of July. This event is characterised by an educational and social agenda. Unlike the other EPSA events already mentioned, a General Assembly is not held during the Summer University. 
The 21st edition of the Summer University will take place in the beautiful city of Portorož, in Slovenia, in July 2019. 
Annual reception 
The Annual Reception (AR) is organised every year, usually in February, in Brussels, Belgium, where the EPSA headquarters are. The main aim of this event is for the EPSA Team to present their work and projects to EPSA Board of Trustees, Partners and any institution which may be interested in EPSA's work. 
This event is structured around a round table discussion, chaired by the EPSA Vice President of European Affairs, in order to improve EPSA work and projects with the experience and ideas of these professionals. The topic of Annual Reception is chosen by EPSA Executive. 
Publications 
The EPSA Team is elected by the General Assembly every year at the EPSA Annual Congress. 
Led by the Executive, the EPSA Team cooperates all year with EPSA Member Associations in order to achieve EPSA goals. 
The EPSA Newsletter is the official EPSA publication. It is published three times a year and is distributed to all EPSA members, contact organisations and sponsors. 
The Newsletter contains articles from the EPSA Officials, members and professionals and aims to spread EPSA's latest developments regarding its projects and to exchange knowledge and experiences between them. 
Including a broad variety of topics, it also contributes to the communication between students of member countries, who want to share ideas, comments and experiences. Additionally, it serves to highlight the important issues for pharmaceutical students across Europe and to pass information about future events. Each EPSA Member Association receives copies of the Newsletter that are further distributed to students across Europe, as well as to EPSA Observers and professional associations, in a total of 400 copies per edition. 
The EPSA Monthly Dose aims to bring relevant and useful updates about EPSA to students that are not very familiar with the Association. It is published every month by the EPSA Publications Coordinator and contains information about relevant projects in EPSA and its Member Associations, upcoming events and recently published blog articles and publications. 
The Monthly Dose is sent by e-mail to all students, teachers and professionals that subscribe to it on the EPSA website and is also available as a printed version at the European faculties of pharmacy. 
ESSP (EPSA Students’ Science Publication) 
The ESSP collects and publishes EPSA members’ abstracts of their scientific work. 
All abstracts are reviewed by EUFEPS (European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences) so students receive professional feedback, It is published three times per year. 
The Activity Booklet is published once per year and contains information on the achievements of the past calendar year. It is sent to all EPSA members and partners. 
Educational Outcomes 
EPSA collects and publishes the educational outcomes of EPSA events and online activities, such as webinars. They are available to all EPSA members and partners. 
Although Congress mandated NASA in 2005 to achieve by the year 2020 specific levels of search completeness for discovering, cataloging, and characterizing dangerous asteroids larger than 140 meters (460 ft) (Act of 2005, H.R. 1022; 109th),[12][13] no new funds were appropriated for this effort,[14] NASA has not prioritized this mandate, and repeatedly directed the NEOCam project to compete for funds against science missions unrelated to planetary defence and disaster mitigation planning.[15][5] 
Proposals for NEOCam were submitted in 2006, 2010, and 2015 to the NASA Discovery Program. 
In 2010, NEOCam was selected to receive technology development funding to design and test new infrared detectors optimized for asteroid and comet detection and sizing.[16][17] On 30 September 2015, the Discovery Program advanced NEOCam along with four other candidate missions for refinement during the next year, with each mission receiving US$3 million for a one-year study.[18][19][20] Although it was not successful in the January 2017 selection, it was given an additional year of development funding.[21] NEOCam remains a concept study (Phase A),[7][8] and there are calls to fund the mission from somewhere besides NASA's Planetary Science Division, perhaps from the Planetary Defense Program[22] or directly from Congress itself since it is a public safety issue.[23][24] The total cost of the NEOCam mission is estimated to be $500 to $600 million.[25] 
Scientific payload 
The primary instrument is a 50-centimeter (20 in) infrared telescope operating in two wavelengths, 4–5.2 µm and 6–10 µm,[1] with a large field of view of 11.56 square degrees.[26] It would use a modified version of a mercury–cadmium–telluride detector called the HgCdTe Astronomical Wide Area Infrared Imager (HAWAII) developed by Teledyne Imaging Sensors,[27] the mission prototype of which was successfully tested in April 2013.[28] The detector array would be 2,048 × 2,048 pixels and produce 82 gigabits of data per day.[26] The detector has good infrared performance without the use of cryogenic fluid refrigeration;[27] it would be passively cooled to 30 K (−243 °C; −406 °F) using techniques proven by the Spitzer Space Telescope.[26] 
Operation 
The spacecraft would operate in a halo orbit around the Sun–Earth L1 point, and employ a Sun shield.[1] This orbit would allow fast data downlink speeds to Earth, allowing full-frame images to be downloaded from the telescope.[29] 
Images 
Plot of orbits of known potentially hazardous asteroids (size over 140 m (460 ft) and passing within 7.6 million km (4.7 million mi) of Earth's orbit) as of early 2013. (alternate image). 
The Near-Earth Object Camera (NEOCam) is a proposed space-based infrared telescope designed to survey the Solar System for potentially hazardous asteroids.[1][2] NEOCam would survey from the Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point, allowing it to look close to the Sun and see objects inside Earth's orbit.[3][4] NEOCam would be a successor to the NEOWISE mission; the principal investigator is also NEOWISE's principal investigator, Amy Mainzer of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[5] 
List of proposed space observatories 
Discovery program finalists with this mission 
DAVINCI, a proposed Venus entry probe Lucy (spacecraft), a planned asteroid fly-by mission Psyche (spacecraft), a planned asteroid orbiter VERITAS (spacecraft), a proposed Venus orbiter 
B612 Foundation, an organization that studied NEOs and proposed a similar mission Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite, a Canadian small satellite intended to detect NEOs The Spaceguard Foundation, an organization that attempts to locate NEOs Whipple (spacecraft), a proposed space telescope in the Discovery program Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System, a ground-based NEO detection system started by NASA at the end of 2015 
External links 
Proposals for NEOCam were submitted in 2006, 2010, and 2015 to the NASA Discovery Program, but it was not selected for launch. 
The primary scientific goal of NEOCam is to discover and characterize the orbit of most of the potentially hazardous asteroids larger than 140 meters (460 ft) over the course of its four-year mission. 
NEOCam's field of view would be large enough to allow the mission to discover tens of thousands of new NEOs with sizes as small as 30 m (98 ft) in diameter.[6] Secondary science goals include detection and characterization of approximately one million asteroids in the asteroid belt and thousands of comets, as well as identification of potential NEO targets for human and robotic exploration.[7][8] 
In 2016, the NEOCam team proposed to launch in 2021 and find two-thirds of missing objects in the larger-than-140-meters category within four years.[9] 
NEOCam became the basis of the Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission, a similar but NASA-directed asteroid survey space telescope revealed in September 2019. 
Administratively, this is a separate program (it is a specially directed mission for planetary defense, as opposed to a competing proposal for a science mission), but images released appear identical to NEOCam and it will almost certainly be based on the instruments developed for NEOCam.[10] How much of the rest of the NEOCam project and staff will be migrated or replaced is not yet clear. 
Design 
NEOCam consists of an infrared telescope and a wide-field camera operating at thermal infrared wavelength.[11] 
Funding 
Planetarium software is application software that allows a user to simulate the celestial sphere at any time of day, especially at night, on a computer. 
Such applications can be as rudimentary as displaying a star chart or sky map for a specific time and location, or as complex as rendering photorealistic views of the sky. 
While some planetarium software is meant to be used exclusively on a personal computer, some applications can be used to interface with and control telescopes or planetarium projectors. 
Optional features may include inserting the orbital elements of comets and other newly discovered bodies for display. 
Packages 
C2A Cartes du Ciel Celestia CyberSky Digital Universe Atlas Digistar Nightshade Google Sky Sky Map SkyMap Pro by Chris Marriott HNSKY KStars RedShift TheSky Starry Night Stellarium XEphem SpaceEngine WinStars WorldWide Telescope Sciss Digital Sky 2 
Cartes du Ciel ("CDC" and "SkyChart") is a free and open source planetarium program for Linux, macOS, and Windows. 
With the change to version 3, Linux has been added as a target platform, licensing has changed from freeware to GPLv2 and the project moved to a new website. 
CDC includes the ability to control computerized GoTo telescope mounts, is ASCOM and INDI compliant, and supports the USNO's UCAC catalogs and ESA Gaia data, along with numerous other catalogs and utilities. 
WinStars is an ASCOM standard-compliant shareware planetarium, ephemeris and solar system simulator developed by Richard Franck for the Android, iOS, Linux, OSX, and Microsoft Windows operating systems. 
WinStars functionality includes the ability to control computerized GoTo telescope mounts. 
C2A Cartes du Ciel Celestia Digital Universe Atlas Google Mars Google Moon Google Sky Hallo Northern Sky (HNSky) KStars NASA World Wind RedShift Skyglobe Starry Night Stellarium TheSky Universe Sandbox WinStars WorldWide Telescope XEphem 
External links 
History 
WinStars version 1.0 was developed by Richard Franck in 2001 using the C++ programming language. 
WinStars version 2.0 was released as commercial software in 2004 but is now available as a free download from Franck's website. 
The alpha of WinStars version 3.0 debuted in late 2017, followed by the first stable version in May 2018. 
Franck remains the sole developer and maintainer of the application. 
Catalogs 
WinStars 2 includes a database of 2,500,000 stars and (SAC) catalogue of 10,000 nebulae, galaxies and star clusters, and can read several astrometric catalogs in their original formats. 
The Bright Star Catalog, Digitized Sky Survey, Sky2000, and the Tycho 2 databases are also included. 
The USNO UCAC catalogs and ESA Gaia data are supported in Winstars 3. 
KStars is a freely licensed planetarium program using the KDE Platform. 
It is available for Linux, BSD, MacOS, and Microsoft Windows. 
A light version of KStars is available for Android devices. 
It provides an accurate graphical representation of the night sky, from any location on Earth, at any date and time. 
The display includes up to 100 million stars (with additional addons), 13,000 deep sky objects, constellations from different cultures, all 8 planets, the Sun and Moon, and thousands of comets, asteroids, satellites, and supernovae. 
It has features to appeal to users of all levels, from informative hypertext articles about astronomy, to robust control of telescopes and CCD cameras, and logging of observations of specific objects. 
External links 
Official website MPC Elements for Comets and Minor Planets in KStars Download source code[permanent dead link] and Windows and Mac versions 
KStars supports adjustable simulation speeds in order to view phenomena that happen over long timescales. 
For astronomical calculations, Astrocalculator can be used to predict conjunctions, lunar eclipses, and perform many common astronomical calculations. The following tools are included: 
Observation planner Sky calendar tool Script Builder Solar System Jupiter Moons Flags: Custom flags superimposed on the sky map. 
FOV editor to calculate field of view of equipment and display them. Altitude vs. Time tool to plot altitude vs. time graphs for any object. Hierarchical Progress Surveys (HiPS[2]) overlay. 
High quality print outs for sky charts. Ekos is an astrophotography suite, a complete astrophotography solution that can control all INDI devices including numerous telescopes, CCDs, DSLRs, focusers, filters, and a lot more. Ekos supports highly accurate tracking using online and offline astrometry solver, auto-focus and auto-guiding capabilities, and capture of single or multiple images using the powerful built in sequence manager. 
KStars has been packaged by many Linux/BSD distributions, including Red Hat Linux, OpenSUSE, Mandriva Linux, and Debian GNU/Linux. Some distributions package KStars as a separate application, some just provide a kdeedu package, which includes KStars. KStars is distributed with the KDE Software Compilation as part of the kdeedu "Edutainment" module. 
KStars participated in Google Summer of Code in 2008,[3] 2009,[4] 2010,[5] 2011[6] 2012,[7] 2015[8] and 2016.[9] It has also participated in the first run of ESA's Summer of Code in Space in 2011.[10] 
The latest version of KStars is 3.0.0 which included improvements to the FITS Viewer tool and overhaul of the Ekos Scheduler.[12] 
HNSKY or Hallo Northern Sky is a popular freeware planetarium program for Linux, Microsoft Windows, and Raspberry Pi to simulate the night sky. 
It is provided with several non-English language modules, numerous astronomical catalogues, conversion utilities and tools, as well as several stellar databases. 
Initially a basic planetarium program, it has expanded in functionality to include the ability to control computerized GoTo telescope mounts, and is ASCOM and INDI compliant and supports the USNO's UCAC catalogs and ESA Gaia data. 
See also 
External links 
Google Sky Planetarium software Stellarium Star chart - map of the night sky 
External links 
Sky Map on Google Play Sky Map at GitHub Sky Map Android package at the F-Droid repository 
Sky Map is an Android planetarium software application.[1][2] 
History 
Sky Map was designed and developed by a group of Google engineers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as part of their 20% time.[3] 
Licensing 
On January 20, 2012, Google announced a student development partnership with Carnegie Mellon University and released Sky Map under the Apache 2.0 open source license.[4] 
Code 
The project is presently available in the form of a GitHub repository.[5] 
A telescope on an alt-azimuth GoTo mount. 
Note the keypad, resting on the platform between the tripod's legs, that is the telescope's hand control. Batteries are stored in the circular compartment just above the tripod. In this picture, the compartment is just above the hand control. 
In amateur astronomy, "GoTo" refers to a type of telescope mount and related software that can automatically point a telescope at astronomical objects that the user selects. Both axes of a GoTo mount are driven by a motor and controlled by a computer. 
It may be either a microprocessor-based integrated controller or an external personal computer. 
This differs from the single-axis semi-automated tracking of a traditional clock-drive equatorial mount. 
The disconnected hand control of a GoTo telescope mount. 
The large arrow buttons are used for slewing the telescope. 
Below these, the number buttons are used for both inputting information and selecting which catalogue to choose objects from. 
The user can command the mount to point the telescope to the celestial coordinates that the user inputs, or to objects in a pre-programmed database including ones from the Messier catalogue, the New General Catalogue, and even major Solar System bodies (the Sun, Moon, and planets). 
Like a standard equatorial mount, equatorial GoTo mounts can track the night sky by driving the right ascension axis. 
Since both axes are computer controlled, GoTo technology also allows telescope manufacturers to add equatorial tracking to mechanically simpler altazimuth mounts. 
Clock drive mechanism in the pier of the German equatorial mount for the 8-inch refracting telescope at Aldershot Observatory. 
In astronomy, a clock drive (also known as a field rotator) is a motor-controlled mechanism used to move an equatorial mounted telescope along one axis to keep the aim in exact sync with the apparent motion of the fixed stars on the celestial sphere.[1] 
Notes 
Clock drives work by rotating a telescope mount's polar axis, the axis parallel to the Earth's polar axis (also called the right ascension axis) in the opposite direction to the Earth's rotation one revolution every 23 hours and 56 minutes (called sidereal day), thereby canceling that motion.[2] This allows the telescope to stay fixed on a certain point in the sky without having to be constantly re-aimed due to the Earth's rotation. 
The mechanism itself used to be clockwork but nowadays is usually electrically driven. 
Clock drives can be light and portable for smaller telescopes[3] or can be exceedingly heavy and complex for larger ones such as the 60-inch telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory.[4] Clock-driven equatorial platforms are sometimes used in non-tracking type mounts, such as altazimuth mounts.[5] 
History 
The original inventor of the clock drive is unknown, being an idea that was tried in several ways throughout history.[6] In China in 1094, during the Song Dynasty, Su Song built a water-driven clock tower that had many features, including a 20-ton bronze armillary sphere that stayed in alignment with the heavens.[7] 
Different types of equatorial clock-driven telescopes were built or proposed in the 17th and 18th century including English astronomer Robert Hooke's 1674 paper proposing their use in precision measurement,[8] a clock-driven aerial telescope objective lens constructed in 1685 by Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini fitted with setting circles,[9] and one supposedly built by English clockmaker and inventor George Graham early 18th century.[10] 
What is considered the first practical clock-driven telescope was constructed in 1824, Joseph von Fraunhofer's ‘Great Dorpat’ refractor, a telescope that combined other innovations, such as an achromatic lens and Fraunhofer's "German equatorial mount", making it the prototype of all future large refracting telescopes.[11][12][13] Early telescope clock drives used a clock work with falling weights and pendulums, almost like grandfather clocks.[14] Over time the falling weights and pendulums were replaced by an electric motor. 
GoTo (telescopes) Polar alignment Setting circles 
A Dobsonian telescope is an altazimuth-mounted Newtonian telescope design popularized by John Dobson in 1965 and credited with vastly increasing the size of telescopes available to amateur astronomers. Dobson's telescopes featured a simplified mechanical design that was easy to manufacture from readily available components to create a large, portable, low-cost telescope. 
The design is optimized for observing faint, deep-sky objects such as nebulae and galaxies. 
This type of observation requires a large objective diameter (i.e. light-gathering power) of relatively short focal length and portability for travel to less light-polluted locations.[1][2] 
Origin and design 
A commercially manufactured 10″ Dobsonian 
4.5″ LightBridge Mini Dobsonian by Meade Instruments 
External links 
Sidewalk Astronomers Organization San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers' telescope building page The Largest Portable Dobsonian Telescope in the World (42 inch - 107 cm) 
Thin mirrors: Instead of costly Pyrex mirror blanks with the standard 1:6 thickness ratios[1] (1 cm thick for every 6 cm in diameter) so they won't flex and sag out of shape under their own weight, Dobson used mirrors made out of surplus glass ship porthole covers usually with 1:16 thickness ratios.[9] Since the telescope design has an alt-azimuth mount the mirror only has to be supported in a simple cell with a backing of indoor/outdoor carpet to evenly support the weight of the much thinner mirror. Construction tubes: Dobson replaced the traditional aluminum or fiberglass telescope tube with the thick compressed paper tubes used in construction to pour concrete columns. Sonotubes, the leading brand employed by Dobson, are less expensive than commercially available telescope tubes and are available in comparatively large sizes. 
Dobsonian scopes are intended to be transported out to dark sky locations, and Sonotubes are claimed to be more rugged than aluminum or fiberglass tubes which can dent or shatter from impacts. Sonotubes have the added advantage of being thermally stable and non-conductive which minimizes unwanted convection currents in the light path caused by handling of the tube assembly. 
A square "mirrorbox": Dobson used a plywood box for the tube base and mirror housing. 
This gave a rigid flat surface to attach the "carpet" support for the porthole mirrors he was using, and made it easy to attach the altitude bearings. 
A simple alt-azimuth mount: Dobson opted for a simple to build and use altazimuth mount. He used a “gun carriage type” design consisting of a flat platform ("ground board") on which sits a rotating box with semicircular depressions cut in the top for the altitude bearings ("rocker" or "rocker box"). 
All parts were made from plywood and other common materials. 
For the azimuth (side-to-side) motion Dobson used a combination of Teflon blocks turning on a flat Formica covered surface. For the altitude (up-and-down) motion, Dobson used a large diameter axle "closet flange" turning on Teflon bearing blocks attached to the altitude cutouts. Dobson's use of Teflon on all bearing surfaces and the large diameter of the bearings created a smooth action with a moderate amount of friction, so that a clamp mechanism is not necessary to prevent unintentional motion of the telescope. 
Henry of Kalkar (1328 – 20 December 1408) was a Carthusian writer. 
Henry was born at Kalkar in the Duchy of Cleves. 
He began his studies at Cologne, and completed them at Paris, where he became Master of Arts in 1357. 
He forthwith occupied the post of procurator of the German nation in 1358, being also a professor of theology. 
Having obtained canonries in the collegiate churches of St. Swibert in Kaiserswerth and St. George in Cologne in 1362, he returned to his native land. 
Soon after, however, disgusted with the world, he retired in 1365 to the Charterhouse of Cologne, where, owing to his talents and virtues, he was rapidly raised to the most important offices. 
Successively prior of the Charterhouses of Arnheim (1368–72), of Ruremonde (1372–77), which he had built, of Cologne (1377–84) and of Strasburg (1384–96), which he restored, and visitor of his province for the space of twenty years, he was thus called upon to play, under the circumstances produced by the Great Schism, a considerable role in the Netherlands and German-speaking countries. 
Works 
As a writer he has left a number of works on very diverse subjects. 
At once a man of learning and letters, a distinguished musician, theologian, and ascetic, he composed the treatises: Loquagium de rhetorica, Cantuagium de musicâ, De Continentiis et Distinctione Scientiarum, and was also the author of sermons, letters, treatises on the spiritual life, etc. 
11, 2011[9] Canada Wood Buffalo National Park[10] Alberta/NWT 4,480,700 1–2 UNESCO World Heritage Designated on June 28, 2013[11] Canada Cattle Point Oak Bay, British Columbia 5 Urban Star Park Designated March 29, 2013[12] Canada McDonald Park British Columbia 5 2–3 Designated in 2003 Canada Fundy National Park New Brunswick 20,700 2 Designated on Oct. 
31, 2011[13] Canada Irving Nature Park Urban Star Park Saint John, New Brunswick 243 ? 
6, 2009[14] Canada Mount Carleton Provincial Park New Brunswick 17,427 2 Designated on Jul. 
18, 2009[15] Canada Kejimkujik National Park Nova Scotia 40,400 2 Designated on Aug. 
7, 2010[16] Canada Bluewater Outdoor Education Centre Ontario 129 2 Designated on Nov. 
15, 2009; designation is only for the Park though Manitoulin Island (276,611 ha) follows dark-sky practices[17] Canada North Frontenac Township Ontario 116,000 1–2 Designated on June 28, 2013 Canada Point Pelee National Park Ontario 2,000 3–4 Designated in 2006 Canada Torrance Barrens Ontario 1906 3 Designated in 1999; first Canadian dark sky preserve Canada Mont Mégantic Observatory Quebec 527,500 2–3 Reserve Designated Sept. 
2007; first IDA International Dark-Sky Reserve[18] Canada Cypress Hills Saskatchewan/Alberta 39,600 2 Designated on Sep. 
28, 2004[19] Canada Grasslands National Park Saskatchewan 92,100 1 Designated on Oct. 
2, 2009[20] Czech Republic, Slovakia Beskydy Dark-Sky Park Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic Čadca District, Slovakia 30,800 3–4 Designated on Mar. 
4, 2013; The second world's bilateral dark-sky park[21] Czech Republic Manětín Dark-Sky Park Plzeň Region 34,600 3–5 Designated on Sep. 
15, 2014[22] Germany Westhavelland Nature Park Brandenburg Designated an IDA International Dark Sky Reserve on Feb. 
12, 2014[23] France Pic du Midi de Bigorre Hautes-Pyrénées 311,200 2–4 International Dark Sky Reserve Designated an IDA International Dark Sky Reserve in December 2013; First IDA International Dark Sky Reserve in France (still now) and in Europe.[24] Hungary Hortobágy Starry Sky Park 10,000 ? 
31, 2011; IDA's third international dark-sky park (Silver tier)[25] Hungary Zselic National Landscape Protection Area 9,042 3–4 Designated on Nov. 
27, 2014[26] Israel Ramon Crater (Makhtesh Ramon) 113.2 2–3 Dark Sky Park Designated September 14, 2017[27] Korea Yeongyang Firefly Eco Park North Gyeongsang Province, Yeongyang County, Subimyeon 390 Designated on Nov. 
26, 2015 New Zealand Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park Tekapo 430,000 2[28] Reserve Designated on 9 June 2012[29][30] Poland Bieszczady Starry-Sky Park Subcarpathia 113,846.5 2–3 Designated on Mar. 
8, 2013[31] Poland, Czech Republic Izera Dark-Sky Park Lower Silesia, Poland Liberec Region, Czech Republic 7,500 3–4 Designated on Nov. 
4, 2009; the first European dark-sky park and the first world's bilateral dark-sky park[32] Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine East Carpathian Dark-Sky Tripark Poloniny Dark-Sky Park (Slovakia); Bieszczady Starry-Sky Park (Poland); Transcarpathian Dark-Sky Park (Ukraine) 208,667 2–3 Designated on Sep. 
3, 2010[33] Slovakia Veľká Fatra Dark-Sky Park Veľká Fatra National Park (part of) 325 3–4 Designated on Jun. 
12, 2015[34] Ukraine Transcarpathian Dark-Sky Park Uzhansky National Nature Park 46,302 2 Designated on Jun. 
16, 2009[35] United Kingdom Sark British Crown Dependency of Guernsey 545 3 Designated on Jan. 
31, 2011; IDA's first international dark-sky island (Silver tier)[25][36] United Kingdom Isle of Coll Inner Hebrides, Scotland Designated on Dec. 
9, 2013[37] United Kingdom Northumberland National Park Northumberland, England 103,000 Dark Sky Park Designated on Dec. 
9, 2013[38] United Kingdom Brecon Beacons Wales Reserve Designated 19 February 2013 United States Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Arizona 4,242 km2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2014 United States Death Valley National Park California 13,743 km2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2013 United States Joshua Tree National Park California 3,199.59 km2 Dark Sky Park Designated July 26, 2017[39] United States Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park Colorado 124.4 km2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2015 United States Hovenweep National Monument Colorado, Utah 3.1 km2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2014 United States Big Cypress National Preserve Florida 2,916 km2 Dark Sky Park [40] Designated 2017 United States Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park Florida ?? km2 Dark Sky Park[40] Designated 2016 United States Stephen C. Foster State Park Georgia 32 Dark Sky Park Designated November 2016[41] United States Central Idaho Dark Sky Reserve Idaho Dark Sky Reserve Designated December 2017[42] United States Potawatomi Wildlife Park Indiana 116 4.5 Designated in 2003 United States Lake Hudson State Recreation Area Michigan 890 3 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 1993[43] United States Negwegon State Park Michigan 1,513 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2016[44] United States Port Crescent State Park Michigan 2.4 km2 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2012[45] United States Rockport State Recreation Area Michigan 17.15 km2 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2016[46] United States Thompson's Harbor State Park Michigan 20.68 km2 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2016[47] United States Wilderness State Park Michigan 4,254 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2012[48] United States The Headlands Michigan 220 3–5 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2011[49] United States Chaco Culture National Historical Park New Mexico 13759 km2 2–3[50] Dark Sky Park Designated on Aug. 
28, 2013[51] United States Clayton Lake New Mexico 69 Designated June 29, 2010[52] United States Observatory Park Ohio 418.5 ? 
20, 2011[53] United States Cherry Springs State Park Pennsylvania 20 2[54] Dark Sky Park Designated as a State DSP in 2000 by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and as the second International DSP by the IDA on June 11, 2007. 
United States Big Bend National Park Texas 324,219 ac Dark Sky Park Designated February 11, 2012[55] United States Copper Breaks State Park Texas 770 Dark Sky Park Designated Aug. 
6, 2014[56] United States Dripping Springs Texas Dark-sky Community Designated February 11, 2014[57] United States Enchanted Rock Texas 665 Dark Sky Park Designated Aug. 
6, 2014[56] United States Canyonlands National Park Utah 1365 km2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2015 United States Capitol Reef National Park Utah 980 km2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2015 United States Natural Bridges National Monument Utah 3090 2 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2007; first international dark-sky park United States Goldendale Observatory Washington 2 Designated June 29, 2010[52] United States Newport State Park Wisconsin 960 Designated in 2017[58][59] 
Cho Hunhyun (Korean: 조훈현;born 10 March 1953) is a South Korean 9-dan professional Go player. 
Considered one of the greatest players of all-time,[2][3] Cho reached professional level in Korea in 1962.[4] Since then, Cho has amassed 150 professional titles, more than any player in the world. 
He thrice held all of the open tournaments in Korea in 1980, 1982 and 1986.[5] Cho has also won 11 international titles,[4] third most in the world behind Lee Chang-ho (21)[6] and Lee Sedol (15).[7] He reached 1,000 career wins in 1995.[5] 
Cho began learning Go at the age of four and passed the test for becoming a professional in 1962. 
In 1963, Cho was invited to Japan. 
Originally intended to study under Minoru Kitani, Kensaku Segoe took Cho under his tutelage. 
Segoe was responsible for bringing Go Seigen to Japan and also teaching Utaro Hashimoto, founder of the Kansai Ki-in.[8] Cho was considered a 2 dan professional in Korea, but was demoted to 4 kyu upon arriving in Japan.[2] 
Methylscopolamine or methscopolamine, usually provided as the bromide or nitrate salt, is an oral medication used along with other medications to treat peptic ulcers by reducing stomach acid secretion.[1] Proton pump inhibitors and antihistamine medications have made this use obsolete. 
It can also be used for stomach or intestinal spasms, to reduce salivation, and to treat motion sickness. 
Methscopolamine is also commonly used as a drying agent, to dry up post-nasal drip, in cold, irritable bowel syndrome and allergy medications[2] 
It was patented in 1902 and approved for medical use in 1947.[3] Methscopolamine is an FDA-approved analog to hyoscine butylbromide. 
Brand names 
References 
Trospium chloride is used to treat overactive bladder.[2] 
Side effects are typical of gastrointestinal effects of anticholinergic drugs, and include dry mouth, indigestion, and constipation. 
These side effects lead to problems with adherence, especially for older people.[1] The only CNS side effect is headache, which was very rare. 
Tachycardia is a rare side effect.[2] 
Mechanism of action 
Trospium chloride is a muscarinic antagonist. Trospium chloride blocks the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors organs that are responsive to the compounds, including the bladder.[1] Its parasympatholytic action relaxes the smooth muscle in the bladder.[2] Receptor assays showed that trospium chloride has negligible affinity for nicotinic receptors as compared to muscarinic receptors at concentrations obtained from therapeutic doses.[2] 
Pharmacokinetics 
After oral administration, less than 10% of the dose is absorbed. 
Mean absolute bioavailability of a 20 mg dose is 9.6% (range: 4.0 to 16.1%). 
Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) occur between 5 and 6 hours post-dose. 
Mean Cmax increases greater than dose-proportionally; a 3-fold and 4-fold increase in Cmax was observed for dose increases from 20 mg to 40 mg and from 20 mg to 60 mg, respectively. 
AUC exhibits dose linearity for single doses up to 60 mg. 
Trospium chloride exhibits diurnal variability in exposure with a decrease in Cmax and AUC of up to 59% and 33%, respectively, for evening relative to morning doses.[7] 
Administration with a high fat meal resulted in reduced absorption, with AUC and Cmax values 70 to 80% lower than those obtained when trospium chloride was administered while fasting. 
Therefore, it is recommended that trospium chloride should be taken at least one hour prior to meals or on an empty stomach.[1] 
Protein binding ranged from 50 to 85% when concentration levels of trospium chloride (0.5 to 50 ng/mL) were incubated with human serum in vitro. 
The 3H-trospium chloride ratio of plasma to whole blood was 1.6:1. 
This ratio indicates that the majority of 3H-trospium chloride is distributed in plasma. 
The apparent volume of distribution for a 20 mg oral dose is 395 (± 140) liters.[1] 
The metabolic pathway of trospium in humans has not been fully defined. 
Of the 10% of the dose absorbed, metabolites account for approximately 40% of the excreted dose following oral administration. 
The major metabolic pathway is hypothesized as ester hydrolysis with subsequent conjugation of benzylic acid to form azoniaspironortropanol with glucuronic acid. 
Cytochrome P450 is not expected to contribute significantly to the elimination of trospium. 
Data taken from in vitro human liver microsomes investigating the inhibitory effect of trospium on seven cytochrome P450 isoenzyme substrates (CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4) suggest a lack of inhibition at clinically relevant concentrations.[1] 
The plasma half-life for trospium chloride following oral administration is approximately 20 hours. 
After oral administration of an immediate-release formulation of 14C-trospium chloride, the majority of the dose (85.2%) was recovered in feces and a smaller amount (5.8% of the dose) was recovered in urine; 60% of the radioactivity excreted in urine was unchanged trospium. 
The mean renal clearance for trospium (29 L/hour) is 4-fold higher than average glomerular filtration rate, indicating that active tubular secretion is a major route of elimination for trospium. 
There may be competition for elimination with other compounds that are also renally eliminated.[1] 
It has side effects typical of drugs like it, namely dry mouth, stomach upset, and constipation; these side effects cause problems with people taking their medicine as directed. 
However it doesn't cause central nervous system side effects like other drugs of its class.[3] It is pregnancy category C and is excreted somewhat in breast milk.[4] 
Anticholinergic drugs used to treat overactive bladder were all amines as of 2003. 
Quaternary ammonium cations in general are more hydrophilic than other amines and don't cross membranes well, so they tend to be poorly absorbed from the digestive system, and to not cross the blood-brain barrier. 
Oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin, and solifenacin are tertiary amines while trospium chloride and propantheline are quaternary amines.[1] 
History 
The synthesis of trospium was described by scientists from Dr. Robert Pfleger Chemische Fabrik GmbH, Heinz Bertholdt, Robert Pfleger, and Wolfram Schulz, in US. 
No. 3,480,626 (the US equivalent to DE119442), and its activity was first published in the literature in 1967.[8][9] 
The first regulatory approval was granted in Germany in August 1999 to Madaus AG for Regurin 20 mg Tablets.[10]:13 Madaus is considered the originator for regulatory filings worldwide.[11] The German filing was recognized throughout Europe under the Mutual Recognition Procedure.[10]:13 
As of 2016, the drug is available worldwide under many brand names and formulations, including oral, extended release, suppositories, and injections.[1] 
Chemically it is a quaternary ammonium cation which causes it to stay in periphery rather than crossing the blood-brain barrier.[5] It works by causing the smooth muscle in the bladder to relax.[2] 
External links 
It was patented in 1966 and approved for medical use in 1974.[6] It was first approved in the US in 2004, and an extended release version with once a day dosing was brought to market in 2007. 
It became generic in Europe in 2009 and in the US the first extended-release generic was approved in 2012. 
Trospium chloride is used for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge incontinence and frequent urination.[1][2][3] 
It shouldn't be used with people who retain urine, who have severe digestive conditions, myasthenia gravis, narrow-angle glaucoma, or tachyarrhythmia.[1] 
It should be used in caution with people who have problems with their autonomous nervous system (dysautonomia) or who have gastroesophageal reflux disease, or in whom fast heart rates are undesirable, such as people with hyperthyroidism, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.[1] 
Trospium chloride is rated Pregnancy Category C,[1] as there are no adequate and well-controlled studies of trospium chloride in pregnant women and there were signs of harm to the fetus in animal studies. 
The drug was excreted somewhat in the milk of nursing mothers.[2] The drug was studied in children.[2] 
HAT-P-5 is a 12th magnitude star in the constellation Lyra, approximately 1,000 light years away from Earth. 
It is a spectral type G star, about 1.16 solar masses and radii greater than our Sun, and only 200 kelvins hotter. 
It is estimated to be 2.6 billion years old.[1][2] 
Aegaeon (/iːˈdʒiːən/ ee-JEE-ən; or as Greek Αιγαίων), also Saturn LIII (provisional designation S/2008 S 1), is a natural satellite of Saturn. 
It is thought to be similarly smooth as Methone.[4] It orbits between Janus and Mimas within Saturn's G Ring. 
Rudolf Emil Kálmán[3] (May 19, 1930 – July 2, 2016) was an Hungarian-American electrical engineer, mathematician, and inventor. 
He was most noted for his co-invention and development of the Kalman filter, a mathematical algorithm that is widely used in signal processing, control systems, and guidance, navigation and control. 
For this work, U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Kálmán the National Medal of Science on October 7, 2009.[4] 
Kálmán was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American National Academy of Engineering,[1] and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 
He was a foreign member of the Hungarian, French, and Russian Academies of Science. 
He has been awarded many honorary doctorates from other universities. 
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[6] 
Kálmán received the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1974, the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, the Inamori foundation's Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology in 1985, the Steele Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 1987, the Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award in 1997,[7] and the National Academy of Engineering's Charles Stark Draper Prize in 2008. 
Kálmán also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1990.[8] 
List of members of the National Academy of Engineering (Electronics) 
External links 
The Kalman Filter website Kyoto Prize For Kálmán's PhD students see Rudolf Emil Kálmán on the Mathematics Genealogy Project page. 
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Rudolf E. Kálmán", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. 
A biography by Kalman's Ph.D. advisor, J R Ragazzini is given in "Dynamical Systems, Measurement, and Control", June 1977 pp. 73–75. 
This also has a list of Kalman's major publications. 
Biography of Kalman from the IEEE 
Kálmán worked as a Research Mathematician at the Research Institute for Advanced Studies in Baltimore, Maryland from 1958 until 1964. 
He was a professor at Stanford University from 1964 until 1971, and then a Graduate Research Professor and the Director of the Center for Mathematical System Theory, at the University of Florida from 1971 until 1992. 
He periodically returned to Fontainebleau from 1969 to 1972 at MINES ParisTech where he served as scientific advisor for Centre de recherches en automatique. 
Starting in 1973, he also held the chair of Mathematical System Theory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland. 
Kálmán was an electrical engineer by his undergraduate and graduate education at M.I.T. and Columbia University, and he was noted for his co-invention of the Kalman filter (or Kalman-Bucy Filter), which is a mathematical technique widely used in the digital computers of control systems, navigation systems, avionics, and outer-space vehicles to extract a signal from a long sequence of noisy or incomplete measurements, usually those done by electronic and gyroscopic systems. 
Kálmán's ideas on filtering were initially met with vast skepticism, so much so that he was forced to do the first publication of his results in mechanical engineering, rather than in electrical engineering or systems engineering. 
Kálmán had more success in presenting his ideas, however, while visiting Stanley F. Schmidt at the NASA Ames Research Center in 1960. 
This led to the use of Kálmán filters during the Apollo program, and furthermore, in the NASA Space Shuttle, in Navy submarines, and in unmanned aerospace vehicles and weapons, such as cruise missiles. [citation needed] 
Kálmán published several seminal papers during the sixties, which rigorously established what is now known as the state-space representation of dynamical systems. 
He introduced the formal definition of a system, the notions of controllability and observability, eventually leading to the Kalman decomposition. 
Kálmán also gave groundbreaking contributions to the theory of optimal control and provided, in his joint work with J. E. Bertram, a comprehensive and insightful exposure of stability theory for dynamical systems. 
He also worked with B. L. Ho on the minimal realization problem, providing the well known Ho-Kalman algorithm. 
Nodal precession is the precession of the orbital plane of a satellite around the rotational axis of an astronomical body such as Earth. 
This precession is due to the non-spherical nature of a rotating body, which creates a non-uniform gravitational field. 
The following discussion relates to low Earth orbit of artificial satellites, which have no measurable effect on the motion of Earth. 
The nodal precession of more massive, natural satellites like the Moon is more complex. 
Around a spherical body, an orbital plane would remain fixed in space around the gravitational primary body. 
However, most bodies rotate, which causes an equatorial bulge. 
This bulge creates a gravitational effect that causes orbits to precess around the rotational axis of the primary body. 
ωp is the precession rate (in rad/s) RE is the body's equatorial radius (6378137 m for Earth) a is the semi-major axis of the satellite's orbit e is the eccentricity of the satellite's orbit ω is the angular velocity of the satellite's motion (2π radians divided by its period in seconds) i is its inclination (in degrees) J2 is the body's second dynamic form factor (−√5C20 = 1.08262668×10−3 for Earth). 
This last quantity is related to the oblateness as follows: 
εE is the central body's oblateness RE is central body's equatorial radius (6378137 m for Earth) ωE is the central body's rotation rate (7.292115×10−5 rad/s for Earth) GME is the product of the universal constant of gravitation and the central body's mass (3.986004418×1014 m3/s2 for Earth). 
The nodal progression of low Earth orbits is typically a few degrees per day to the west (negative). 
For a satellite in a circular (e = 0) 800 km altitude orbit at 56° inclination about Earth: 
The orbital period is 6052.4 s, so the angular velocity is 0.001038 rad/s. 
The precession is therefore 
The direction of precession is opposite the direction of revolution. 
For a typical prograde orbit around Earth (that is, in the direction of primary body's rotation), the longitude of the ascending node decreases, that is the node precesses westward. 
If the orbit is retrograde, this increases the longitude of the ascending node, that is the node precesses eastward. 
This nodal progression enables heliosynchronous orbits to maintain a nearly constant angle relative to the Sun. 
This is equivalent to −3.683° per day, so the orbit plane will make one complete turn (in inertial space) in 98 days. 
The apparent motion of the sun is approximately +1° per day (360° per year / 365.2422 days per tropical year ≈ 0.9856473° per day), so apparent motion of the sun relative to the orbit plane is about 2.8° per day, resulting in a complete cycle in about 127 days. 
For retrograde orbits ω is negative, so the precession becomes positive. 
(Alternatively, ω can be thought of as positive but the inclination is greater than 90°, so the cosine of the inclination is negative.) 
In this case it is possible to make the precession approximately match the apparent motion of the sun, resulting in a heliosynchronous orbit. 
Axial precession, or "precession of the equinoxes" for Earth Apsidal precession, another kind of orbital precession (the change in the argument of periapsis) Lunar standstill, in which the Moon's declination on the lunistices depends on the precession of its orbital nodes 
Description 
Nodal regression description from USENET Discussion of nodal regression from Analytical Graphics[dead link] 
Equatorial bulge torques a satellite orbit, leading to nodal precession 
A non-rotating body of planetary scale or larger would be pulled by gravity into a sphere. 
Virtually all bodies rotate, however. 
The centrifugal force deforms the body so that it has an equatorial bulge. 
Because of the bulge the gravitational force on the satellite is not directly toward the center of the central body, but is offset toward the equator. 
Whichever hemisphere the satellite is in it is preferentially pulled slightly toward the equator. 
This creates a torque on the orbit. 
This torque does not reduce the inclination; rather, it causes a torque-induced gyroscopic precession, which causes the orbital nodes to drift with time. 
Equation 
The rate of precession depends on the inclination of the orbital plane to the equatorial plane, as well as the orbital eccentricity. 
Diagram showing the orientation of a Sun-synchronous orbit (green) at four points in the year. 
A non-Sun-synchronous orbit (magenta) is also shown for reference. 
Dates are shown in white: day/month. 
A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO, also called a heliosynchronous orbit[1]) is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local mean solar time.[2][3] More technically, it is an orbit arranged so that it precesses through one complete revolution each year, so it always maintains the same relationship with the Sun. 
The angular precession per orbit for an orbit around an oblate planet is given by 
J2 is the coefficient for the second zonal term (1.08263×10−3) related to the oblateness of the Earth (see geopotential model), RE is the mean radius of the Earth, roughly 6378 km p is the semi-latus rectum of the orbit, i is the inclination of the orbit to the equator. 
An orbit will be Sun-synchronous when the precession rate ρ equals the mean motion of the Earth about the Sun, which is 360° per sidereal year (1.99096871×10−7 rad/s), so we must set ΔΩ/T = ρ, where T is the orbital period. 
As the orbital period of a spacecraft is 
where a is the semi-major axis of the orbit and μ is the standard gravitational parameter of the planet (398600.440 km3/s2 for Earth); as p ≈ a for a circular or almost circular orbit, it follows that 
Applications 
or when ρ is 360° per year, 
As an example, for a = 7200 km (the spacecraft about 800 km over the Earth surface) one gets with this formula a Sun-synchronous inclination of 98.696°. 
Note that according to this approximation cos i equals −1 when the semi-major axis equals 12352 km, which means that only smaller orbits can be Sun-synchronous. 
The period can be in the range from 88 minutes for a very low orbit (a = 6554 km, i = 96°) to 3.8 hours (a = 12352 km, but this orbit would be equatorial with i = 180°). 
A period longer than 3.8 hours may be possible by using an eccentric orbit with p < 12352 km but a > 12352 km. 
If one wants a satellite to fly over some given spot on Earth every day at the same hour, it can do between 7 and 16 orbits per day, as shown in the following table. (The table has been calculated assuming the periods given. 
The orbital period that should be used is actually slightly longer. 
For instance, a retrograde equatorial orbit that passes over the same spot after 24 hours has a true period about 365/364 ≈ 1.0027 times longer than the time between overpasses. 
For non-equatorial orbits the factor is closer to 1.) 
When one says that a Sun-synchronous orbit goes over a spot on the Earth at the same local time each time, this refers to mean solar time, not to apparent solar time. 
The Sun will not be in exactly the same position in the sky during the course of the year (see Equation of time and Analemma). 
Sun-synchronous orbits are mostly selected for Earth observation satellites, with an altitude typically between 600 and 1000 km over the Earth surface. 
Even if an orbit remains Sun-synchronous, however, other orbital parameters such as argument of periapsis and the orbital eccentricity will evolve, due to higher order perturbations in the Earth's gravitational field, the pressure of sunlight, and other causes. 
Earth observation satellites, in particular, prefer orbits with constant altitude when passing over the same spot. 
Careful selection of eccentricity and location of perigee reveals specific combinations where the perturbations largely cancel and hence the orbit is relatively stable – a frozen orbit. 
The ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat of European Space Agency, as well as the MetOp spacecraft of EUMETSAT, are all operated in such Sun-synchronous frozen orbits.[6] 
A Sun-synchronous orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight, which allows the solar panels to work continuously. 
This orbit is also useful for imaging, spy, and weather satellites,[4] because every time that the satellite is overhead, the surface illumination angle on the planet underneath it will be nearly the same. 
This consistent lighting is a useful characteristic for satellites that image the Earth's surface in visible or infrared wavelengths, such as weather and spy satellites; and for other remote-sensing satellites, such as those carrying ocean and atmospheric remote-sensing instruments that require sunlight. 
For example, a satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit might ascend across the equator twelve times a day each time at approximately 15:00 mean local time. 
External links 
Diagram showing a Sun-synchronous orbit from a top view of the ecliptic plane with Local Solar Time (LST) zones for reference and a descending node of 10:30 am. 
The LST zones show how the local time beneath the satellite varies at different latitudes and different points on its orbit. 
Special cases of the Sun-synchronous orbit are the noon/midnight orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial latitudes is around noon or midnight, and the dawn/dusk orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial latitudes is around sunrise or sunset, so that the satellite rides the terminator between day and night. 
Riding the terminator is useful for active radar satellites, as the satellites' solar panels can always see the Sun, without being shadowed by the Earth. 
It is also useful for some satellites with passive instruments that need to limit the Sun's influence on the measurements, as it is possible to always point the instruments towards the night side of the Earth. 
The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar-observing scientific satellites such as Yohkoh, TRACE, Hinode and PROBA2, affording them a nearly continuous view of the Sun. 
A Sun-synchronous orbit is achieved by having the osculating orbital plane precess (rotate) approximately one degree eastward each day with respect to the celestial sphere to keep pace with the Earth's movement around the Sun.[5] This precession is achieved by tuning the inclination to the altitude of the orbit (see Technical details) such that Earth's equatorial bulge, which perturbs inclined orbits, causes the orbital plane of the spacecraft to precess with the desired rate. 
The plane of the orbit is not fixed in space relative to the distant stars, but rotates slowly about the Earth's axis. 
Typical Sun-synchronous orbits around Earth are about 600–800 km in altitude, with periods in the 96–100-minute range, and inclinations of around 98°. This is slightly retrograde compared to the direction of Earth's rotation: 0° represents an equatorial orbit, and 90° represents a polar orbit.[1] 
Sun-synchronous orbits can happen around other oblate planets, such as Mars. 
A satellite around the almost spherical Venus, for example, will need an outside push to maintain a Sun-synchronous orbit. 
The studio was founded after the success of the 1984 film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, written and directed by Miyazaki for Topcraft and distributed by Toei Company. The origins of the film lie in the first two volumes of a serialized manga written by Miyazaki for publication in Animage as a way of generating interest in an anime version.[1][6] Suzuki was part of the production team on the film and founded Studio Ghibli with Miyazaki, who also invited Takahata to join the new studio. 
The studio has mainly produced films by Miyazaki, with the second most prolific director being Takahata (most notably with Grave of the Fireflies). 
Other directors who have worked with Studio Ghibli include Yoshifumi Kondō, Hiroyuki Morita, Gorō Miyazaki, and Hiromasa Yonebayashi. 
Composer Joe Hisaishi has provided the soundtracks for most of Miyazaki's Studio Ghibli films. In their book Anime Classics Zettai!, Brian Camp and Julie Davis made note of Michiyo Yasuda as "a mainstay of Studio Ghibli’s extraordinary design and production team".[7] At one time the studio was based in Kichijōji, Musashino, Tokyo.[8] 
In August 1996, Disney and Tokuma Shoten formed a partnership in which Buena Vista Pictures would be the sole international distributor for Tokuma Shoten's Studio Ghibli animated films. 
Since then, all three afore-mentioned films by Miyazaki at Studio Ghibli that were previously dubbed by Streamline Pictures have been re-dubbed by Disney.[9] On June 1, 1997, Tokuma Shoten Publishing consolidated its media operations by merging Studio Ghibli, Tokuma Shoten Intermedia software and Tokuma International under one location.[10] 
In October 2001, the Ghibli Museum opened in Mitaka, Tokyo.[15] It contains exhibits based on Studio Ghibli films and shows animations, including a number of short Studio Ghibli films not available elsewhere. 
The studio is also known for its strict "no-edits" policy in licensing their films abroad due to Nausicaä of the Valley of Wind being heavily edited for the film's release in the United States as Warriors of the Wind. 
The "no cuts" policy was highlighted when Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein suggested editing Princess Mononoke to make it more marketable. 
A Studio Ghibli producer is rumoured to have sent an authentic Japanese sword with a simple message: "No cuts".[16] 
Studio Ghibli, Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社スタジオジブリ, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Sutajio Jiburi) is a Japanese animation film studio based in Koganei, Tokyo, Japan.[1] The studio is best known for its anime feature films, and has also produced several short films, television commercials, and one television film. 
It was founded on 15 June 1985, after the success of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), with funding by Tokuma Shoten. 
Studio Ghibli has also collaborated with video game studios on the visual development of several video games.[2] 
Works 
Six of Studio Ghibli's films are among the 10 highest-grossing anime films made in Japan, with Spirited Away (2001) being the highest, grossing over US$360 million worldwide. Many of their works have won the Animage Anime Grand Prix award, and four have won the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. 
Five of Studio Ghibli's films have received Academy Award nominations. 
Spirited Away won the Golden Bear in 2002 and the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film in 2003. Totoro, a character from My Neighbor Totoro, is the studio's mascot.[3] 
Name 
The name Ghibli was given by Hayao Miyazaki from the Italian noun ghibli, based on the Libyan-Arabic name for the hot desert wind of that country, the idea being the studio would "blow a new wind through the anime industry".[4][5] It also refers to an Italian aircraft, the Caproni Ca.309 Ghibli. 
Although the Italian word is more accurately transliterated as ギブリ (Giburi), the Japanese name of the studio is ジブリ (Jiburi).[4] 
History 
Founded on June 15, 1985, the studio is headed by the directors Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata and the producer Toshio Suzuki. 
Prior to the formation of the studio, Miyazaki and Takahata had already had long careers in Japanese film and television animation and had worked together on Hols: Prince of the Sun and Panda! Go, Panda!; and Suzuki was an editor at Tokuma Shoten's Animage manga magazine. 
Year Title Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Music RT 1986 Castle in the Sky Hayao Miyazaki Isao Takahata Joe Hisaishi 95%[33] 1988 Grave of the Fireflies Isao Takahata Tōru Hara Michio Mamiya 97%[34] My Neighbor Totoro Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi 94%[35] 1989 Kiki's Delivery Service Hayao Miyazaki 97%[36] 1991 Only Yesterday Isao Takahata Toshio Suzuki Katz Hoshi 100%[37] 1992 Porco Rosso Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi 94%[38] 1993 Ocean Waves Tomomi Mochizuki Nozomu Takahashi & Seiji Okuda Shigeru Nagata 87% 1994 Pom Poko Isao Takahata Shang Shang Typhoon 82%[39] 1995 Whisper of the Heart Yoshifumi Kondō Hayao Miyazaki Yuji Nomi 92%[40] 1997 Princess Mononoke Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi 92%[41] 1999 My Neighbors the Yamadas Isao Takahata Akiko Yano 75%[42] 2001 Spirited Away Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi 97%[43] 2002 The Cat Returns Hiroyuki Morita Reiko Yoshida Nozomu Takahashi & Toshio Suzuki Yuji Nomi 90%[44] 2004 Howl's Moving Castle Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki Joe Hisaishi 87%[45] 2006 Tales from Earthsea Gorō Miyazaki G. Miyazaki & Keiko Niwa Toshio Suzuki & Tomohiko Ishii Tamiya Terashima 41%[46] 2008 Ponyo Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki Joe Hisaishi 91%[47] 2010 Arrietty Hiromasa Yonebayashi Hayao Miyazaki & Keiko Niwa Cécile Corbel 95%[48] 2011 From Up on Poppy Hill Gorō Miyazaki Satoshi Takebe 85%[49] 2013 The Wind Rises[50] Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi 88%[51] The Tale of the Princess Kaguya[50] Isao Takahata Takahata & Riko Sakaguchi Yoshiaki Nishimura & Seiichiro Ujiie 100%[52] 2014 When Marnie Was There[53] Hiromasa Yonebayashi Yonebayashi, Keiko Niwa & Masashi Ando Yoshiaki Nishimura & Toshio Suzuki Takatsugu Muramatsu 90%[54] TBA How Do You Live?[55][56][57][58] Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki TBA TBA 
San Giorgio Piacentino (Piacentino: San Zorz, IPA: [saŋ ˈzɔːrz] or [saŋ ˈzɔːʁz]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Piacenza in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) northwest of Bologna and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Piacenza. 
San Giorgio Piacentino borders the following municipalities: Carpaneto Piacentino, Gropparello, Podenzano, Ponte dell'Olio, Pontenure, Vigolzone. San Giorgio is well known has the place to be for summer 2019. No places like that at all. 
Official website 
Slovalco is a large Slovak company that produces 160,000 tonnes of aluminium and aluminium products per annum. 
History 
December 1985 - approval of project by the CSSR's government in Prague ; March 1986 - know - how contract signed with Hydro Aluminium and start of construction ; 1987 - carbon plant is finished 1989 - potroom is finished 1989 - last year of financing from state centralized sources 1992 - construction ceases (65% of project complete) April 1993 - negotiation with EBRD 7 June 1993 - Slovalco is founded July 1994 - Slovalco signs a sovereign guaranteed loan agreement with EBRD October 1994 - EBRD and Hydro Aluminium become shareholders June–December 1995 - the first 172 cells put into operation 1996 - full operation of electrolysis - 112,000 tons produced August 2003 - 54 additional reduction cells put into operation - 226 cells in operation June 2004 - the millionth tonne of aluminium produced 
Ownership 
Slovalco is owned 44.7% by a Slovak company called ZSNP while the remaining 55.3% is owned by Norwegian company Hydro Aluminium part of Norsk Hydro based in Oslo, Norway. 
External links 
Koum named the app WhatsApp to sound like "what's up". 
On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. 
However, when early versions of WhatsApp kept crashing, Koum considered giving up and looking for a new job. 
Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".[56] 
Bans 
WhatsApp is owned by Facebook, whose main social media service has been blocked in China since 2009.[193] In September 2017, security researchers reported to The New York Times that the WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in China.[194] 
According to Time, Sarsenbek Akaruli, 45, a veterinarian and trader from Ili, Xinjiang, was arrested in Xinjiang on Nov. 2, 2017. 
As of November 2019, he is still in a detention camp. 
According to his wife Gulnur Kosdaulet, Akaruli was put in the camp after police found the banned messaging app WhatsApp on his cell phone. 
Kosdaulet, a citizen of neighboring Kazakhstan, has traveled to Xinjiang on four occasions to search for her husband but could not get help from friends in the Communist Party of China. 
Kosdaulet said of her friends, "Nobody wanted to risk being recorded on security cameras talking to me in case they ended up in the camps themselves."[195] 
On May 9, 2014, the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist," said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee on Internet Crimes. 
Subsequently, Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.[196][197] 
Turkey temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016, following the assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey.[198] 
On March 1, 2016, Diego Dzodan, Facebook's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested.[199] On March 2, 2016, at dawn the next day, Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable.[200] 
In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. 
Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user's status is changed, everyone in the user's network would be notified.[10] WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. 
Although Acton was managing another startup, he decided to join the company.[10] In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends at Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. 
He officially joined WhatsApp on November 1.[10] After months at beta stage, the application launched in November 2009, exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. 
Koum then hired a friend in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop a BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.[10] 
On May 2, 2016, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders.[201][202] Once again, the block was lifted following an appeal, after nearly 24 hours.[203] 
WhatsApp, one of the most activated messaging apps along with other social media networks such as Facebook and Instagram were temporarily blocked, banned and had been unavailable for about two days (March 7–8, 2018) in certain parts of the country to eradicate communal violence, especially the anti-Muslim riots.[204] This was probably the first such instance where social media platforms had been banned in Sri Lanka. 
The ban was finally lifted on March 14, 2018 around midnight time in Sri Lanka.[205] 
The government of Uganda banned WhatsApp and Facebook, along with other social media platforms, to enforce a tax on the use of social media.[206] Users are to be charged 200 shilling per day to access these services according to the new law set by parliament.[207] 
User statistics 
WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012,[208] growing from two billion in April 2012,[209] and one billion the previous October.[210] On June 13, 2013, WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27 billion messages.[211] According to the Financial Times, WhatsApp "has done to SMS on mobile phones what Skype did to international calling on landlines."[212] 
As of April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users, 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.[213][214] 
On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide. 
At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day.[1][215] With 65 million active users representing 10% of the total worldwide users, India has the largest number of consumers.[216] 
In May 2017, it was reported that WhatsApp users spend over 340 million minutes on video calls each day on the app. 
This is the equivalent of roughly 646 years of video calls per day.[217] 
To cover the primary cost of sending verification texts to users, WhatsApp was changed from a free service to a paid one. 
In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to the iPhone version. 
By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps at Apple's U.S. App Store.[10] 
As of February 2017, WhatsApp had over 1.2 billion users globally,[218] reaching 1.5 billion monthly active users by the end of 2017.[219] 
India is by far WhatsApp's largest market in terms of total number of users. 
In May 2014, WhatsApp crossed 50 million monthly active users in India, which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users,[220] then 70 million in October 2014, making users in India 10% of WhatsApp's total user base.[221] In February 2017, WhatsApp reached 200 million monthly active users in India.[222] 
Israel is one of WhatsApp's strongest markets in terms of ubiquitous usage. 
According to Globes, already by 2013 the application was installed on 92% of all smartphones, with 86% of users reporting daily use.[223] WhatsApp's group chat feature is reportedly used by many Israeli families to stay in contact with each other.[224] 
Competition 
WhatsApp competes with a number of messaging services. Those, as of 2019, were services like iMessage (estimated 1.3 billion active users[225]), WeChat (1 billion active users[226]), Viber (260 million active users[227]), Telegram (200 million users[228]) and LINE (187 million active users[229]). 
Telegram in particular was reported to get registration spikes during WhatsApp outages and controversies.[230][231][232] 
WhatsApp has increasingly drawn its innovation from competing services,[233] such as a Telegram-inspired web version[234] and features for groups.[235] In 2016, WhatsApp was accused of copying features from a then-unreleased version of iMessage.[236] 
In April 2011, Sequoia Capital invested about $8 million for more than 15% of the company, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.[57][58][59] 
External links 
By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. 
Sequoia invested another $50 million, and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion.[10] 
In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users used the service each month.[60] 
On February 19, 2014, months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation,[61] Facebook, Inc. announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date.[2] At the time, it was the largest acquisition of a venture-backed company in history.[3] Sequoia Capital received an approximate 5000% return on its initial investment.[62] Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and (advised by Morgan Stanley) an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp's founders Koum and Acton.[63] Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.[52] Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.[64] 
The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to try and/or move to other message services. Telegram claimed that it acquired 8 million new users;[65] and Line, 2 million.[66] 
At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision.[67][68] A TechCrunch article said this about Zuckerberg's vision: 
The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – 'a 911 for the internet.' 
These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. 
Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don't see the point of why they would pay for those data services. 
This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to paying for more services like this – or so the hope goes.[1] 
Just three days after announcing the Facebook purchase, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls. 
He also said that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, and that their ultimate goal was to be on all smartphones.[69] 
In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million users.[70] By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly users and over 30 billion messages every day.[71] In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry would lose $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype.[72] That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million users.[73][74] By September 2015, it had grown to 900 million;[75] and by February 2016, one billion.[76] 
In November 30, 2015, the Android WhatsApp client made links to another message service, Telegram, unclickable and uncopyable.[77][78][79] Multiple sources confirmed that it was intentional, not a bug,[79] and that it had been implemented when the Android source code that recognized Telegram URLs had been identified.[79] (The word "telegram" appeared in WhatsApp's code.[79]) Some considered it an anti-competitive measure,[77][78][79] but WhatsApp offered no explanation. 
Recent (2016–present) 
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's co-founder Jan Koum announced that it would no longer charge users a $1 annual subscription fee, in an effort to remove a barrier faced by users without credit cards.[80][81] He also said that the app would not display any third-party ads, and that it would have new features such as the ability to communicate with businesses.[3][82] 
By June 2016, the company's blog reported more than 100 million voice calls per day were being placed on WhatsApp.[83] 
On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a beta version of two-step verification for Android users, which allowed them to use their email addresses for further protection.[84] Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.[2] 
On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday), WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories.[86] 
On May 18, 2017, it was reported that the European Commission would fine Facebook €110 million for "misleading" it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp. 
The Commission alleged that in 2014, when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." 
However, in the summer of 2016, WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional."[85] 
Messaging with WhatsApp 
In September 2017, WhatsApp's co-founder Brian Acton left the company to start a nonprofit group,[87] later revealed as the Signal Foundation, which now develops the WhatsApp competitor Signal.[88] WhatsApp also announced a forthcoming business platform to enable companies to provide customer service at scale,[89] and airlines KLM and Aeroméxico announced their participation in the testing.[90][91][92][93] Both airlines previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform. 
In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use.[94] 
In April 2018, WhatsApp co-founder and CEO Jan Koum announced he would be leaving the company.[95] Facebook later announced that Koum's replacement would be Chris Daniels.[8] 
Later in September 2018, WhatsApp introduced group audio and video call features.[96][97] In October, the "Swipe to Reply" option was added to the Android beta version, 16 months after it was introduced for iOS.[98] 
On 25 November 2019, WhatsApp announced an investment of $250,000 into the startup ecosystem through a partnership with Startup India, where it will provide 500 startups with Facebook ad credits of $500 each. [99] 
In December 2019, WhatsApp announced that a new update would lock out any Apple users who haven't updated to iOS 9 or higher and Samsung, Huawei, Sony and Google users who haven't updated to version 4.0 by February 1, 2020. 
The company also reported that Windows Phone operating systems would no longer be supported after December 31, 2019.[100] WhatsApp was announced to be the 3rd most downloaded mobile app of the decade from 2010 to 2019.[101] 
In May 2019, WhatsApp was attacked by hackers who installed spyware on a number of victims' smartphones.[102] The hack, allegedly developed by Israeli surveillance technology firm NSO Group, injected malware onto WhatsApp users’ phones via a remote-exploit bug in the app's Voice over IP calling functions. 
A Wired report noted the attack was able to inject malware via calls to the targeted phone, even if the user did not answer the call.[103] On October 29, WhatsApp filed a lawsuit against NSO Group in a San Francisco court, claiming that the alleged cyberattack violated US laws including the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA).[104] According to WhatsApp, the exploit "targeted at least 100 human-rights defenders, journalists and other members of civil society" among a total of 1,400 users in 20 countries.[105][106][107] 
Until 2017, WhatsApp was for individual use between two smartphones. 
This enabled businesses to communicate with customers,[108] but not at scale (e.g. in a contact center environment). 
In September 2017 WhatsApp confirmed rumors[109][110] that they were building and testing two new tools for businesses:[4] 
WhatsApp Messenger is a freeware, cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP) service owned by Facebook, Inc.[43] It allows users to send text messages and voice messages,[44] make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user locations, and other media.[45][46] WhatsApp's client application runs on mobile devices but is also accessible from desktop computers, as long as the user's mobile device remains connected to the Internet while they use the desktop app.[47] The service requires users to provide a standard cellular mobile number for registering with the service.[48] In January 2018, WhatsApp released a standalone business app targeted at small business owners, called WhatsApp Business, to allow companies to communicate with customers who use the standard WhatsApp client.[49][50] 
A free WhatsApp Business app for small companies[111] An Enterprise Solution for bigger companies with global customer bases, such as airlines, e-commerce retailers and banks, who would be able to offer customer service and conversational commerce (e-commerce) via WhatsApp chat, using live agents or chatbots. 
(As far back as 2015, companies like Meteordesk[112] had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users, but these were shut down by WhatsApp.) 
After months at beta stage, the official first release of WhatsApp launched in November 2009, exclusively at the App Store for iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added; and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010, and for Android OS in August 2010. 
In August 2011, a beta for Nokia's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added. 
A month later, support for Windows Phone was added, followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013.[113] In April 2015, support for Samsung's Tizen OS was added.[114] Unofficial ports, Wazapp and Yappari, have also been released for the MeeGo-based Nokia N9[115] and the Maemo-based Nokia N900, respectively.[116] 
The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp was the Symbian-based Nokia N95 released in March 2007. 
(As of June 2017, WhatsApp is no longer compatible with it.) 
In August 2014, WhatsApp released an Android update, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.[117] 
In 2014, an unofficial open source plug-in, whatsapp-purple, was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on PCs running Microsoft Windows and Linux.[118][third-party source needed] WhatsApp responded by blocking phone numbers that used the plug-in.[citation needed] 
On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a browser-based web client that could be used by syncing with a mobile device's connection.[119] 
On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40, and Symbian S60, as well as older versions of Android (2.2), Windows Phone (7.0), and iOS (6), by the end of 2016.[120] BlackBerry, Series 40, and Symbian support was then extended to June 30, 2017.[121] In June 2017, support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017, while Symbian was dropped.[122] 
Support for BlackBerry and older (version 8.0) Windows Phone and older (version 6) iOS devices was dropped on January 1, 2018, but was extended to December 2018 for Nokia Series 40.[123] In July 2018, it was announced that WhatsApp would soon be available for KaiOS feature phones.[124][125] 
In October 2019, WhatsApp officially launched a new fingerprint app-locking feature for Android users.[126] 
The client application was created by WhatsApp Inc. of Mountain View, California, which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US$ 19.3 billion.[51][52] It became the world's most popular messaging application by 2015,[53][54] and has over 1.5 billion users worldwide as of February 2018[update].[55][53] It has become the primary means of communication in multiple countries and locations, including Latin America, India, Pakistan and large parts of Europe, including the United Kingdom, Spain, and France.[53] 
WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client, under the name WhatsApp Web, in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page: "Our web client is simply an extension of your phone: the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device—this means all of your messages still live on your phone". 
The WhatsApp user's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function. 
All major desktop browsers are supported except for Internet Explorer. 
WhatsApp Web's user interface is based on the default Android one.[citation needed] 
As of January 21, 2015, the desktop version was only available to Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone users. 
Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).[127][128] 
An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed, which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area.[129] 
There are similar solutions for macOS, such as the open-source ChitChat.[130][131][132] 
On May 10, 2016, the messaging service was introduced for both Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems. 
WhatsApp currently does not allow audio or video calling from desktop operating systems. 
Similar to the WhatsApp Web format, the app, which will be synced with a user's mobile device, is available for download on the website. 
It supports OS versions of Windows 8 and OS X 10.9 and higher.[133][134] 
Technical 
WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).[135] Upon installation, it creates a user account using one's phone number as the username (Jabber ID: [phone number]@s.whatsapp.net). 
WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user's WhatsApp contact list. 
Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5-hashed, reversed-version of the phone's IMEI as password,[136] while the iOS version used the phone's Wi-Fi MAC address instead of IMEI.[137][138] A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side.[139] 
History 
Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are some workarounds for this.[140] 
In February 2015, WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population.[141][142] WhatsApp's voice codec is Opus,[143][144][145] which uses the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) and linear predictive coding (LPC) audio compression algorithms.[146] WhatsApp uses Opus at 8–16 kHz sampling rates.[143][145] On November 14, 2016, Whatsapp added a video calling feature for users across Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.[147][148] 
On November 2017, Whatsapp released a new feature that would let its users delete messages sent by mistake within a time frame of 7 minutes.[149] 
Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail (if applicable).[150] 
WhatsApp follows a "store and forward" mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. 
When a user sends a message, it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored. 
Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message. 
As soon as the message is acknowledged, the server drops the message; it is no longer available in the database of the server. 
The WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered (when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days).[151][self-published source?] 
On November 18, 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform.[152] Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android, and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and key verification would be coming soon after.[153] WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.[154] In April 2015, German magazine Heise Security used ARP spoofing to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android-to-Android messages, and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end-to-end encrypted.[155] They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end-to-end encrypted messages and regular messages.[155] On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.[37][156] Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent's key changes.[157] According to a white paper that was released along with the announcement, WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the Signal Protocol.[158] WhatsApp calls are encrypted with SRTP, and all client-server communications are "layered within a separate encrypted channel".[158] The Signal Protocol library used by WhatsApp is open-source and published under the GPLv3 license.[158][159] 
Cade Metz, writing in Wired, said, "WhatsApp, more than any company before it, has taken encryption to the masses."[1] 
WhatsApp Payments is a peer-to-peer money transfer feature that is currently only available in India. 
WhatsApp has received permission from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) to enter into partnership with multiple banks in July 2017[160] to allow users to make in-app payments and money transfers using the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).[161] UPI enables account-to-account transfers from a mobile app without having any details of the beneficiary's bank.[162] This feature is being pilot tested with over a million users since April 2019, however there has not been any update on the final roll out.[163] 
On February 28, 2019, The New York Times reported that Facebook was “hoping to succeed where Bitcoin failed” by developing an in-house cryptocurrency that would be incorporated into WhatsApp. 
The project reportedly involves over 50 engineers under the direction of former PayPal president David Marcus. 
This 'Facebook coin' will reportedly be a stablecoin pegged to the value of a basket of different foreign currencies.[164] 
Hoaxes and fake news 
Mob murders in India 
In July 2018, WhatsApp encouraged people to report fraudulent or inciting messages after lynch mobs in India murdered innocent people because of malicious WhatsApp messages falsely accusing the victims of intending to abduct children.[165] 
2018 elections in Brazil 
In an investigation on the use of social media in politics, it was found that WhatsApp was being abused for the spread of fake news in the 2018 presidential elections in Brazil.[166] Furthermore, it has been reported that US$3 million has been spent in illegal off-the-books contributions related to this practice.[167] 
Researchers and journalists have called on WhatsApp parent company, Facebook, to adopt measures similar to those adopted in India and restrict the spread of hoaxes and fake news.[1] 
WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, former employees of Yahoo!. After leaving Yahoo! in September 2007, they took some time off in South America.[10] At one point, they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected.[10] 
WhatsApp was initially criticized for its lack of encryption, sending information as plaintext.[168] Encryption was first added in May 2012.[169][170][171] 
In 2016, WhatsApp was widely praised for the addition of end-to-end encryption and earned a 6 out of 7 points on the Electronic Frontier Foundation's "Secure Messaging Scorecard".[172] WhatsApp was criticized by security researchers and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for using backups that are not covered by end-to-end encryption and allow messages to be accessed by third-parties.[173][174] 
In May 2019, a security vulnerability in WhatsApp was found and fixed that allowed a remote person to install spyware by making a call which did not need to be answered.[175][176] 
In September 2019, WhatsApp was criticized for its implementation of a 'delete for everyone' feature. iOS users can elect to save media to their camera roll automatically. 
When a user deletes media for everyone, WhatsApp does not delete images saved in the iOS camera roll and so those users are able to keep the images. 
WhatsApp released a statement saying that "the feature is working properly," and that images stored in the camera roll cannot be deleted due to Apple's security layers.[177] 
In November 2019, WhatsApp released a new privacy feature that let users decide who adds them to the group.[178] 
On December 17, 2019, WhatsApp fixed a security flaw that allowed cyber attackers to repeatedly crash the messaging application for all members of group chat, which could only be fixed by forcing the complete uninstall and reinstall of the app. 
The bug was discovered in August 2019 and reported to WhatsApp, whose developers fixed the bug in the update for version 2.19.246 and onwards.[179][180] 
In 2018 it was reported that around 500,000 NHS staff used WhatsApp and other instant messaging systems at work and around 29,000 had faced disciplinary action for doing so. 
Higher usage was reported by frontline clinical staff to keep up with care needs, even though NHS trust policies do not permit their use.[181] 
Mods and Fake versions 
In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing the potential of the app industry on the App Store, Koum and Acton began visiting Koum's friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose to discuss a new type of messaging app that would "[show] statuses next to individual names of the people". 
They realized that to take the idea further, they'd need an iPhone developer. 
Fishman visited RentACoder.com, found Russian developer Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum. 
In March 2019, WhatsApp released a guide for users that had installed unofficial modified versions of WhatsApp and warned against data loss in case users persisted in using the same as it considered banning such users.[182] 
In October 2019, WhatsApp launched an unprecedented lawsuit against an Israeli surveillance firm NSO Group, accusing that it was behind the highly sophisticated cyber attacks on over 100 human rights activists, journalists, lawyers and academics. 
WhatsApp also claimed that the firm violated American law in an “unmistakable pattern of abuse”.[183] 
Terrorism 
In December 2015, it was reported that Islamic State terrorists had been using WhatsApp to plot the November 2015 Paris attacks.[184] ISIS also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves.[185] 
In March 2017, U.K. Home Secretary Amber Rudd said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable, as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the 2017 Westminster attack. 
Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks.[186] 
In April 2017, the perpetrator of the Stockholm attack reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the 2017 Stockholm attack. 
The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession of the perpetration after the attack.[187] 
It has been asserted that WhatsApp is plagued by scams that invite hackers to spread malicious viruses or malware.[188][189] In May 2016, some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third-party application called WhatsApp Gold, which was part of a scam that infected the users' phones with malware.[190] A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends' conversations, or their contact lists, has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil. 
Since December 2016, more than 1.5 million people have clicked and lost money.[191] 
Another application called GB Whatsapp is considered malicious by cybersecurity firm Symantec because it usually performs some unauthorized operations on end-user devices.[192] 
A halo orbit is a periodic, three-dimensional orbit near the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange point in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics. 
Although the Lagrange point is just a point in empty space, its peculiar characteristic is that it can be orbited. 
Halo orbits can be thought of as resulting from an interaction between the gravitational pull of the two planetary bodies and the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations on a spacecraft. 
Halo orbits exist in any three-body system, e.g., the Sun–Earth–Orbiting Satellite system or the Earth–Moon–Orbiting Satellite system. 
Continuous "families" of both Northern and Southern halo orbits exist at each Lagrange point. 
Because halo orbits tend to be unstable, stationkeeping is required to keep a satellite on the orbit. 
Interplanetary Transport Network Lissajous orbit, another Lagrangian-point orbit which generalizes halo orbits. 
Category:Spacecraft using halo orbits 
External links 
SOHO - The Trip to the L1 Halo Orbit Low Energy Interplanetary Transfers Using Halo Orbit Hopping Method with STK/Astrogator Gaia's Lissajous Type Orbit — a Lissajous-type orbit, i.e., a near-circular ellipse or "halo" 
Robert W. Farquhar first used the name "halo" for these orbits in his 1968 Ph.D. thesis.[1] Farquhar advocated using spacecraft in a halo orbit on the far side of the Moon (Earth–Moon L2) as a communications relay station for an Apollo mission to the far side of the Moon. 
A spacecraft in such a halo orbit would be in continuous view of both the Earth and the far side of the Moon. 
In the end, no relay satellite was launched for Apollo, since all landings were on the near side of the Moon.[2] 
Farquhar used analytical expressions to represent halo orbits; Kathleen Howell showed that more precise trajectories could be computed numerically.[3] 
The first mission to use a halo orbit was ISEE-3, launched in 1978. 
It traveled to the Sun–Earth L1 point and remained there for several years. 
The next mission to use a halo orbit was Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a joint ESA and NASA mission to study the Sun, which arrived at Sun–Earth L1 in 1996. 
It used an orbit similar to ISEE-3.[4] Although several other missions since then have traveled to Lagrange points, they typically have used the related non-periodic variations called Lissajous orbits rather than an actual halo orbit. 
An example is Genesis, launched in 2001, which also pioneered the use of dynamical systems theory to find low-energy transfers to and from its orbit. 
In May 2018, Farquhar's original idea was finally realized when China placed the first communications relay satellite into a halo orbit around the Earth-Moon L2 point.[5] On 3 January 2019, the Chang'e 4 spacecraft landed in the Von Kármán crater on the far side of the Moon, using the Queqiao relay satellite to communicate with the Earth.[6][7] 
The max q condition is the point when an aerospace vehicle's atmospheric flight reaches maximum dynamic pressure. This is a significant factor in the design of such vehicles because the aerodynamic structural load on them is proportional to dynamic pressure. 
This may impose limits on the vehicle's flight envelope. 
Dynamic pressure, q, is defined mathematically as 
The point of max q is a key milestone during a rocket launch, as it is the point at which the airframe undergoes maximum mechanical stress. 
Prandtl-Glauert singularity Ideal gas law 
where ρ is the local air density, and v is the vehicle's velocity; the dynamic pressure can be thought of as the kinetic energy density of the air with respect to the vehicle. 
For a launch of a rocket from the ground into space, dynamic pressure is 
zero at lift-off, when the air density ρ is high but the vehicle's speed v = 0 zero outside the atmosphere, where the speed v is high, but the air density ρ = 0 always non-negative, given the quantities involved 
Therefore, (by Rolle's theorem) there will always be a point where the dynamic pressure is maximum. 
In other words, before reaching max q, the dynamic pressure change due to increasing velocity is greater than that due to decreasing air density so that the dynamic pressure (opposing kinetic energy) acting on the craft continues to increase. 
After passing max q, the opposite is true. 
The dynamic pressure acting against the craft decreases as the air density decreases, ultimately reaching 0 when the air density becomes zero. 
Rocket launch examples 
During a normal Space Shuttle launch, for example, max q occurred at an altitude of approximately 11 km (35,000 ft).[1] The three Space Shuttle Main Engines were throttled back to about 60-70% of their rated thrust (depending on payload) as the dynamic pressure approached max q;[2] combined with the propellant grain design of the solid rocket boosters, which reduced the thrust at max q by one third after 50 seconds of burn, the total stresses on the vehicle were kept to a safe level. 
During a typical Apollo mission, max q occurred between 13 and 14 km of altitude (43,000–46,000 ft);[3][4] approximately same values occur for the SpaceX Falcon 9.[5] 
External links 
Official website FCC Rules (CFR Title 47) from the Government Printing Office FCC in the Federal Register The FCC Record from the UNT Digital Library 
Offices 
The FCC has eleven Staff Offices.[9] The FCC's Offices provide support services to the Bureaus. 
Headquarters 
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government created by statute (47 U.S.C. § 151 and 47 U.S.C. § 154) to regulate interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. 
The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access, fair competition, radio frequency use, media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security.[4] 
Federal Communications Commission in Washington, D.C. 
The FCC leases space in the Portals building in southwest Washington, D.C. Construction of the Portals building was scheduled to begin on March 1, 1996. In January 1996 the General Services Administration signed a lease with the building's owners, agreeing to let the FCC lease 450,000 square feet (42,000 m2) of space in Portals for 20 years, at a cost of $17.3 million per year in 1996 dollars. Prior to its current arrangement, the FCC had space in six buildings by 19th Street NW and M Street NW. 
The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission. 
The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. 
The FCC's mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of the United States. 
The FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. 
The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees. 
It has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US $388 million. 
It has 1,688 federal employees, made up of 50% males and 50% females as of December, 2017.[5] 
Birthplace of Carolus Linnaeus 
Råshult is a village just north of Älmhult in Kronoberg County, Småland, Sweden. 
Råshult is the village where the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus was born in 1707.[1] 
An equatorial bulge is a difference between the equatorial and polar diameters of a planet, due to the centrifugal force exerted by the rotation about the body's axis. 
A rotating body tends to form an oblate spheroid rather than a sphere. 
As long as there is no equilibrium there can be violent convection, and as long as there is violent convection friction can convert kinetic energy to heat, draining rotational kinetic energy from the system. 
When the equilibrium state has been reached then large scale conversion of kinetic energy to heat ceases. 
In that sense the equilibrium state is the lowest state of energy that can be reached. 
The Earth's rotation rate is still slowing down, though gradually, by about two thousandths of a second per rotation every 100 years.[1] Estimates of how fast the Earth was rotating in the past vary, because it is not known exactly how the moon was formed. 
Estimates of the Earth's rotation 500 million years ago are around 20 modern hours per "day". 
The Earth's rate of rotation is slowing down mainly because of tidal interactions with the Moon and the Sun. 
Since the solid parts of the Earth are ductile, the Earth's equatorial bulge has been decreasing in step with the decrease in the rate of rotation. 
The forces at play in the case of a planet with an equatorial bulge due to rotation. 
Red arrow: gravity Green arrow, the normal force Blue arrow: the resultant force The resultant force provides required centripetal force. 
Without this centripetal force frictionless objects would slide towards the equator. 
In calculations, when a coordinate system is used that is co-rotating with the Earth, the vector of the notional centrifugal force points outward, and is just as large as the vector representing the centripetal force. 
Because of a planet's rotation around its own axis, the gravitational acceleration is less at the equator than at the poles. 
In the 17th century, following the invention of the pendulum clock, French scientists found that clocks sent to French Guiana, on the northern coast of South America, ran slower than their exact counterparts in Paris. 
Measurements of the acceleration due to gravity at the equator must also take into account the planet's rotation. 
Any object that is stationary with respect to the surface of the Earth is actually following a circular trajectory, circumnavigating the Earth's axis. 
Pulling an object into such a circular trajectory requires a force. 
The acceleration that is required to circumnavigate the Earth's axis along the equator at one revolution per sidereal day is 0.0339 m/s². 
Providing this acceleration decreases the effective gravitational acceleration. 
At the equator, the effective gravitational acceleration is 9.7805 m/s2. 
This means that the true gravitational acceleration at the equator must be 9.8144 m/s2 (9.7805 + 0.0339 = 9.8144). 
At the poles, the gravitational acceleration is 9.8322 m/s2. 
The difference of 0.0178 m/s2 between the gravitational acceleration at the poles and the true gravitational acceleration at the equator is because objects located on the equator are about 21 kilometers further away from the center of mass of the Earth than at the poles, which corresponds to a smaller gravitational acceleration. 
The Earth has a rather slight equatorial bulge: it is about 43 km (27 mi) wider at the equator than pole-to-pole, a difference which is close to 1/300 of the diameter. 
If the Earth were scaled down to a globe with diameter of 1 meter at the equator, that difference would be only 3 millimeters. 
While too small to notice visually, that difference is still more than twice the largest deviations of the actual surface from the ellipsoid, including the tallest mountains and deepest oceanic trenches. 
The diagram illustrates that on all latitudes the effective gravitational acceleration is decreased by the requirement of providing a centripetal force; the decreasing effect is strongest on the equator. 
The fact that the Earth's gravitational field slightly deviates from being spherically symmetrical also affects the orbits of satellites through secular orbital precessions.[2][3][4] They depend on the orientation of the Earth's symmetry axis in the inertial space, and, in the general case, affect all the Keplerian orbital elements with the exception of the semimajor axis. 
If the reference z axis of the coordinate system adopted is aligned along the Earth's symmetry axis, then only the longitude of the ascending node Ω, the argument of pericenter ω and the mean anomaly M undergo secular precessions.[5] 
Such perturbations, which were earlier used to map the Earth's gravitational field from space,[6] may play a relevant disturbing role when satellites are used to make tests of general relativity[7] because the much smaller relativistic effects are qualitatively indistinguishable from the oblateness-driven disturbances. 
Generally any celestial body that is rotating (and that is sufficiently massive to draw itself into spherical or near spherical shape) will have an equatorial bulge matching its rotation rate. 
Saturn is the planet with the largest equatorial bulge in Earth's Solar System (11808 km, 7337 miles). 
The following is a table of the equatorial bulge of some major celestial bodies of the Solar System: 
Body Equatorial diameter Polar diameter Equatorial bulge Flattening ratio Earth 12,756.27 km 12,713.56 km 42.77 km 1:298.2575 Mars 6,805 km 6,754.8 km 50.2 km 1:135.56 Ceres 975 km 909 km 66 km 1:14.77 Jupiter 143,884 km 133,709 km 10,175 km 1:14.14 Saturn 120,536 km 108,728 km 11,808 km 1:10.21 Uranus 51,118 km 49,946 km 1,172 km 1:43.62 Neptune 49,528 km 48,682 km 846 km 1:58.54 
Equatorial bulges should not be confused with equatorial ridges. 
Equatorial ridges are a feature of at least three of Saturn's moons: the large moon Iapetus and the tiny moons Atlas, Pan, and Daphnis. 
These ridges closely follow the moons' equators. 
The ridges appear to be unique to the Saturnian system, but it is uncertain whether the occurrences are related or a coincidence. 
The first three were discovered by the Cassini probe in 2005; the Daphnean ridge was discovered in 2017. 
The ridge on Iapetus is nearly 20 km wide, 13 km high and 1,300 km long. 
The ridge on Atlas is proportionally even more remarkable given the moon's much smaller size, giving it a disk-like shape. 
Images of Pan show a structure similar to that of Atlas, while the one on Daphnis is less pronounced. 
Formulation 
The rotation of the earth also affects the sea level, the imaginary surface that is used to measure altitudes from. 
This surface coincides with the mean water surface level in oceans, and is extrapolated over land by taking into account the local gravitational potential and the centrifugal force. 
The flattening coefficient f {\displaystyle f} for the equilibrium configuration of a self-gravitating spheroid, composed of uniform density incompressible fluid, rotating steadily about some fixed axis, for a small amount of flattening, is approximated by:[8] 
where a e = a ( 1 + f 3 ) {\displaystyle a_{e}=a{\bigg (}1+{f \over 3}{\bigg )}} and a p = a ( 1 − 2 f 3 ) {\displaystyle a_{p}=a{\bigg (}1-{2f \over 3}{\bigg )}} are respectively the equatorial and polar radius, a {\displaystyle a} is the mean radius, ω = 2 π T {\displaystyle \omega ={2\pi \over T}} is the angular velocity, T {\displaystyle T} is the rotation period, G {\displaystyle G} is the universal gravitational constant, M ≃ 4 3 π ρ a 3 {\displaystyle M\simeq {4 \over 3}\pi \rho a^{3}} is the total body mass, and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the body density. 
The difference of the radii is thus about 21 km. 
An observer standing at sea level on either pole, therefore, is 21 km closer to Earth's center than if standing at sea level on the Equator. 
As a result, the highest point on Earth, measured from the center and outwards, is the peak of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador rather than Mount Everest. 
But since the ocean also bulges, like Earth and its atmosphere, Chimborazo is not as high above sea level as Everest is. 
More precisely, the surface of the Earth is usually approximated by an ideal oblate ellipsoid, for the purposes of defining precisely the latitude and longitude grid for cartography, as well as the "center of the Earth". 
In the WGS-84 standard Earth ellipsoid, widely used for map-making and the GPS system, the radius of the Earth is assumed to be 6,378.137 km (3,963.191 mi) at the equator and 6,356.7523142 km (3,949.9027642 mi) center-to-pole; meaning a difference of 21.3846858 km (13.2878277 mi) in the radii and 42.7693716 km (26.5756554 mi) in the diameters, and a relative flattening of 1/298.257223563. 
The sea level surface is much closer to this standard ellipsoid than the surface of the solid Earth is. 
Gravity tends to contract a celestial body into a sphere, the shape for which all the mass is as close to the center of gravity as possible. 
Rotation causes a distortion from this spherical shape; a common measure of the distortion is the flattening (sometimes called ellipticity or oblateness), which can depend on a variety of factors including the size, angular velocity, density, and elasticity. 
Long March 5 (LM-5, CZ-5, or Changzheng 5) is a Chinese heavy lift launch system developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). 
CZ-5 is the first Chinese vehicle designed from the ground up to focus on non-hypergolic liquid rocket propellants.[3] Currently, two CZ-5 vehicle configurations are planned, with maximum payload capacities of ~25,000 kilograms (55,000 lb) to LEO[4] and ~14,000 kilograms (31,000 lb) to GTO.[3] The Long March 5 roughly matches the capabilities of American EELV heavy-class vehicles such as the Delta IV Heavy. 
The first CZ-5 was shipped from the port of Tianjin in North China at 20 September 2015 for a rehearsal (some of the drills carried out at Wenchang Satellite Launch Center involved both the launch vehicle and a probe) of a scheduled Chang'e-5 lunar mission planned around 2017.[11][needs update] The first test flight was initially scheduled for 2014, but this subsequently slipped to 2016.[12] 
The launch was planned to take place at around 10:00 UTC 3 November 2016, but several issues, involving an oxygen vent and chilling of the engines, were detected during the preparation, causing a delay of nearly three hours. 
The final countdown was interrupted three times due to problems with the flight control computer and the tracking software.[13] The rocket finally launched at 12:43 UTC.[14] According to an internet blogger on the Chinese microblogging platform Weibo, a minor problem occurred during flight and the rocket put the YZ-2 upper stage and satellite into an orbit that was less accurate than expected. 
However, the trajectory was corrected with the YZ-2 upper stage and the payload was inserted into the desired orbit.[15] 
Its second launch on 2 July 2017 experienced an anomaly shortly after launch and was switched to an alternate, gentler trajectory. 
However, it was declared a failure 45 minutes into the flight.[16][17] The cause of the failure was confirmed by CASC and related to an anomaly which happened on one of the YF-77 engines in the first stage.[18] 
The YF-77 booster engine was test-fired in 2018 after CASC redesigned it.[19] The next Long March 5 launch date was estimated to be in January 2019[20], while new teething problems happened in the YF-77 testing, causing another delay. 
Still, after repeated cancellations and delays, the next launch is expected to return to flight in December 27th, 2019.[21] 
Design 
The chief designer of CZ-5 is Mr. Li Dong of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). 
The CZ-5 family will include three primary modular core stages of 5.2-m diameter (maximum). 
The total length of the vehicle is 60.5 metres and its weight at launch is 643 tons, with a thrust of 833.8 tons. 
Boosters of various capabilities and diameters ranging from 2.25 metres to 3.35 metres would be assembled from three modular core stages and strap-on stages. 
The first stage and boosters would have a choice of engines that use different liquid rocket propellants: 1,200 kN thrust LOX/kerosene engines or 500 kN thrust LOX/LH2. 
The upper stage would use improved versions of the YF-75 engine. 
Engine development began in 2000–2001, with testing directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) commencing in 2005. 
Versions of both new engines, the YF-100 and the YF-77, had been successfully tested by mid-2007. 
The CZ-5 series can deliver ~23 tonnes payload to LEO or ~13 tonnes payload to GTO (geosynchronous transfer orbit).[1] It will replace the CZ-2, CZ-3, and CZ-4 series in service, as well as provide new capabilities not possessed by the previous Long March rocket family. 
The CZ-5 launch vehicle would consist of a 5.0-m diameter core stage and four 3.35-m diameter strap-on boosters, which would be able to send a ~25 tonne payload to low earth orbit (LEO). 
On its first launch from Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Center on 3 November 2016, the CZ-5 placed its payload in a suboptimal but workable initial orbit.[6] Its second launch on 2 July 2017 failed due to an engine problem in the first stage. 
Six CZ-5 variants were originally planned,[23][24] but the light variants were cancelled in favor of CZ-6 and CZ-7 family launch vehicles.[citation needed] 
In 2019, Russia offered China its technology to fix the current technical issues of Long March 5's cryogenic engines since “China urgently needs heavy-booster liquid-fuel rocket engines, of which Russia has some good offerings,” said by Zhou Chenming, a military analyst. [25] 
Specifications 
Version CZ-5 CZ-5B Boosters 4×CZ-5-300, 2×YF-100 4×CZ-5-300, 2×YF-100 First stage CZ-5-500, 2×YF-77 CZ-5-500, 2×YF-77 Second stage CZ-5-HO, 2×YF-75D -- Third stage (optional) Yuanzheng-2 -- Thrust (at ground) 10565 KN 10565 KN Launch weight 867 t 837 t Height 62 m 53.66 m Payload (LEO 200 km) -- ~25 t[26] Payload (GTO) ~14 t[26] -- References:[22] 
Version CZ-5-200 CZ-5-320 CZ-5-522 CZ-5-540 Boosters -- 2×CZ-5-200, YF-100 2×CZ-5-200, YF-100; 2×CZ-5-300, 2×YF-100 4×CZ-5-200, YF-100 First stage CZ-5-200, YF-100 CZ-5-300, 2×YF-100 CZ-5-500, 2×YF-77 CZ-5-500, 2×YF-77 Second stage CZ-YF-73, YF-73 CZ-5-KO, CZ-5-HO, 2×YF-75D CZ-5-HO, 2×YF-75D Third stage (not used for LEO) -- CZ-5-HO, YF-75 -- -- Thrust (at ground) 134 Mgf (1.34 MN) 720 Mgf (7.2 MN) 824 Mgf (8.24 MN) 584 Mgf (5.84 MN) Launch weight 82 t 420 t 630 t 470 t Height (maximal) 33 m 55 m 58 m 53 m Payload (LEO 200 km) 1.5 t 10 t 20 t 10 t Payload (GTO) -- 6 t 11 t 6 t References:[1] 
List of launches 
Flight № Date (UTC) Launch site Upper stage Payload Orbit Result Y1 3 November 2016 12:43[2] Wenchang LC-1 YZ-2 Shijian 17 GEO Success Y2 2 July 2017 11:23 Wenchang LC-1 YZ-2 Shijian 18 GTO Failure Y3 27 December 2019 [27] Wenchang LC-1 YZ-2 Shijian 20 GTO Planned Y4 Q4 2020[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Chang'e 5, lunar sample return TLI Planned LM5B Y1 September 2020[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Test flight for a new-generation crewed spacecraft LEO Planned 23 July 2020[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover TMI Scheduled 2021[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Tianhe, space station core module LEO Planned 2021[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Wentian, space station experiment module 1 LEO Planned 2022[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Mengtian, space station experiment module 2 LEO Planned 2024[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Chang'e 6, lunar sample return TLI Planned 2024[28] Wenchang LC-1 None Xun Tian, space telescope LEO Planned 2024[28] Wenchang LC-1 None SPORT (Solar Polar Orbit Telescope) Heliocentric Planned 
History 
Since 2010, Long March launches have made up 15–25% of all space launches globally. 
Growing domestic demand has maintained a healthy manifest. 
International deals have been secured through a package deal that bundles the launch with a Chinese satellite, circumventing the U.S. embargo.[7] 
The Chinese government approved the development of the Long March 5 rocket in 2007 following two decades of feasibility studies. 
It was to be manufactured at a facility in Tianjin, a coastal city near Beijing.[1] In 2008 the first launch of the Long March 5 was predicted to occur in Wenchang of the southernmost island province of Hainan, where a new satellite launch center was allegedly being constructed.[4] 
The first CZ-5 rocket to be launched completed production and testing in Tianjin manufacturing facility around 16 August 2016 and shipped to the launch centre on Hainan island shortly after.[8] 
Development 
The Chief Designer for the CZ-5 rocket was Long Lehao. 
The main objective for the CZ-5 rocket was to fulfill China's requirement for large payload to LEO and GTO missions for the next 20–30 years. 
The CZ-5 project was initially announced in February 2001, with initial development slated to begin in 2002 and the first versions of the vehicle to go into service by 2008. 
However, funding was only finally granted in 2007 as revealed by the developers during the Northeast China exhibition. 
On 30 October 2007, the construction of the CZ-5 production plant began in the TEDA West area near Binhai New Area in Tianjin. 
The production facility was constructed near the harbor to reduce the logistical problems associated transporting rockets over land and allow easier transportation by sea from Tianjin to Wenchang Launch Facility on Hainan Island. 
The new production facility would have an area totaling more than half a million square meters and cost RMB 4500 million (USD 650 million), with the first stage of the construction scheduled to be completed by 2009. 
When the production facility is completed in 2012, it would be capable of a maximum output of thirty CZ-5s annually. 
As of July 2012[update], development of the 1,200 kN thrust LOX/kerosene engine was test fired.[5][9][needs update] New photos of CZ-5 and of its tests were released in March 2015.[10] 
Konstantin Batygin Konstantin Batygin in 2017 Born Konstantin Yuryevich Batygin 1986 (age 32–33) Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet Union Nationality Russian, American Education University of California, California Institute of Technology Known for Planet Nine Spouse(s) Olga A. Batygin (née Mishina)[1][2][3][4] Children A daughter (born 2012)[5] Scientific career Fields Planetary astronomy Website http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~kbatygin 
In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit (pronounced [li.sa.ʒu]), named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that an object can follow around a Lagrangian point of a three-body system without requiring any propulsion. 
Lyapunov orbits around a Lagrangian point are curved paths that lie entirely in the plane of the two primary bodies. 
In contrast, Lissajous orbits include components in this plane and perpendicular to it, and follow a Lissajous curve. 
Halo orbits also include components perpendicular to the plane, but they are periodic, while Lissajous orbits are not.[1] 
External links 
In practice, any orbits around Lagrangian points L1, L2, or L3 are dynamically unstable, meaning small departures from equilibrium grow over time.[2] As a result, spacecraft in these Lagrangian point orbits must use their propulsion systems to perform orbital station-keeping. 
Although they are not perfectly stable, a modest effort of station keeping keeps a spacecraft in a desired Lissajous orbit for a long time. 
In the absence of other influences, orbits about Lagrangian points L4 and L5 are dynamically stable so long as the ratio of the masses of the two main objects is greater than about 25.[3] The natural dynamics keep the spacecraft (or natural celestial body) in the vicinity of the Lagrangian point without use of a propulsion system, even when slightly perturbed from equilibrium.[4] These orbits can however be destabilized by other nearby massive objects. 
For example, orbits around the L4 and L5 points in the Earth–Moon system can last only a few million years instead of billions because of perturbations by the planets.[5] 
Spacecraft using Lissajous orbits 
Several missions have used Lissajous orbits: ACE at Sun–Earth L1,[6] SOHO at Sun–Earth L1, DSCOVR at Sun–Earth L1,[7] WMAP at Sun–Earth L2,[8] and also the Genesis mission collecting solar particles at L1.[9] On 14 May 2009, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched into space the Herschel and Planck observatories, both of which use Lissajous orbits at Sun–Earth L2.[10] ESA's current Gaia mission also uses a Lissajous orbit at Sun–Earth L2.[11] In 2011, NASA transferred two of its THEMIS spacecraft from Earth orbit to Lunar orbit by way of Earth–Moon L1 and L2 Lissajous orbits.[12] In June 2018, Queqiao, the relay satellite for China's Chang'e 4 lunar lander mission, entered orbit around Earth-Moon L2.[13][lower-alpha 1] 
Subsets of the complex numbers. 
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. 
The original examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth.[1] For being manipulated, individual numbers need to be represented by symbols, called numerals; for example, "5" is a numeral that represents the number five. 
As only a small number of symbols can be memorized, basic numerals are commonly organized in a numeral system, which is an organized way to represent any number. 
The most common numeral system is the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which allows representing any number by a combination of ten basic numerals called digits.[2][3] In addition to their use in counting and measuring, numerals are often used for labels (as with telephone numbers), for ordering (as with serial numbers), and for codes (as with ISBNs). 
In common usage, a numeral is not clearly distinguished from the number that it represents. 
In mathematics, the notion of number has been extended over the centuries to include 0,[4] negative numbers,[5] rational numbers such as 1/2 and −2/3, real numbers[6] such as √2 and π, and complex numbers,[7] which extend the real numbers with a square root of −1 (and its combinations with real numbers by addition and multiplication).[5] Calculations with numbers are done with arithmetical operations, the most familiar being addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation. 
Their study or usage is called arithmetic. 
The same term may also refer to number theory, the study of the properties of numbers. 
Besides their practical uses, numbers have cultural significance throughout the world.[8][9] For example, in Western society, the number 13 is regarded as unlucky, and "a million" may signify "a lot."[8] Though it is now regarded as pseudoscience, belief in a mystical significance of numbers, known as numerology, permeated ancient and medieval thought.[10] Numerology heavily influenced the development of Greek mathematics, stimulating the investigation of many problems in number theory which are still of interest today.[10] 
Main classification 
Main number systems N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } Natural 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... 
N 0 {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} _{0}} or N 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} _{1}} are sometimes used. Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } Integer ..., −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } Rational a/b where a and b are integers and b is not 0 R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } Real The limit of a convergent sequence of rational numbers C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } Complex a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i is a formal square root of −1 
The ridge on Iapetus 
The ridge on Atlas 
External links 
The ridge on Pan 
Equatorial ridges are a feature of at least three of Saturn's moons: the large moon Iapetus and the tiny moons Atlas and Pan. 
They are ridges that closely follow the moons' equators. 
They appear to be unique to the Saturnian system, but it is uncertain whether the occurrences are related or a coincidence. 
All three were discovered by the Cassini probe in 2005. 
Daphnis also appears to have such a ridge. 
The ridge on Iapetus is nearly 20 km wide, 13 km high and 1,300 km long. 
The ridge on Atlas is proportionally even more remarkable given the moon's much smaller size, giving it a disk-like shape. 
Images of Pan show a structure similar to that of Atlas. 
Formation 
It is not certain how these ridges formed, or whether there is any connection between them. 
Because Atlas and Pan orbit within the rings of Saturn, a likely explanation for their ridges is that they sweep up ring particles as they orbit, which build up around their equators. 
This theory is less applicable to Iapetus, which orbits far beyond the rings. 
One scientist has suggested that Iapetus swept up a ring before being somehow expelled to its current, distant orbit.[1] Others think it was stationary and it is the rings that have been pulled away from it, falling into Saturn's gravity field.[citation needed] Perhaps more likely is the theory that because Iapetus has an unusually large Hill sphere compared to other moons in the Solar System, it could once have had its own ring, or even a moonlet that was slowly pulled in closer, torn up into a ring, and then gradually accreted onto Iapetus' equator. 
But most scientists[who?] prefer to assume that Iapetus's ridge was produced by some kind of internal source and is unrelated to the ridges on Atlas and Pan.[citation needed] 
Another theory suggested is that low velocity collisions between moons could have formed the bulge at the centre although the circumstances for such an event to happen are slim.[2] 
Jacobi constant, Zero Velocity Surface and Curve 
The zero-velocity surface is a concept that relates to the N-body problem of gravity. 
It represents a surface a body of given energy cannot cross, since it would have zero velocity on the surface. 
It was first introduced by George William Hill.[1] The zero-velocity surface is particularly significant when working with weak gravitational interactions among orbiting bodies. 
Note that this means zero velocity in the rotating frame: in a non-rotating frame the particle is seen as rotating with the other bodies. 
The surface also only predicts what regions cannot be entered, not the shape of the trajectory within the surface.[1] 
Generalizations 
The concept can be generalized to more complex problems, for example with masses in elliptic orbits,[4] the general planar three-body problem,[5] the four-body problem with solar wind drag,[6] or in rings.[7] 
The zero-velocity surface is also an important parameter in finding Lagrange points. 
These points correspond to locations where the apparent potential in the rotating coordinate system is extremal. 
This corresponds to places where the zero-velocity surfaces pinch and develop holes as C {\displaystyle C} is changed.[8] Since trajectories are confined by the surfaces, a trajectory that seeks to escape (or enter) a region with minimal energy will typically pass close to the Lagrange point, which is used in low-energy transfer trajectory planning. 
Given a group of galaxies which are gravitationally interacting, the zero-velocity surface is used to determine which objects are gravitationally bound (i.e. not overcome by the Hubble expansion) and thus part of a galaxy cluster, such as the Local Group.[9] 
Hill sphere Low-energy transfer Orbital mechanics 
References 
Three-body problem 
A trajectory (red) in the planar circular restricted 3-body problem that orbits the heavier body a number of times before escaping into an orbit around the lighter body. 
The contours denote values of the Jacobi integral. 
The dark blue region is an excluded region for the trajectory, enclosed by a zero-velocity surface that cannot be crossed. 
In the circular restricted three-body problem two heavy masses orbit each other at constant radial distance and angular velocity, and a particle of negligible mass is affected by their gravity. 
By shifting to a rotating coordinate system where the masses are stationary a centrifugal force is introduced. 
Energy and momentum are not conserved separately in this coordinate system, but the Jacobi integral remains constant: 
where ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the rotation rate, x , y {\displaystyle x,y} the particle's location in the rotating coordinate system, r 1 , r 2 {\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2}} the distances to the bodies, and μ 1 , μ 2 {\displaystyle \mu _{1},\mu _{2}} their masses times the gravitational constant.[2] 
For a given value of C {\displaystyle C} , points on the surface 
require that x ˙ 2 + y ˙ 2 + z ˙ 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}+{\dot {z}}^{2}=0} . 
That is, the particle will not be able to cross over this surface (since the squared velocity would have to become negative). 
This is the zero-velocity surface of the problem.[3] 
This is a list of specific seasons of bushfires in Australia including some significant bushfire events from each season. 
Events are listed if they cause fatalities, destroy houses, or burn more than 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) of land. 
Each season begins in June (the beginning of the Australian winter) and runs through the following May (the end of the Australian autumn). 
2010s 
7 houses lost on 11 November at Tulka near Port Lincoln, South Australia[14] Several properties lost from 8–10 December at Myora Springs, Stradbroke Island, Queensland[15] 2013 Tasmanian bushfires: 1 fatality and 203 houses lost from 3–5 January in Dunally, Boomer Bay, Bicheno, Sommers Bay, and Copping[16][17][18] 1 house lost on 9 January at Jugiong in New South Wales[19] 9 houses lost on 8 January at Snake Valley, Chepstowe and Carngham in Victoria[20][21] 51 houses lost from 13–17 January from a fire in the Warrumbungle National Park west of Coonabarabran, New South Wales[22] 1 fatality and 22 houses lost from 17–18 January in bushfires affecting Coongulla, Glenmaggie, Heyfield, Newry and Seaton in Victoria[23][23] 2 firefighters killed by a falling tree on 13 February fighting a fire near Harrietville[24] 1 fatality and 4 houses lost during February in fires affecting Esperance,[25] Boddington[26] and Bridgetown[27] in Western Australia 16 houses lost on 27 March at Dereel in Victoria[28] 1 house lost on 9 May near Cherryville in South Australia[29] 
2011–12 Australian bushfire season: 32 houses lost 
32 houses lost on 23–26 November near Margaret River in Western Australia[30] 
2010–11 Australian bushfire season: 83 houses lost 
10 houses lost on 10–12 January at Lake Clifton in Western Australia[31] 2 houses lost on 1–3 February in Gippsland, Victoria[32] 71 houses lost on 5–7 February near Roleystone and Kelmscott in Western Australia[33] 
2000s 
2009–10 Australian bushfire season: 2 fatalities, at least 57 houses lost 
5 houses lost during November near Swansea and St Helens in Tasmania A park ranger died in a helicopter crash on 9 December in the Dorrigo National Park in New South Wales 9 houses lost on 17 December at Gerogery, Tooma and Michelago in New South Wales[34] 6 houses lost on 23 December at Port Lincoln in South Australia[35] 37 houses lost on 29 December near Toodyay in Western Australia[36] A firefighter killed in a vehicle accident on 10 January near Tatong on the way to a fire near Mansfield in Victoria.[37] 
2008–09 Australian bushfire season: 173 fatalities, 2,060 houses lost 
2 houses lost on 13 January at Port Lincoln in South Australia[38] 31 houses lost from 30 January to 1 February at Yinnar, Boolarra and Mirboo North in Victoria[39] Black Saturday bushfires: 173 fatalities, 2,056 houses lost and 239,637 hectares (592,160 acres) burned on 7 February at numerous locations in Victoria[3] 
2019–20 Australian bushfire season 2018–19 Australian bushfire season: 35 houses lost, 1 fatality 2017–18 Australian bushfire season: 94 buildings lost 2016–17 Australian bushfire season: 46 houses lost 2015–16 Australian bushfire season: 9 fatalities, 408 houses lost 
2007–08 Australian bushfire season: 5 fatalities, 1 house lost 
3 firefighters killed on 30 December at Boorabbin National Park in Western Australia[41] One house lost on 10 January in the Kangarilla and Echunga area of South Australia[42] 
2006–07 Australian bushfire season: 5 fatalities, 63 houses lost 
7 houses lost on 24 September at Picton, Thirlmere and Oakdale in New South Wales 1 fatality, 33 houses lost, and 1,154,828 hectares (2,853,640 acres) burnt in the Great Divide fire complex from 1 December 2006 to 7 February 2007 across alpine Victoria[40] 22 houses lost on 11–14 December at Scamander and Four Mile Creek in Tasmania 1 house lost on 12 December at Kalamunda in Western Australia 
2005–06 Australian bushfire season: 3+ fatalities, 54 houses lost 
Jail Break Inn Fire: 10 houses lost on 1 January near Junee in New South Wales[43] 3 houses lost on 1 January near Gosford in New South Wales[43] Mount Lubra bushfire: 2 fatalities, 41 houses lost and 116,380 hectares (287,600 acres) burned from 19 January around the Grampians National Park in Victoria[2] 2 fatalities and 16 houses lost from other fires during January in Victoria[44] 
2004–05 Australian bushfire season: 9 fatalities, 3 houses lost 
Eyre Peninsula bushfire: 9 fatalities and 93 houses lost on 11 January on the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia[1] 
2002–03 Australian bushfire season: 7 fatalities and at least 549 houses lost 
1 fatality and 10 houses lost from 16–29 October near Toowoomba in Queensland[1] 10 houses lost on 9 October at Engadine in New South Wales[46] 2002 Sydney: 41 homes were lost on 4 December 2002 at Glenorie, a suburb north of Sydney. 
2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires: 41 houses lost and 1,200,000 hectares (3,000,000 acres) burned from 8 January to 19 March in northeastern Victoria.[3] 2003 Canberra bushfires: 4 fatalities and 488 houses lost on 18 January in western Canberra and nearby townships.[47] 
The most destructive bushfire season in terms of human life and property loss since the 2008–09 Australian bushfire season. 
Insurance losses of around A$353 million[1] At least 317,000 hectares (780,000 acres) burned Loss of 408 houses and at least 500 non-residential buildings 8 deaths as a direct result of fire: 6 people died in Western Australia, 2 in South Australia. 
In New South Wales a volunteer firefighter died due to unrelated health complications while on duty.[2] 2015 Esperance bushfires: 4 fatalities; 19 buildings destroyed 2015 Pinery bushfire: 2 fatalities; 470+ buildings destroyed 2016 Tasmanian bushfires: catastrophic impact on Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area lands 
2001–02 Australian bushfire season: 110 houses lost 
Black Christmas bushfires: 109 houses lost and 733,342 hectares (1,812,130 acres) burned from 24 December to 16 January at numerous locations in New South Wales.[48] 1 house lost in March at Glenaroua in Victoria[2] 
2000–01 Australian bushfire season: 11 houses lost 
11 houses lost from 1–9 February at Tulka in South Australia.[1] 
1990s 
1998–99 Australian bushfire season: 5 fatalities 
1997–98 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities and10 houses lost 
1996–97 Australian bushfire season: 3 fatalities and 44 houses lost 
2014–15 Australian bushfire season: 1 fatality, 48 houses lost 
1994–95 Australian bushfire season: 23 houses lost 
1993–94 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities, 206 houses lost, 800,000 ha burnt in NSW 
1992–93 Australian bushfire season: 4 houses lost 
1991–92 Australian bushfire season: 3 fatalities, 17 houses lost. 
1990-91 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities, 25 houses lost 
75,000 hectares (190,000 acres) burned over twelve days in September and threatened the town of Tom Price and the western portion of Karijini National Park in Western Australia[3][4] 1 farmer killed and two firefighters injured on 1 November while fighting a fire about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Adelaide at Nantawarra, South Australia. 
The fire burnt out about 1,800 hectares (4,448 acres) of grassland[5] 2015 Sampson Flat bushfires, South Australia: 32 houses lost, 125 outbuildings[6][7] 
1982-1983: The 'Ash Wednesday' fires of 16 February 1983 caused severe damage in Victoria and South Australia. 
In Victoria, 210,000 ha were burnt, 2,080 houses destroyed, more than 27,000 stock lost and 47 people lost their lives (CFA 2003a; DSE 2003b, 2003d). 
Property-related damage was estimated at over $200m and more than 16,000 fire fighters, 1,000 police and 500 defence personnel fought the fires in Victoria. 
In South Australia, 208,000 ha were burnt, 383 houses were destroyed, 28 people were killed and property-related damage was estimated to be more than $200m (DSE 2003d).[53] 
1966-67 Australian bushfire season: 62 fatalities, 900 injured, 7,000 left homeless, 4,286 buildings lost 
2013–14 Australian bushfire season: 3 fatalities, 335 buildings lost 
1943-44 Australian bushfire season 
1938-1939 Black Friday bushfires 
1925-26 Australian bushfire season 
2013 New South Wales bushfires: 2 fatalities, 208 houses lost 86,000 hectares (210,000 acres) bushland burnt including parts of the World Heritage–listed Greater Blue Mountains[8][9][10] 1 fatality and 52 houses lost on 12–13 January in the Perth Hills around Parkerville, Stoneville and Mount Helena.[11] 32 houses lost on 15–20 January around the northern Grampians in western Victoria[12] 15 houses lost on 17–19 January in the Barossa Valley and Flinders Ranges in South Australia.[13] The Snowy River bushfire in Eastern Victoria in February 2014. 
The bushfire which lasted for 70 days grew to 165 800 ha and was roughly the same size as Melbourne. 
Also burning were fires at Hazelwood coal mine and Kilmore 
2012–13 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities, 314 buildings lost 
George William Hill (March 3, 1838 – April 16, 1914) was an American astronomer and mathematician. 
Working independently and largely in isolation from the wider scientific community, he made major contributions to celestial mechanics and to the theory of ordinary differential equations. 
The importance of his work was explicitly acknowledged by Henri Poincaré in 1905. 
In 1909 Hill was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal, "on the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy". 
Today, he is chiefly remembered for the Hill differential equation. 
In 1878, Hill provided the first complete mathematical solution to the problem of the apsidal precession of the Moon's orbit around the Earth, a difficult problem in lunar theory first raised in Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica of 1687.[2] This same work also introduced what is now known in physics and mathematics as the "Hill differential equation", which describes the behavior of a parametric oscillator and which made an important contribution to the mathematical Floquet theory. 
Influence and recognition 
Hill's work attracted the attention of the international scientific community, and in 1894 he was chosen as president of the American Mathematical Society, serving for two years. 
Hill lectured at Columbia University from 1898 to 1901, but he attracted few students and he ultimately chose to return his salary and to continue working alone in his home in West Nyack, rather than within academia.[3] 
Hill's Collected Works were published in 1905-07 by the Carnegie Institution for Science, with a 12-page introduction by the eminent French mathematician and theoretical physicist Henri Poincaré. 
In that introduction, Poincaré said that, in Hill's 1878 article titled "Researches in the lunar theory", "one is allowed to perceive the germ of most of the progress that [celestial mechanics] has made ever since".[1] Of Hill's isolation from the academic community, Poincaré declared that 
George William Hill was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1902. 
He also became a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1908, and of the scientific academies of Belgium (1909), Norway (1910), Sweden (1913), and the Netherlands (1914).[4] His later years were marked by poor health, and he died in West Nyack in 1914. 
He never married and had no children. 
Honors 
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1887) Damoiseau Prize from the Institut de France (1898) Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London (1909) Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1909) Hill crater on the Moon Asteroid 1642 Hill Hill Center for the Mathematical Sciences at Rutgers University's Busch Campus 
Early life and education 
External links 
Hill was born in New York City to painter and engraver John William Hill and his wife, Catherine Smith. 
He moved to West Nyack with his family when he was eight years old. 
After high school, Hill attended Rutgers College, where he became interested in mathematics. 
At Rutgers, Hill came under the influence of professor Theodore Strong, who was a friend of pioneering US mathematician and astronomer Nathaniel Bowditch. 
Strong encouraged Hill to read the great works on analysis by Sylvestre Lacroix and Adrien-Marie Legendre, as well as the treatises on mechanics and mathematical astronomy by Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Siméon Denis Poisson, and Gustave de Pontécoulant. 
Hill graduated from Rutgers College in 1859, with a Bachelor of Arts degree. 
In that same year he published his first scientific paper, on the geometrical curve of a drawbridge. 
Two years later he earned a prize from the Runkle Mathematical Monthly for his work on the mathematical theory of the figure of the Earth. 
In the early 1860s, Hill began studying the works on lunar theory by Charles-Eugène Delaunay and Peter Andreas Hansen, which would inspire and motivate most of Hill's subsequent research. 
In 1861, Hill was hired by John Daniel Runkle to work in the United States Naval Observatory's Nautical Almanac Office, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[1] 
In 1862 Rutgers awarded Hill a Master of Arts degree. 
Hill lived for a while in Cambridge and later in Washington, D.C., but he preferred to carry out his mathematical work in his family farm in West Nyack, to which he retired for good after 1892. 
Work on mathematical astronomy 
Hill's mature work focused on the mathematics of the three-body problem, and later the four-body problem, to calculate the orbits of the Moon around the Earth, as well as that of planets around the Sun. 
Hill was able to quantify the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body in the presence of other heavy bodies, by introducing the concept of the zero-velocity surface. 
The space within this surface is now known as the Hill sphere and it corresponds to the region around a body within which it may capture satellites. 
Figure of the Earth is a term of art in geodesy that refers to the size and shape used to model Earth. 
The size and shape it refers to depend on context, including the precision needed for the model. 
The sphere is an approximation of the figure of the Earth that is satisfactory for many purposes. 
Several models with greater accuracy have been developed so that coordinate systems can serve the precise needs of navigation, surveying, cadastre, land use, and various other concerns. 
Motivation 
The simplest model for the shape of the entire Earth is a sphere. 
The Earth's radius is the distance from Earth's center to its surface, about 6,371 kilometers (3,959 mi). 
While "radius" normally is a characteristic of perfect spheres, the Earth deviates from spherical by only a third of a percent, sufficiently close to treat it as a sphere in many contexts and justifying the term "the radius of the Earth". 
The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC,[2] but remained a matter of philosophical speculation until the 3rd century BC. 
The first scientific estimation of the radius of the Earth was given by Eratosthenes about 240 BC, with estimates of the accuracy of Eratosthenes’s measurement ranging from 2% to 15%. 
The Earth is only approximately spherical, so no single value serves as its natural radius. 
Distances from points on the surface to the center range from 6,353 km to 6,384 km (3,947 – 3,968 mi). 
Several different ways of modeling the Earth as a sphere each yield a mean radius of 6,371 kilometers (3,959 mi). 
Regardless of the model, any radius falls between the polar minimum of about 6,357 km and the equatorial maximum of about 6,378 km (3,950 – 3,963 mi). 
The difference 21 kilometers (13 mi) correspond to the polar radius being approximately 0.3% shorter than the equator radius. 
Ellipsoid of revolution 
An oblate spheroid, highly exaggerated relative to the actual Earth 
A scale diagram of the oblateness of the 2003 IERS reference ellipsoid, with north at the top. 
The outer edge of the dark blue line is an ellipse with the same eccentricity as that of Earth. 
For comparison, the light blue circle within has a diameter equal to the ellipse's minor axis. 
The red curve represents the Karman line 100 km (62 mi) above sea level, while the yellow band denotes the altitude range of the ISS in low Earth orbit. 
Since the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the Equator, geodesy represents the figure of the Earth as an oblate spheroid. 
The oblate spheroid, or oblate ellipsoid, is an ellipsoid of revolution obtained by rotating an ellipse about its shorter axis. 
It is the regular geometric shape that most nearly approximates the shape of the Earth. 
A spheroid describing the figure of the Earth or other celestial body is called a reference ellipsoid. 
The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an Earth ellipsoid. 
An ellipsoid of revolution is uniquely defined by two quantities. 
Several conventions for expressing the two quantities are used in geodesy, but they are all equivalent to and convertible with each other: 
Equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} (called semimajor axis), and polar radius b {\displaystyle b} (called semiminor axis); a {\displaystyle a} and eccentricity e {\displaystyle e} ; a {\displaystyle a} and flattening f {\displaystyle f} . 
Earth's topographic surface is apparent with its variety of land forms and water areas. 
This topographic surface is generally the concern of topographers, hydrographers, and geophysicists. 
While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated. 
Eccentricity and flattening are different ways of expressing how squashed the ellipsoid is. 
When flattening appears as one of the defining quantities in geodesy, generally it is expressed by its reciprocal. 
For example, in the WGS 84 spheroid used by today's GPS systems, the reciprocal of the flattening 1 / f {\displaystyle 1/f} is set to be exactly 298.257223563. 
The difference between a sphere and a reference ellipsoid for Earth is small, only about one part in 300. 
Historically, flattening was computed from grade measurements. 
Nowadays, geodetic networks and satellite geodesy are used. 
In practice, many reference ellipsoids have been developed over the centuries from different surveys. 
The flattening value varies slightly from one reference ellipsoid to another, reflecting local conditions and whether the reference ellipsoid is intended to model the entire Earth or only some portion of it. 
A sphere has a single radius of curvature, which is simply the radius of the sphere. 
More complex surfaces have radii of curvature that vary over the surface. 
The radius of curvature describes the radius of the sphere that best approximates the surface at that point. 
Oblate ellipsoids have constant radius of curvature east to west along parallels, if a graticule is drawn on the surface, but varying curvature in any other direction. 
For an oblate ellipsoid, the polar radius of curvature r p {\displaystyle r_{p}} is larger than the equatorial 
because the pole is flattened: the flatter the surface, the larger the sphere must be to approximate it. 
Conversely, the ellipsoid's north-south radius of curvature at the equator r e {\displaystyle r_{e}} is smaller than the polar 
where a {\displaystyle a} is the distance from the center of the ellipsoid to the equator (semi-major axis), and b {\displaystyle b} is the distance from the center to the pole. (semi-minor axis) 
It was stated earlier that measurements are made on the apparent or topographic surface of the Earth and it has just been explained that computations are performed on an ellipsoid. 
One other surface is involved in geodetic measurement: the geoid. 
In geodetic surveying, the computation of the geodetic coordinates of points is commonly performed on a reference ellipsoid closely approximating the size and shape of the Earth in the area of the survey. 
The actual measurements made on the surface of the Earth with certain instruments are however referred to the geoid. 
The ellipsoid is a mathematically defined regular surface with specific dimensions. 
The geoid, on the other hand, coincides with that surface to which the oceans would conform over the entire Earth if free to adjust to the combined effect of the Earth's mass attraction (gravitation) and the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation. 
As a result of the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass, the geoidal surface is irregular and, since the ellipsoid is a regular surface, the separations between the two, referred to as geoid undulations, geoid heights, or geoid separations, will be irregular as well. 
The geoid is a surface along which the gravity potential is everywhere equal and to which the direction of gravity is always perpendicular (see equipotential surface). 
The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements. 
When properly adjusted, the vertical axis of the instrument coincides with the direction of gravity and is, therefore, perpendicular to the geoid. 
The angle between the plumb line which is perpendicular to the geoid (sometimes called "the vertical") and the perpendicular to the ellipsoid (sometimes called "the ellipsoidal normal") is defined as the deflection of the vertical. 
It has two components: an east-west and a north-south component.[1] 
The Pythagorean concept of a spherical Earth offers a simple surface that is easy to deal with mathematically. 
Many astronomical and navigational computations use a sphere to model the Earth as a close approximation. 
However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local. 
Better approximations can be had by modeling the entire surface as an oblate spheroid, using spherical harmonics to approximate the geoid, or modeling a region with a best-fit reference ellipsoids. 
Geoid undulation in false color, shaded relief and vertical exaggeration (10000 scale factor). 
Geoid undulation in false color, to scale. 
The possibility that the Earth's equator is better characterized as an ellipse rather than a circle and therefore that the ellipsoid is triaxial has been a matter of scientific inquiry for many years.[4][5] Modern technological developments have furnished new and rapid methods for data collection and, since the launch of Sputnik 1, orbital data have been used to investigate the theory of ellipticity.[3] More recent results indicate a 70-m difference between the two equatorial major and minor axes of inertia, with the larger semidiameter pointing to 15° W longitude (and also 180-degree away).[6][7] 
A second theory, more complicated than triaxiality, proposed that observed long periodic orbital variations of the first Earth satellites indicate an additional depression at the south pole accompanied by a bulge of the same degree at the north pole. 
It is also contended that the northern middle latitudes were slightly flattened and the southern middle latitudes bulged in a similar amount. 
This concept suggested a slightly pear-shaped Earth and was the subject of much public discussion after the launch of the first artificial satellites.[1] 
Modern geodesy tends to retain the ellipsoid of revolution as a reference ellipsoid and treat triaxiality and pear shape as a part of the geoid figure: they are represented by the spherical harmonic coefficients C 22 , S 22 {\displaystyle C_{22},S_{22}} and C 30 {\displaystyle C_{30}} , respectively, corresponding to degree and order numbers 2.2 for the triaxiality and 3.0 for the pear shape. 
Simpler local approximations are possible, e.g., osculating sphere and local tangent plane. 
Earth rotation and Earth's interior 
For surveys of small areas, a planar (flat) model of Earth's surface suffices because the local topography overwhelms the curvature. 
Plane-table surveys are made for relatively small areas without considering the size and shape of the entire Earth. 
A survey of a city, for example, might be conducted this way. 
Determining the exact figure of the Earth is not only a geometric task of geodesy, but also has geophysical considerations. 
According to theoretical arguments by Isaac Newton, Leonhard Euler, and others, a body having a uniform density of 5.515 g/cm3 that rotates like the Earth should have a flattening of 1:229. 
This can be concluded without any information about the composition of Earth's interior.[12] However, the measured flattening is 1:298.25, which is closer to a sphere and a strong argument that Earth's core is extremely compact. 
Therefore, the density must be a function of the depth, ranging from 2.6 g/cm3 at the surface (rock density of granite, etc.), up to 13 g/cm3 within the inner core.[13] 
Also with implications for the physical exploration of the Earth's interior is the gravitational field, which can be measured very accurately at the surface and remotely by satellites. 
True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical (deflection ranges up to 50") because topography and all geological masses disturb the gravitational field. 
Therefore, the gross structure of the earth's crust and mantle can be determined by geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface. 
Volume 
The volume of the reference ellipsoid is V = 4/3πa2b, where a and b are its semimajor and semiminor axes. Using the parameters from WGS84 ellipsoid of revolution, a = 6,378.137 km and b = 6,356.7523142km, V = 1.08321×1012 km3 (2.5988×1011 cu mi).[14] 
See also 
Clairaut's theorem EGM96 Horizon §§ Distance​ and Curvature Meridian arc Theoretical gravity Gravity formula Gravity of Earth History Flat Earth Pierre Bouguer Friedrich Robert Helmert History of the metre Seconds pendulum Meridian arc#History Earth's circumference#History Earth's radius#History History of geodesy 
By the late 1600s, serious effort was devoted to modeling the Earth as an ellipsoid, beginning with Jean Picard's measurement of a degree of arc along the Paris meridian. 
Improved maps and better measurement of distances and areas of national territories motivated these early attempts. 
Surveying instrumentation and techniques improved over the ensuing centuries. Models for the figure of the earth improved in step. 
Guy Bomford, Geodesy, Oxford 1962 and 1880. 
Guy Bomford, Determination of the European geoid by means of vertical deflections. 
14, IUGG 10th Gen. Ass., Rome 1954. 
Karl Ledersteger and Gottfried Gerstbach, Die horizontale Isostasie / Das isostatische Geoid 31. 
Ordnung. 
Helmut Moritz and Bernhard Hofmann, Physical Geodesy. 
Springer, Wien & New York 2005. 
Geodesy for the Layman, Defense Mapping Agency, St. Louis, 1983. 
External links 
In the mid- to late 20th century, research across the geosciences contributed to drastic improvements in the accuracy of the figure of the Earth. 
The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles. This funding also drove the expansion of geoscientific disciplines, fostering the creation and growth of various geoscience departments at many universities.[1] These developments benefited many civilian pursuits as well, such as weather and communication satellite control and GPS location-finding, which would be impossible without highly accurate models for the figure of the Earth. 
Models 
The models for the figure of the Earth vary in the way they are used, in their complexity, and in the accuracy with which they represent the size and shape of the Earth. 
Sphere 
The Nutmegs were a 1950s American doo wop vocal group from New Haven, Connecticut, United States.[1] They are best known for their songs "Story Untold"[2] and "Ship of Love," both released in 1955.[1] Each single made the national R&B charts, with "Story Untold" reaching No. 2 and "Ship of Love" peaking at No. 13. 
The quintet was led by tenor Leroy Griffin and was signed to Herald Records.[3] 
External links 
The Nutmegs on stormyweather.de 
The spacecraft will enter an orbit around the Sun, circling the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrangian point in a halo orbit, about 1.5 million kilometres away from Earth. 
Cruise to that location will take three months, during which the two telescopes will be checked out and calibrated. 
The next four years will be spent performing eight all-sky surveys. 
As a goal, the three years after that are planned for observations of selected galaxy clusters and AGNs (Active Galactic Nuclei).[13] 
On Monday 21 October 2019, Spektr-RG completed a 100-day cruise to L2-point. 
On 17 October 2019, the main eROSITA instrument achieved first light.[14] 
Instruments 
Instruments on the Spektr-RG observatory eROSITA[1] ART-XC[15] Organisation MPE IKI / VNIIEF Telescope type Wolter Wolter Wavelength X-ray X-ray Mass 810 kg 350 kg Sensitivity range 0.3–10 keV 4–30 keV Field of view 1 degree 30 arcminutes Angular resolution 15 arcseconds 45 arcseconds Sensor area 2,400 cm2 at 1 keV 450 cm2 at 8 keV 
IXPE—a planned high-resolution X-ray telescope List of X-ray space telescopes ROSAT—observed at similar X-ray energies in the 1990s TAUVEX—an instrument originally planned for Spektr-RG; it was built but never flown 
External links 
Official site of the project in Russia Official site of the eROSITA telescope Space telescope to chart first map of the Universe in high-energy X-rays 
Spektr-RG (Russian: Спектр-РГ, Spectrum + Röntgen + Gamma; also called Spectrum-X-Gamma, SRG, SXG) is a Russian–German high-energy astrophysics space observatory which was launched on 13 July 2019.[4] It follows on from the Spektr-R satellite telescope launched in 2011.[5] 
History 
The original idea for an X-ray observatory satellite orbiting above Earth’s atmosphere, which filters X-rays, was first proposed in the 1980s by Rashid Sunyaev of the Russian Space Research Institute in the Soviet Union. 
Twenty institutions from twelve countries came together to design a large observatory with five telescopes. 
However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the mission was abandoned due to cost-cutting from the Russian space program Roscosmos. 
The project was resurrected in 2003 with a scaled-down design.[6] 
The primary instrument of the mission is eROSITA, built by the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) in Germany. 
It will conduct a seven-year X-ray survey,[7] the first in the medium X-ray band less than 10 keV energies, and the first to map an estimated 100,000 galaxy clusters.[8] This survey may detect new clusters of galaxies and active galactic nuclei. 
The second instrument, ART-XC, is a Russian high-energy X-ray telescope capable of detecting supermassive black holes.[9] 
Spacecraft 
The Spektr-RG mission concept was published in 2005.[10] Construction was finished in 2016, and by mid-2018 it was under integration and testing. 
It was scheduled to be launched in June 2019 but was delayed to 12 July, before the flight was postponed at the last moment. 
It launched the next day, 13 July 2019, from Baikonur Site 81/24.[1] The observatory was integrated into a Navigator satellite bus,[11] produced by NPO Lavochkin.[12] 
Metak Origin Split, SR Croatia SFR Yugoslavia Genres Rock, pop rock, new wave, psychedelic rock, rock'n roll, post punk, punk rock, hard rock Years active 1978-1981 Labels Jugoton Suzy Diskoton Croatia Records Associated acts Jappa, Bijelo Dugme, Osmi Putnik, Crvena Jabuka, Ranko Boban, Che Past members Mirko Krstičević, Željko Brodarić Jappa, Doris Tomić, Zlatko Brodarić, Matko Jelavić, Ranko Boban 
This doric portico is the main entrance to the Cambridge Observatory building 
List of largest optical telescopes in the British Isles 
External links 
Cambridge Observatory is an astronomical observatory at the University of Cambridge in the East of England. 
It was established in 1823[1] and is now part of the site of the Institute of Astronomy. 
The old Observatory building houses the Institute of Astronomy Library which has a collection of modern and historical astronomical books.[2] 
There are a set of optical telescopes at the site on the Madingley Road in the west of Cambridge. 
By modern standards these are small, as well as being affected by light pollution. 
Nevertheless, the 36-inch telescope continues to be used for studies of stellar radial velocities and the historic Northumberland and Thorrowgood telescopes are used as part of the public outreach activities of the Institute. 
Much more significant is the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, built in 1957, a few kilometres southwest. 
From 1990 to 1998, the Royal Greenwich Observatory was based in Cambridge in Greenwich House, just to the north of the Observatory. 
Notable Senior Observers 
John Couch Adams[3] Hugh Ernest Butler [4] Arthur Eddington[5] Hugh Newall[6] Robert Woodhouse[7] 
See also 
Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Winner 1. 
14 October 2007 Espinho Clay Sylwia Zagorska Liudmila Nikoyan Inna Sokolova 3–6, 6–1, [10–4] Runner–up 1. 
11 May 2008 Michalovce Clay Nikola Vajdova Lenka Jurikova Katarzyna Piter 1–6, 1–6 Winner 2. 
18 May 2008 Bucharest Clay Klaudia Boczová Ioana Ivan Vivian Segnini 6–2, 6–0 Winner 3. 
16 August 2008 Iława Clay Ima Bohush Lisa Marshall Anna Movsisyan 6–3, 6–2 Runner–up 2. 
6 June 2009 Brno Clay Karin Morgosova Sophie Ferguson Trudi Musgrave 4–6, 1–6 Winner 4. 
6 March 2010 Antalya Clay Michaela Pochabová Diana Marcu Simona Matei 6–1, 6–1 Runner–up 3. 
18 April 2010 Bol Clay Chantal Škamlová Alexandra Cadanțu Alexandra Damaschin 2–6, 6–1, [5–10] Runner–up 4. 
25 June 2011 Lenzerheide Clay Nikola Hofmanova Ani Mijacika Amra Sadiković 6–4, 2–6, [4–10] Winner 5. 
18 May 2012 Caserta Clay Katarzyna Piter Aleksandra Krunić Viktorija Golubic 6–2, 6–4 
Singles – juniors: 
Winner (2): 2007 – Piešťany – grade 2, Prato – grade 2 
Doubles – juniors: 
Winner (2): 2008 – Umag – grade 1 (w./Toljan); 2006 – Bratislava – grade 4 (w./Tereza Budilova) 
Awards 
2008: Junior Tennis Player of the Year in Slovak Republic 
Career in review 
2003 – finished at No. 3 in Slovak ranking U12 2004 – won 1 singles title in tournament in Slovakia, runner-up one time 2005 – finished at No. 9 in Slovak ranking U14, won five singles titles, runner-up two times 2006 – finished at No. 13 in Slovak ranking U18, won two singles titles, runner-up two times, played her first ITF junior tournament in Bratislava as WC, also won her first doubles title in junior tournament Bratislava, grade 4 2007 – finished at No. 4 in Slovak ranking U18, won two junior tournaments grade 2 in Pieštany (d. Lenka Juríková in final) and Prato (d. Bojanovski in final), made junior Grand Slam main draw debut at Wimbledon, made Top 100 debut in ITF ranking in May 2007, played in European Junior Championships U16, also played her first ITF tournament in Maribor, reached 1st round as qualifier (d. 
Anikó Kapros and Kristína Kučová in qualifying, l. to Lenka Tvarošková), in October won her first ITF doubles title in Espinho (w./Zagorska) 2008 – finished at No. 1 in Slovak ranking U18, at No. 46 in ITF ranking, at No. 588 in WTA singles ranking and at No. 481 in WTA doubles ranking, played all four junior Grand Slam tournaments: French Open – reached semifinal doubles (w./Juríková); Wimbledon – reached semifinal singles (l. to Laura Robson) – played in European Junior Championships U18, won junior doubles title grade 1 (w./Toljan) in Umag, won one ITF singles titles in Ilawa (d. 
Aleksandra Rosolska in final) and two ITF doubles titles in Buchurest (w./Boczová) and Ilawa (w./Ima Bohush), was named as Junior Player of the Year 2008 in Slovakia. 
She also played at Wimbledon on 25 June 2008.,[2] dated Grigor Dimitrov, accompanied him at Championships Dinner at Wimbledon. 2009 – finished at No. 678 in WTA singles ranking and at No. 349 in WTA doubles ranking, played first WTA qualifying at tournament in Prague[3] 2010 – finished at No. 808 in WTA singles ranking and at No. 619 in WTA doubles ranking, won 1 ITF singles title in Bournemouth (d. Lisa Whybourn in final)[4] and 1 ITF doubles title in Antalya (w./Michaela Pochabová). 
From June 2010 to March 2011 she did not play any tournaments apart from the ITF Espinho tournament in October 2010 because of a knee injury. 
2011 – finished at No. 255 in WTA singles ranking and at No. 436 in WTA doubles ranking, won 4 ITF singles titles in Båstad (US$10,000, d. Brozda in final) and hat trick in Asunción (US$10,000, d. Irigoyen in final; US$10,000, d. 
Schiechtl in final and US$25,000, d. Molinero in final), Tabak was runner-up to Scarlett Werner in the ITF tournament at Bournemouth,[5] but lost her WTA Singles Ranking on 9 May 2011,[6] regaining it on 23 May 2011.[7] Romana was awarded as player of November according to ITF. 
Romana Tabak (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈɾɔmana ˈtabak]) or Romana Tabaková ([- ˈtabakɔʋaː]; born 7 May 1991) is a Slovak professional tennis player. 
She is also a former World Junior No. 36, achieving that ranking in March 2008. 
Her career-high ranking of World No. 240 was achieved on 27 February 2012. 
Tabak was a contestant in 2007 in Slovakia's Next Top Model, but withdrew after a few episodes because of parental disapproval.[1] 
Career Finals 
Singles (6–3) 
$100,000 tournaments $75,000 tournaments $50,000 tournaments $25,000 tournaments $10,000 tournaments 
Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score in the final Runner–up 1. 
11 May 2008 Michalovce Clay Klaudia Boczová 2–6, 3–6 Winner 1. 
17 August 2008 Iława Clay Aleksandra Rosolska 6–3, 4–6, 6–1 Winner 2. 
2 May 2010 Bournemouth Clay Lisa Whybourn 6–1, 6–7(7–9), 7–6(9–7) Runner–up 2. 
1 May 2011 Bournemouth Clay Scarlett Werner 3–6, 5–7 Winner 3. 
14 May 2011 Båstad Clay Olga Brózda 7–5, 6–7(2–7), 6–2 Winner 4. 
5 November 2011 Asunción Clay María Irigoyen 5–7, 7–6(9–7), 7–5 Winner 5. 
12 November 2011 Asunción Clay Tina Schiechtl 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 6–4 Winner 6. 
19 November 2011 Asunción Clay Florencia Molinero 6–1, 6–0 Runner–up 3. 
10 December 2011 Buenos Aires Clay Julia Cohen 5–7, 2–6 
$100,000 tournaments $75,000 tournaments $50,000 tournaments $25,000 tournaments $10,000 tournaments 
Interleukin-38 (IL-38) is a member of the IL-1 family. 
It is important for the inflammation process and host defense. 
This cytokine is known as IL-1HY2 in human and has similar three dimensional structure as IL-1 receptor antagonist. 
The organisation of IL-1HY2 gene is conserved with other members of IL-1 family and the location is in chromosome 2. 
IL-38 is produced by mammalian cells and it binds to interleukin-1 receptor type I. It is expressed in basal epithelia of skin, in proliferating B cells of the tonsil and also in spleen. 
This cytokine is playing important role in regulation of innate and adaptive immunity.[1] 
A dowser, from an 18th-century French book about superstitions 
Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to locate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil, gravesites,[1] and many other objects and materials without the use of a scientific apparatus. 
Dowsing is considered a pseudoscience and there is no scientific evidence that it is any more effective than random chance.[2][3] Dowsers often achieve good results because random chance has a high probability of finding water in favourable terrain.[4] 
The motion of dowsing rods is now generally attributed to the ideomotor response.[9][10][11] The ideomotor phenomenon is a psychological phenomenon wherein a subject makes motions unconsciously. In less complex terms, dowsing rods only move due to accidental or involuntary movements of the person using it. 
Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are T cells that have a distinctive T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. 
Most T cells are αβ (alpha beta) T cells with TCR composed of two glycoprotein chains called α (alpha) and β (beta) TCR chains. 
In contrast, gamma delta (γδ) T cells have a TCR that is made up of one γ (gamma) chain and one δ (delta) chain. 
This group of T cells is usually less common than αβ T cells, but are at their highest abundance in the gut mucosa, within a population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs).[1] 
The antigenic molecules that activate gamma delta T cells are still largely unknown. 
However, γδ T cells are peculiar in that they do not seem to require antigen processing and major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC) presentation of peptide epitopes, although some recognize MHC class Ib molecules. Furthermore, γδ T cells are believed to have a prominent role in recognition of lipid antigens. 
They are of an invariant nature and may be triggered by alarm signals, such as heat shock proteins (HSP). 
There also exists a γδ-T-cell sub-population within the epidermal compartment of the skin of mice. 
Originally referred to as Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (Thy1+DEC),[2] these cells are more commonly known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC). DETCs arise during fetal development and express an invariant and canonical Vγ3 Vδ1 T-cell receptor (using Garman nomenclature).[3] 
Gamma delta T cells in innate and adaptive immunity 
The conditions that lead to responses of gamma delta T cells are not fully understood, and current concepts of them as 'first line of defense', 'regulatory cells', or 'bridge between innate and adaptive responses'[1] only address facets of their complex behavior. 
In fact, gamma delta T cells form an entire lymphocyte system that develops under the influence of other leukocytes in the thymus and in the periphery. 
When mature, they develop into functionally distinct subsets that obey their own (mostly unknown) rules and have countless direct and indirect effects on healthy tissues and immune cells, pathogens and tissues enduring infections, and the host responses to them. 
Like other 'unconventional' T cell subsets bearing invariant TCRs, such as CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells, gamma delta T cells exhibit several characteristics that place them at the border between the more evolutionarily primitive innate immune system that permits a rapid beneficial response to a variety of foreign agents and the adaptive immune system, where B and T cells coordinate a slower but highly antigen-specific immune response leading to long-lasting memory against subsequent challenges by the same antigen. 
Gamma delta T cells may be considered a component of adaptive immunity in that they rearrange TCR genes to produce junctional diversity and can develop a memory phenotype. 
However, the various subsets may also be considered part of the innate immunity[4] in which a specific TCR can function as a pattern recognition receptor.[5] For example, according to this paradigm, large numbers of (human) Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes, and highly restricted intraepithelial Vδ1 T cells will respond to stressed epithelial cells bearing sentinels of danger. 
Recent work has shown that human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are also capable of phagocytosis, a function previously exclusive to innate myeloid lineage cells such as neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells [6] This provides further evidence that the biology of gamma delta T cells spans both innate and adaptive immune responses. 
Formate (IUPAC name: methanoate) is the anion derived from formic acid. 
Its formula is represented in various equivalent ways: HCOO− or CHOO− or HCO2−. 
It is the product of deprotonation of formic acid. 
It is the simplest carboxylate anion. 
A formate (compound) is a salt or ester of formic acid.[1] 
HCO2CH3 → HCO2H + CH3OH 
Formate esters often are fragrant or have distinctive odors. 
Compared to the more common ethyl esters, formate esters are less commonly used commercially because they are less stable.[3] Ethyl formate is found in some confectionaries.[2] 
Formate salts 
Formate salts have the formula M(O2CH)(H2O)x. 
Such salts are prone to decarboxylation. 
For example, hydrated nickel formate decarboxylates at about 200 °C to give finely powdered nickel metal: 
Such fine powders are useful as hydrogenation catalysts.[1] 
ethyl formate, CH3CH2(HCOO) sodium formate, Na(HCOO) potassium formate, K(HCOO) caesium formate, Cs(HCOO); see Caesium: Petroleum exploration methyl formate, CH3(HCOO) methyl chloroformate, CH3OCOCl triethyl orthoformate trimethyl orthoformate, C4H10O3 phenyl formate HCOOC6H5 amyl formate 
Biochemistry 
Aliphatic Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2015, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.t11_t01 
Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme formate dehydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas:[2] 
HCO2− → CO2 + H+ + 2 e− 
Formate esters 
Formate esters have the formula ROC(O)H (alternative way of writing formula RO2CH). 
Many form spontaneously when alcohols dissolve in formic acid. 
The most important formate ester is methyl formate, which is produced as an intermediate en route to formic acid. 
Methanol and carbon monoxide react in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium methoxide:[1] 
Hydrolysis of methyl formate gives formic acid and regenerates methanol: 
Population of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is localized inside donor’s tissues and is co-transferred from donor to recipient via transplant procedure. 
This population is therefore called “passenger cells”. 
Short after transplantation to new host these cells (especially dendritic cells) leave their intra-graft habitat and migrate through lymphatic system to regional lymphatic nodes.[2] Inside the lymphatic nodes these dendritic cells are confronted with recipient’s naïve T lymphocytes and their contact culminate in recognition of allogenic MHC (major histocompatibility complex)- peptide complex displayed on the surface of the passenger cells. 
This phenomenon is called direct recognition and leads to acute rejection of allografts mediated by specialized CD4+T lymphocytes and CD8+ T lymphocytes.[3] 
In this case, alloreactive T cells are stimulated by donor APCs which express both the allogeneic MHC and costimulatory activity. 
Second route of allorecognition mimics normal antigen mechanism of T lymphocytes stimulation by nominal antigens. 
In this case the alloantigens derived from graft are internalized, processed and presented in form of peptides by recipient’s APCs on their MHC II molecules. 
Rejection mediated by T lymphocytes sensitized by direct allorecognition pathway is predominant in the short period after the transplantation, but usually subsides with depletion of passenger cells while indirect recognition contributes to continuing graft damage and plays role in chronic rejection.[1] 
The main difference between indirect and direct alloantigen recognition stems from the origin of the macrophages (type of APC). 
In direct alloantigen recognition, the involved dendritic cells are donor derived. 
In indirect alloantigen recognition, the dendritic cells (APCs) involved are recipient APCs. 
Semi-direct alloantigen recognition (cross-dressing) 
The third pathway of recognition also involve donor APCs, but in this case are their membrane components fused with recipient APCs and therefore can present intact donor MHC molecules to the host.[4] This is possible by unique ability to exchange molecules such as RNA or proteins which is well established among leukocytes. 
There are several possibilities how this can be achieved: cell-cell contact (trogocytosis), nanotubes or release of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. 
Myeloid antigen presenting cells and dendritic cells in particular are one of the major exosome producers. 
There are known especially for their ability to transport functional MHC molecules with bonded antigen peptide (pMHC) to different cells population including other dendritic cells. 
In consequence these dendritic cells which acquired new pMHC, displayed on their surface, became “cross-dressed”.[5] This pMHC is capable of normal antigen presentation to effectors cells. 
Usually, the mechanism of cross-dressing serves purposes of amplifying immune response to certain antigens, but in case of alloantigen recognition the APCs are able, thanks to this mechanism, to prime both direct and indirect T lymphocytes by expressing both self- MHC and allo- MHC peptides derived from donor passenger APCs. 
Semi-direct alloantigen recognition therefore contributes to acute rejection by eliciting response of specialized CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes.[6] 
Aloantigen recognition refers to immune system recognition of genetically encoded polymorphisms among the genetically distinguishable members of same species (self-non-self discrimination). 
Post-transplant recognition of alloantigens occurs in secondary lymphoid organs. 
Donor specific antigens are recognized by recipient’s T lymphocytes and triggers adaptive pro-inflammatory response which consequently leads to rejection of allogenic transplants. 
Allospecific T lymphocytes may be stimulated by three major pathways: direct recognition, indirect recognition or semidirect recognition. 
The pathway involved in specific cases is dictated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors of allograft and directly influence nature and magnitude of T lymphocytes mediated immune response. 
Furthermore, variant tissues and organs such as skin or cornea or solid organ transplants can be recognized in different pathways and therefore are rejected in different fashion.[1] 
A myroblyte (/ˈmɪrəblaɪt/; from Byzantine Greek μυροβλύτης, muroblútēs, 'whose relics produce myron';[1] Latin: myroblyta; Church Slavonic: мѵрото́чецъ; Romanian: izvorâtor de mir; Georgian: მირონმდინარე) is a Christian saint from whose relics or burial place "an aromatic liquid with healing properties"[2] or "holy water (very much like myrrh)",[3] known as the Oil of Saints, "is said to have flowed, or still flows",[4] or from whose body emanates a scent known as the odor of sanctity.[5][6][7] The exudation of the oil or scent itself is referred to as myroblysia[8][9] (from Greek μυροβλυσία, muroblusía) or myroblytism. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, some icons are also believed to release the oil.[2] 
References 
Demetrius of Thessaloniki[1] Nilus of Kynouria[2] Barbarus the Former Robber[2] Simon the Athonite Saint Walpurga: "Famous among the oils of saints is the Oil of Saint Walburga (Walburgis oleum). It flows from the stone slab and the surrounding metal plate on which rest the relics of St. Walburga in her church in Eichstätt in Bavaria. The fluid is caught in a silver cup, placed beneath the slab for that purpose, and is distributed among the faithful in small vials by the Sisters of St. Benedict, to whom the church belongs. 
How and where do the solar wind plasma and magnetic field originate in the corona? 
How do solar transients drive heliospheric variability? 
How do solar eruptions produce energetic particle radiation that fills the heliosphere? 
How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? 
Payload 
The science payload is composed of: [7] 
Heliospheric in-situ instruments 
Solar Wind Analyser (SWA): To measure solar wind properties and composition [8] Energetic Particle Detector (EPD): To measure suprathermal ions, electrons, neutral atoms, as well as energetic particles in the energy range from few keV/nuc to relativistic electrons and ions up to 100 MeV (protons) and 200 MeV/nuc (heavy ions) [9] Magnetometer (MAG): it will provide detailed measurements of the magnetic field [10] Radio and Plasma Wave analyser (RPW): To measure magnetic and electric fields at high time resolution [11] 
Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI): To provide high-resolution and full-disk measurements of the photospheric magnetic field[12] EUV full-Sun and high-resolution Imager (EUI): To image various layers of the solar atmosphere EUV spectral Imager (SPICE): To provide spectral imaging of the solar photosphere and corona, characterise plasma properties at the Sun[13][14] Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX): To provide imaging spectroscopy of thermal and non-thermal solar X-ray emission from 4 to 150 keV Coronagraph (Metis): To provide simultaneous UV (121.6 nm), and polarised visible light imaging of the corona[15] Heliospheric Imager (SoloHI): To image quasi-steady and transient flows of the solar wind (US provided)[16] 
Timeline and status 
2012 April: €300M contract to build orbiter awarded to Astrium UK. [17] 2014 June: Solar shield completes 2 week bake test. [18] 2018 September: Spacecraft is shipped to IABG in Germany to begin the environmental test campaign. 
Launch delays 
The Solar Orbiter (SolO) [4] is a planned Sun-observing satellite, under development by the European Space Agency (ESA). 
SolO is intended to perform detailed measurements of the inner heliosphere and nascent solar wind, and perform close observations of the polar regions of the Sun, which is difficult to do from Earth, both serving to answer the question "How does the Sun create and control the heliosphere?" 
In April 2015, the launch was set back from July 2017 to October 2018.[20] In August 2017, Solar Orbiter was considered "on track" for a launch in February 2019.[21] The launch is scheduled for 9 February 2020 [2] on an Atlas V 411.[3]·[22] 
Trajectory 
After launch, Solar Orbiter will take approximately 3.5 years, using repeated gravity assists from Earth and Venus, to reach its operational orbit, an elliptical orbit with perihelion 0.28 au and aphelion 0.9 au. 
Over the expected mission duration of 7 years, it will use additional gravity assists from Venus to raise its inclination from 0° to 25°, allowing it a better view of the Sun's poles. 
If an extended mission is approved, the inclination could rise further to 34°.[6][23] 
External links 
SolO will make observations of the Sun from an eccentric orbit moving as close as ~60 solar radii (RS), or 0.284 astronomical units (au), placing it inside Mercury's perihelion of 0.3075 au. [5] During the planned 7-year mission the orbital inclination will be raised to about 25°.[2] 
A comparison of the size of the Sun as seen from Earth (left, 1 au) and from the Solar Orbiter spacecraft (0.284 au, right) 
The Solar Orbiter structural thermal model shortly before leaving the Airbus Defence and Space facility in Stevenage, UK. 
The spacecraft will make a close approach to the Sun every five months. The closest approach will be positioned to allow a repeated study of the same region of the solar atmosphere.[citation needed] Solar Orbiter will be able to observe the magnetic activity building up in the atmosphere that can lead to powerful solar flares or eruptions. 
Researchers will also have the chance to coordinate observations with NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission (2018–2025) which is performing measurements of the Sun's extended corona. 
The objective of the mission is to perform close-up, high-resolution studies of the Sun and its inner heliosphere. The new understanding will help answer these questions: 
Live event support overview 
Live performance events including theater, music, dance, opera, use production equipment and services such as staging, scenery, mechanicals, sound, lighting, video, special effects, transport, packaging, communications, costume and makeup to convince live audience members that there is no better place that they could be at the moment. 
This article provides information about many of the possible production support tools and services and how they relate to each other. 
One of the first video touring systems was created by video designer TJ McHose in 1975 for the rock band The Tubes using black and white television monitors. 
Touring black-and-white video system The Tubes 1975 
Touring color system Kool Jazz Festival 1978 
In 1978, TJ McHose designed a touring color video system that enlarged performers at the Kool Jazz Festivals in sports stadiums across the United States. 
Live event visual reinforcement is the addition of projected lighting effects and images onto any type of performance venue. 
Visual Reinforcement began more than 2000 years ago. 
In China during the Han Dynasty, Shadow puppetry was invented to "bring back to life" Emperor Wu's favorite concubine. 
Mongolian troops spread Shadow play throughout Asia and the Middle East in the 13th century. 
Shadow puppetry reached Taiwan in 1650, and missionaries brought it to France in 1767. 
The next major advance in Visual reinforcement for events was the magic lantern, first conceptualized by Giovanni Battista della Porta in his 1558 work Magiae naturalis. 
The Magic Lantern became practical by 1750 with the oil lamp and glass lenses. 
Special effect animation attachments were added in the 1830s. 
In 1854, the Ambrotype positive photographic process on glass made Magic lantern slide creation much less expensive. 
Magic lanterns were greatly improved by the application of limelight to live stage production in 1837 at Covent Garden Theatre and improved again when electric arc lighting became available in 1880. 
Live performance events have a long history of visual scenery, lighting, costume amplification and a shorter history of visual projection and sound amplification reinforcement. 
This article describes the technologies that have been used to amplify and reinforce live events. 
The sections of this article together explain how the tools needed to stage, amplify and reinforce live events are interconnected. 
In 1910, Adolf Linnebach invented the Linnebach lantern, a lensless wide angle glass slide projector. 
In 1933, the Gobo metal shadow pattern for the ellipsoidal spotlight allowed images to appear and disappear by dimmer control. 
In 1935, 16 mm Kodachrome film projectors added the first fully animated visual reinforcement to live events. 
1600: Shadow play leather or paper puppets cast shadows on a translucent screen 1760: magic lantern painted slide projector Phantasmagoria ghost effects projector Magic Lantern image projector 1905: Linnebach lantern[1] Munich Opera 1933: Gobo metal shadow mask adds patterns to ellipsoidal spotlights 1940: Overhead projector Later used for psychedelic light shows 1950: Slide projector 35 mm Kodak Carousel 1965: Thomas Wilfred describes[2] A highly detailed system to create event scenery using rear projections 1967: Liquid Projector psychedelic Liquid light shows Joshua Light Shows at The Fillmore for The Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company and many other Summer of Love bands 
Audio support 
A sound reinforcement system is professional audio, was first developed for movie theatres in 1927 when the first ever talking picture was released, called The Jazz Singer. 
Movie theatre sound was greatly improved in 1937 when the Shearer Horn system debuted. 
One of the first large-scale outdoor public address systems was at 1939 New York World's Fair. 
In the 1960s, rock and roll concerts promoted by Bill Graham at The Fillmore created a need for quickly changeable sound systems. 
In the early 1970s, Graham founded FM Productions to provide touring sound and light systems. 
By 1976 in San Francisco, the technical debate over infinite baffle vs horn-loaded enclosures, and line arrays vs distributed driver arrays, was ongoing at FM because of the proximity of The Grateful Dead and their scene Ultrasound, John Meyer, and others. 
But at that time there were parallel developments in other parts of the United States - Showco (Dallas) and Clair Bros (Philadelphia) had different approaches; Clair in particular was moving in the direction of modular full-range enclosures. 
They would rig as many as needed (or clients like Bruce Springsteen could afford) in whatever configuration they thought would cover a particular venue. 
Stanal Sound in southern California used fiberglass futuristic looking equipment for artists like Kenny Rogers. 
1876: Loudspeaker Alexander Graham Bell 1878: Carbon microphone / amplifier 1924: Loudspeaker - moving-coil -patent Chester W. Rice & E. Kellogg 1924: Loudspeaker - ribbon Walter H. Schottky 1930: Vacuum tube amplifier 1937: Loudspeaker - Shearer Horn movie theatre system 1939: public address outdoor system 1939 New York World's Fair 1945: Loudspeaker - coaxial Altec "Voice of the Theatre" 1953: Loudspeaker - electrostatic -patent Arthur Janszen Touring sound reinforcement system 1953: Microphone - wireless 1965: Loudspeaker - woofer 1965: Loudspeaker - subwoofer 1970: Microphone - condenser 1974: Loudspeaker - Sensurround movie sound system for "Earthquake" 1974: Loudspeaker - Dolby Stereo 70 mm Six Track 1975: Loudspeaker - touring - McCune JM-3 John Meyer 1979: Loudspeaker - Meyer Sound Laboratories - Grateful Dead wall of sound 1983: Loudspeaker - THX movie sound system for Star Wars 
Touring packaging 
Touring video system schematic 
Well designed touring systems unload from the truck gently, roll easily into their stage location, connect to each other quickly. 
A well designed system includes duplicates of critical components and "field-replaceable" items such as cables, switches and fuses. 
Every component should be protected by a well padded road case that has room for all connector cables and allows easy access to the components for fast cable re-patching to bypass a bad component and for repairs during a tour. 
The road cases need good ventilation and for outdoor use should be white to minimize solar heat buildup. 
Road case sizes should be modular to pack tightly together on the truck. 
Touring video system schematic Touring cases schematic for Video display system Kool Jazz Festival 1978 Color video projector in road case -Kool Jazz Festival 
Live event visual amplification is the display of live and pre-recorded images as a part of a live stage event. 
Visual amplification began when films, projected onto a stage, added characters or background information to a production. 
35 mm motion picture projectors became available in 1910 - but which theatre or opera company first used a movie in a stage production is not known. 
In 1935, less costly 16 mm film equipment allowed many other performance groups and school theaters to use motion pictures in productions. 
In 1970, closed circuit video cameras and videocassette machines became available and Live Event Visual Amplification came of age. 
For the first time live closeups of stage performers could be displayed in real time. 
These systems also made it possible to show pre-recorded videos that added information & visual intensity to a live event. 
The Pontifical Oriental Institute (Orientale), is a Catholic institution of higher education located in Rome. 
The plan of creating a school of higher learning for Eastern Christianity had been on the agenda of the Catholic Church since at least Pope Leo XIII[1], but it was only realized in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV (1914-1921). 
The Orientale forms part of the consortium of the Pontifical Gregorian University (founded in 1551) and the Pontifical Biblical Institute (founded in 1909), both in Rome. 
All three institutions are run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). 
While the Orientale depends on the Holy See, its management is entrusted to the Society of Jesus. 
Its Chancellor is the Prefect of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches and its Vice-chancellor is the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, while the Congregation for Catholic Education is the dicastery competent for approving the academic programmes of the Orientale. 
The Orientale was created as a twin institution to the Congregation for the Eastern Church, whose name would change in 1967 to Congregation for the Eastern Churches. 
Without the link to this important organ of the Holy See, it would be impossible to grasp the purpose and mission of the Orientale, nor how the Orientale could be founded in the midst of the “the useless massacre” of World War I, 1917. 
The question to which the creation of the Orientale was meant to be the answer had been long in coming. 
Known as la question d’Orient, the question was first posed after the Ottoman’s humiliating defeat at the hands of the Russians in 1774 (cf. the Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainarji), becoming ever more poignant ever since Napoleon set foot in Egypt in 1798: what was to be done with the millions of Christians under the Ottomans once the Ottoman empire would disappear? 
The question reached its acme in the Eucharistic Congress of Jerusalem in 1893, when the Eastern Catholic Patriarchs made the grievances of their communities known to the papal legate, Cardinal Benoît Langenieux, who forwarded them to the pope. 
Leo XIII at once convoked an assembly of Eastern Catholic Patriarchs for the following year (1894), from which emerged the apostolic letter Orientalium dignitas[5], known as the Magna Charta of the rights of Eastern Catholics. 
With the collapse of the Russian empire a reality after the February revolution of 1917 and the demise of the Ottoman empire in sight, the pope decided to act[6]. 
With the motu proprio regarding the Eastern Congregation, Providentis Dei[7] (1.05.1917), the pope created the Oriental Congregation; with the other motu proprio Orientis catholici [8](15.10.1917), he created the Orientale[9]. 
The pope reserved to himself the prefecture of the new Congregation, whose head was therefore only a Secretary, although a cardinal (cfr. canon 257 of the Pio-Benedectine[10] Codex Iuris canonici[11] of 1917 specified precisely this). 
Already three years after founding the Orientale, Benedict XV granted it, through the apostolic constitution, Quod nobis in condendo, the right to confer degrees[12]. 
From the start the pope insisted on the necessity of a richly supplied Eastern library [13]to second the study and the research of the Orientale population. 
At the beginning the professors were chosen from various orders and even among lay people. 
These were a White Father, Antoine Delpuch[14] (1868-1936), who served as pro-president[15] in the first year of the Orientale’s functioning (1918-1919); two Benedictines, including Ildefonso Schuster; three Assumptionists, including Martin Jugie (1878-1954), a professor at the Orientale for only the first few years, but who was to write a monumental synthesis of the history of Eastern theology; a Dominican; a Mechitarist; four Jesuits, including Guillaume de Jerphanion (1877-1948), a famous archaeologist; two Russians, a Greek and an Ethiopian; and three lay persons, including Michelangelo Guidi, an outstanding philologist and a historian[16]. 
Soon after Pius XI became pope he felt that it would be better if one order took care not only of running the place but also of preparing those who could eventually take over. 
His choice fell on the Jesuits, and in a brief to Fr. General Vladimir Ledochowski (14.09.1922) he entrusted to the Order the Orientale[17]. 
This had been the suggestion of Abbot Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, OSB, who had also become, in the meantime, the first full president. 
Now it was the turn of the first Jesuit president (1922-1931), and that was Michel d’Herbigny (1880-1957). 
A very talented man, he managed to impart to the nascent institution new élan, with its own publications and even the new seat in the Piazza di Santa Maria Maggiore. 
Complications on his very delicate mission to Russia led to his early retirement. 
D’Herbigny was followed as president by Emil Hermann (1932-1951), a German canon lawyer of note, whose prudence helped him guide the Institute during the war period; Ignacio Ortiz de Urbina (1951-1957), a Basque and a renowned patristic scholar; Alphonse Raes (1957-1962), an accomplished Syriac scholar who became Prefect of the Vatican Library; Joseph Gill (1962-1963), a great expert on the Council of Florence (1438-1445) and chief editor of the Acts of this council; and again Joseph Gill (1964-1967), who in 1965 began to bear the title of Jesuit Rector; Ivan Žužek (1967-1972), later the secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the revision of Eastern canon law; Georges Dejaifve (1972-1976), noted ecumenist; Eduard Huber (1976-1981), former rector of the Meudon School of Russian; Peter-Hans Kolvenbach (1981-1983), who after a brief stint became Superior general of the Society of Jesus for a quarter of a century (1983-2008); Gilles Pelland (1984-1986), who was soon made rector of the Gregorian University; Gino Piovesana (1986-1990), whose experience as rector of the Sophia University of Tokyo and his expertise in Russian philosophy stood him in good stead; Clarence Gallagher (1990-1995), a canon lawyer, dean and rector; Gilles Pelland (1995-1998), the only rector to have two different terms separated in time; Hèctor Vall Vilardell (1998-2007), whose aplomb assured him nine years as rector; Cyril Vasil’ (2007-2009), who after two years became Secretary of the Congregation; Sunny Kokkaravalayil (May 2009-May 2010), who was pro-rector for a year and superior for seven; James McCann (2010-2015), who after leaving office became Senior Vice President of the Gregorian Foundation, New York; Samir Khalil Samir, who was pro-rector from 20 April 2015 to 25 August 2015, and David Nazar (2015-), in whose term the Orientale was not only re-structured but also became fused, as a community, with the adjoining community of the Pontifical Russian College, popularly known as Russicum[18]. 
The hundred year history of the institution (1917-2017) may tentatively be divided, first, into an eleven year period at the beginning, when the Orientale was trying to assert itself and become recognized, which came with Pius XI’s encyclical dedicated to the Orientale, Rerum orientalium[19] (1928). 
Then followed a thirty-year period bringing us to the eve of Vatican II (1928-1958), when already some of the rich harvest that was expected began to be reaped, and the foundations for others to build on had been laid. 
Yet the next thirty years after the council up to 1989, the fresh breath of Vatican II brought accrued interest in the Christian East and in the Orientale. 
When with 1989 Eastern Europe opened up, a new chapter of the Orientale’s relating to the hitherto forbidden East started and many new students from these countries could now study at the Orientale[20]. 
The student population for the academic year 2018-2019: 351 in the Faculty of Eastern Ecclesiastical Sciences (SEO); 71 in the Faculty of Eastern Canon Law (DCO); Total: 422, of whom 242 were guest students. Each year, another approximately 400 scholars visit the library for research purposes. 
In accord with modern pedagogical standards for academic research, the library has been refitted with air conditioning, high-end LED lighting, modern acoustics, and increasingly digitized resources. 
On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Orientale (1917-2017) Pope Francis visited the Institute on October 12, 2017. 
His generous donation has brought about a general re-structuring of the now enlarged Orientale, providing modern professorial offices, student dining room, and lounges for faculty and students. 
The Orientale uses G Suite and Google for Education while its internet service has been augmented to 1 gigabyte up and down. 
This allows the conference hall to stream conferences online and affords the possibility of courses and conferences online with the aid of Google Hangout. 
Classroom lighting and acoustics have been upgraded to meet modern digital and pedagogical norms. 
The Pontifical Library of the Institute is without a doubt the greatest gem of the Orientale. 
It is one of the best equipped libraries regarding the Christian East in the world. 
Some books which were discarded during the early years of the Soviet Union were bought for the Orientale Library, such that it alone has the entire Pravda collection, for example. 
The library space was considerably enlarged by John Paul II after his visit to the Orientale in 1987. 
The “aula magna”, a conference hall which hosts part of the library and was re-furbished for the centenary celebrations in 2017, provides a “safe space” for international discussions on problematic yet delicate themes. 
Syria, autocephaly, genocide, nonviolence, are some of the themes to which imams, diplomats, Patirarchs, Cardinals, and “people on the ground” have participated. 
As an Institute, the Orientale has only two faculties, one for ecclesiastical sciences, the other for Eastern canon law. 
At first there was only one faculty, and it comprised the programme already outlined in Benedict XV’s founding charter (1917), that is theology, comprising spirituality, liturgy, and canon law, plus archaeology and such subsidiary sciences as are necessary to secure a balanced programme of societal structures, art, culture, history. 
In this curriculum, languages play a major part, and, besides Italian which is the main teaching language, ancient Greek, Syriac, Russian, and Church Slavonic, have always loomed large. 
Besides Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Georgian, which have become part and parcel of the curriculum, in recent years modern Greek and Romanian have been added. 
Modern Greek is divided into four levels, whereby one may obtain a diploma from the Greek government. 
For canon law students, Latin is required and taught. 
A well-developed Italian language programme has become the hard core of the propaedeutic year. 
Branching off from the Faculty of Eastern Ecclesial Sciences, the faculty of canon law was created in 1971, partly in view of the revision of Eastern canon law and a corresponding codex. 
Secretary of this commission was Fr. 
The Orientale, with its professors of canon law, continues to serve as the main centre for the elaboration of the Code which is used around the world by both Catholic and Orthodox churches of the East. 
Mission 
Besides instruction for licentiate to doctoral degrees, the Orientale has acquired a name for its publications. 
In 1923 appeared the first number of Orientalia christiana. 
When hundred such numbers had been published, the series was divided, in 1934, in Orientalia Christiana Analecta, exclusively for monographs, and Orientalia Chrisitana Periodica, for articles and book reviews[21]. 
These publications were written by experts in the field and acquired by libraries. 
After the promulgation of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO), in 1990, it was decided to launch a new series for monographs in canon law. 
In 1992 a new publication, Kanonika, was published, whose first number appeared in 1992[22]. 
The critical edition of Anaphorae Orientales, beginning with Alphonse Raes in 1939, brought attention to one among the many forgotten treasures of the Christian East and has been continued by the renowned liturgist of the Orientale, Professor Robert Taft, SJ. 
When William Macomber published the oldest known text of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari, little could he have imagined how useful it was for the Congregation of Faith in 2001 when it decided for the orthodoxy and validity of an anaphora without the explicit words of consecration[23]. 
Notable Achievements 
The CCEO was to a large extent prepared at the Orientale. 
It represents a huge step forward for Easterners because, for the first time, they have a law of their own, allowing each of the sui juris Churches in the East to further develop its own particular law. (b) Another monumental contribution was the critical edition of the documents of the Council of Florence (1438-1445)[24] by the professors of the Faculty of Eastern Ecclesial Sciences. 
This led to the decision of Pius XII in 1947 to purify the Armenian Catholic Rite of Latinization[25]. 
Among other scholarly works of note are the finest study to date, in 6 volumes, of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom; the Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Christian East; annotated translations of 9th-13th-century Syrian manuscripts; a seven-volume edition of Vatican archival documents on the Armenian Question (1894-1925); a similar edition on the Chaldean-Assyrian question (1908-1938); annotated catalog of 150 Ethiopian manuscripts; detailed archaeological studies of mosaics, frescoes, and architecture of the early church in Asia Minor, and so on. 
Guillaume Jerphanion, SJ, made a name for himself through his study of archaeology and the rock-hewn churches of Cappadocia[26]. 
Marcel Viller, SJ, after teaching patristics at the Orientale, moved to become one of the founders of the monumental Dictionnaire de Spiritualité. 
According to his successor Cardinal Tomáš Špidlík, SJ, himself a noted exponent for Russian spiritual theology, Irenée Hausherr[27] laid the foundations of Eastern spirituality, and his books sell as if they were written yesterday – as do the works of Juan Mateos, SJ, who, in the wake of Anton Baumstark (1872-1948), is considered by R.F. Taft, SJ and G. Winkler, to have founded at the Orientale “The Mateos School of Comparative Liturgiology”[28]. 
Georg Hofmann, SJ, was a German Church historian, who had a big part in the editing of the Florentine Acts. 
Notable Alumni 
The Pontifical Oriental Institute is a school of higher studies that has as its particular mission the service of the Oriental Churches. 
It is to make known to the churches of the East “the immense richness ... preserved in the treasure chests of their traditions” (GP II, Orientale Lumen 4) and equally to make known to the Latin West these riches so little explored. 
Its mission is to pursue research, teaching, and publishing related to the traditions of the Eastern Churches in their theology, liturgy, patristics, history, canon law, literature and languages, spirituality, archaeology, and questions of ecumenical and geopolitical importance. 
Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, who studied here from 1963 to 1968 and wrote his thesis, On the Codification of the Sacred Canons and of the Canonical Precepts[29], under Prof. Ivan Žužek. 
Patriarch Gregorios III Laham, Catholic Patriarch emeritus of Antioch. 
Cardinal Josef Slipyj, first Major Archbishop of the Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine. 
Patriarch Paul Cheiko Paul, Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans. 
Patriarch Bidawid Raphael, Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans. 
Patriarch Ignace Antoine Hayek, Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrians. 
Patriarch Paul Méouchi, Patriarch of Antioch of the Copts. 
Maj. Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, current Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. 
The aim of the Orientale is to educate students already in possession of a first academic degree, irrespective of their religious affiliation, Latin or Eastern Catholic, Orthodox or otherwise, to deepen their knowledge of the Christian East in its Churches, theology, spirituality, liturgy, discipline, history, and culture. 
The student population comes largely from the countries of the Eastern churches: the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, and Eritrea), and Asia (Mesopotamia; Kerala, India), with a significant number of students from Europe and the Americas interested in learning about the Christian East. 
Today, with the flood of migrants and refugees from some of the above countries, students also come from the diaspora communities. 
Two Superiors General of the Society of Jesus: Peter Kolvenbach, who was rector of the Orientale, and Jean-Baptiste Janssens. 
The list of Cardinals is as follows: 
Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, SJ, first president of the Orientale and professor of liturgy at the Orientale. 
Cardinal Gregorio Pietro Agaganian. 
Cardinal Franz König, Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna and founder of Pro Oriente. 
Cardinal Franz Ehrle, one-time professor at the Orientale. 
Cardinal Ladisław Ruben, Prefect of the Eastern Congregation. 
Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, Secretary of the Congregation[30]. 
Cardinal Aloys Grillmeier, SJ, theologian and patristic scholar. 
Cardinal Josef Tomko, Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Evangelization of the Nations. 
History 
Cardinal Aloys Grillmeier, SJ, patrologist and scholar. 
Cardinal Tomáš Tomáš Špidlík, SJ, noted author on Eastern Christian spirituality. 
The list of famous students begins with Blessed Eugène Bossilkoff, bishop of Nicopolis in Bulgaria and martyr. In April 2013, two alumni Orthodox bishops were kidnapped in Aleppo, Syria: Greek Orthodox Bishop Paul Yazigi and Syrian Orthodox Bishop Mor Gregorius Yohanna Ibrahim. 
Their whereabouts remain unknown. Other alumni of singular note are: Engelbert Kirschbaum, SJ, archeologist; Robert Murray, SJ, Syriacist; Alessandro Bausani, islamologist; Hans-Joachim Schultz, liturgist, Lambert Beauduin, OSB, founder of Chevetogne and René Vouillaume, prior of the Petits Frères de Jésus[31]. 
A very promising theologian, who was shot dead by the Nazis during World War II, studied here, too: Yves de Montcheiul, SJ (1900-1942)[32]. 
The Orientale’s first provisional seat was in the immediate vicinity of the Vatican, in the Palazzo dei Convertendi, Piazza Scossacavalli, which later had to give way to Via della Conciliazione[2]. 
The Institute was briefly re-located to the current premises of the Pontifical Biblical Institute, in via della Pilotta, 25, Rome until 1926 when it settled into its permanent seat at Piazza di Santa Maria Maggiore, 7[3]. 
Of all churches in Rome, the Basilica of St. Mary Major in the same square is the one which evokes the East most closely. 
Its famous mosaics were executed under Pope Sixtus III (432-440) to celebrate the third ecumenical council of Ephesus (431), which, by emphasizing that Jesus Christ is one person, brought out as a consequence that Mary, his Mother, is the Mother of God, or the Theotokos, as the Greeks call her. 
As the Basilica prides itself on having the relics of the crib, it is thus liturgically known as “ad Praesepe”, the Church of the Crib. 
Here, moreover, in the late 860s the apostles of the Slavs, Saints Cyril and Methodius, deposited their liturgy books, an indication that now, after the pope’s approval, one could celebrate the liturgy in Church Slavonic. 
In a side street opposite against the Orientale there is the Basilica of Santa Prassede, with its Carolingian mosaics attesting Pope St Pascal I’s revulsion against the iconoclasm which at the time of the construction of the Basilica (817) had resumed in the East. 
Nearby, there is a marble slab reminding us that St Cyril, St Methodius’ brother, died there in 869. 
As part of the complex of the block where the Orientale is there is the church of St. Anthony the Great (S. Antonio Abate), of whom all Easterners are particularly fond. 
He is also popular in Rome, where people still recall the times when the blessing of the animals took place in this church. 
Ever since the creation of the Pontifical Russian College in 1929, known as the Russicum, by Pius XI (1921-1939), the church has been run by Jesuits living in the college[4]. 
In many ways, therefore, the position of the Orientale is ideal. 
Jeon Jung-kook (Korean: 전정국; born September 1, 1997), better known mononymously as Jungkook (stylized as Jung Kook), is a South Korean singer, songwriter and record producer. 
He is a member and vocalist of the South Korean boy band BTS.[2] 
Early life 
Jeon Jung-kook (Korean: 전정국) was born on September 1, 1997 in Busan, South Korea.[1][3][4] His family consists of his parents and an elder brother.[5][4] He attended Baekyang Elementary and Middle School in Busan. 
When he became a trainee, he transferred to Singu Middle School in Seoul.[6] Jungkook initially had dreams of becoming a badminton player when he was young, but after seeing G-Dragon perform "Heartbreaker" on television, it influenced him to want to become a singer.[7][8] 
In 2011, Jungkook auditioned for the South Korean talent show Superstar K during its auditions in Daegu.[9] Though he was not selected, he received casting offers from seven entertainment companies. 
He eventually chose to become a trainee under Big Hit Entertainment after seeing RM, now his fellow band member and leader in BTS, perform.[9] To work on his dance skills in preparation for debut, he went to Los Angeles during the summer of 2012 to receive dance training from Movement Lifestyle.[10] In June 2012, he appeared in Jo Kwon's "I'm Da One" music video[11] and also worked as a backup dancer for Glam before his debut.[12] He graduated from Seoul's School of Performing Arts, an arts high school, in 2017.[5][13] In November 2016, he decided to forgo taking the CSATs, Korea's nationwide university entrance exam, and is currently enrolled at Global Cyber University along with BTS members RM, J-Hope, Suga, V and Jimin.[14] 
Career 
On June 12, 2013, Jungkook made his debut as a member of BTS with the release of the single 2 Cool 4 Skool.[15] Under BTS, he has sung two solo tracks; the first, pop track "Begin" from the 2016 album Wings, told his story of moving to Seoul at a young age to become an idol and expresses his gratitude towards his fellow members for taking care of him during that time.[16] The second track, a future bass song titled "Euphoria", was released with an accompanying nine-minute short film on April 5, 2018 as the introduction to the third part of BTS' "Love Yourself" series.[17] The full studio track was included on their album Love Yourself: Answer on August 24, 2018.[1] Euphoria was produced by DJ Swivel and charted at number five on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. 
It charted for 13 weeks on the Gaon Digital Chart.[18][19][20] 
Jungkook has been credited as the main producer for two of BTS' songs: "Love is Not Over" and "Magic Shop".[21][22] On October 25, 2018, Jungkook (together with the rest of the BTS members) was ordained with the fifth-class Hwagwan Order of Cultural Merit by the President of South Korea.[23][24] 
2020 CD3, also known by its internal designation C26FED2, is a tiny near-Earth asteroid and temporary satellite of Earth. 
It was discovered at the Mount Lemmon Observatory by astronomers Theodore Pruyne and Kacper Wierzchos on 15 February 2020, as part of the Mount Lemmon Survey or Catalina Sky Survey. 
The asteroid's discovery was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 25 February 2020, after subsequent observations had ruled out the possibility of the object being artificial.[1] It is the second temporary satellite of Earth discovered in situ, after 2006 RH120 that was discovered in 2006. 
Based on its preliminary orbit, 2020 CD3 may have been captured by Earth around 2017–2018, and is expected to remain in Earth orbit until April 2020.[6][7] 
2020 CD3 has an absolute magnitude around 32, indicating that it is very small in size. Assuming that 2020 CD3 has a low albedo characteristic of dark, carbonaceous C-type asteroids, its diameter is probably around 1.9–3.5 metres (6–11 ft).[6][7] The Minor Planet Center classifies 2020 CD3 as an Amor asteroid since it orbits beyond Earth,[2] though the JPL Small-Body Database considers it to be part of the Earth-crossing Apollo group of asteroids.[5] 
Ynglism (Russian: Инглии́зм, also spelled "Yngliism" or "Ingliism"), institutionally the Ancient Russian Ynglist Church of the Orthodox Old Believers—Ynglings (Древнерусская Инглиистическая Церковь Православных Староверов—Инглингов, Drevnerusskaya Ingliisticheskaya Tserkov' Pravoslavnykh Staroverov—Inglingov) is a direction of the Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) movement established in the early 1990s by Aleksandr Khinevich from Omsk, in Siberia.[4] Members call themselves simply "Orthodox Old Believers", "Ynglings" seldom "Ynglists". 
The church is described by scholar Kaarina Aitamurto as having a well-defined doctrine, an authoritative leadership, and focusing on esoteric teachings.[5] 
Balkan Fate defunct Predecessor DAR Founded 1957 Defunct 1975 Headquarters Lovech, National Motorcycle Works , Bulgaria Products Motorcycles 
Balkan was the first motorcycle built in Bulgaria.[1] The first model, the Balkan M1, released in 1957, was built under the open license of DKW, and was identical to the DKW RT250. In 1960 the company started using a design similar to Jawa, and other contemporary motorcycles. 
Balkan 250 C2 
↑ Tragatsch, Erwin (1964), The world's motorcycles, 1894-1963: a record of 70 years of motorcycle production, Temple Press, p. 18, BALKAN, National Motorcycle Works, Levec. 
Filmography 
Television 
Year Title Role Notes 2015 Sense8 Shugs Recurring Role (Season 1); 3 episodes 2015–2018 Fear the Walking Dead Nick Clark Main Role (Seasons 1–4); 41 episodes 2016 Fear the Walking Dead: Flight 462 Episode: "Part 16" 
Year Award Category Nominated work Result 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Fear the Walking Dead Nominated 
Frank Stephenson Dillane (born 21 April 1991)[1] is an English actor, known for his portrayal of Nick Clark on Fear the Walking Dead (2015–2018), and for playing Tom Riddle in the film Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009). 
He also appeared as Owen Coffin in the film In the Heart of the Sea (2015). 
External links 
The EEA Grants and Norway Grants represent the contributions of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway to reducing social and economic disparities in the European Economic Area (EEA) and strengthening bilateral relations with countries in Central and Southern Europe. 
Through the Grants Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are also contributing to strengthening fundamental European values such as democracy, tolerance and the rule of law.[citation needed] 
First, the EU and the three Donor States agree on a Memorandum Of Understanding (MoU) for the total contribution and distribution of funding per beneficiary state. 
Country allocations are based on population size and GDP per capita, making Poland the largest beneficiary state, followed by Romania. 
Malta is the smallest beneficiary state. 
Second, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway negotiate with each beneficiary state and agree which programmes to establish, their objectives and the size of the allocation to each individual programme. 
The agreements are based on national needs and priorities in the beneficiary states and the scope for cooperation with the donor states. 
The European Commission is consulted during the negotiations to avoid duplication and to ensure funding is targeted where it will have the greatest impact. 
Programmes implemented under the EEA and Norway Grants must comply with EU rules and standards related to human rights, good governance, sustainable development and gender equality. 
The funds provided by the EU and the EEA and Norway Grants are complementary, usually managed by the same Managing Authority at the national level. 
The EEA and Norway Grants often finance projects within fields where EU or national funding is rarely available. 
Each National Focal Point is responsible for the overall management of the programmes in its beneficiary country. 
The Programme Operators (POs) develop and manage the programmes, often in cooperation with a partner from the donor states, and award funding to projects. 
Projects are mostly selected following calls for proposals launched by the POs.[4] 
Strengthening bilateral cooperation 
One of the two main goals of the EEA and Norway Grants is to increase cooperation and relations between the beneficiary and donor countries. 
Partnerships between entities from the beneficiary countries and their counterparts in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are a fundamental part of the Grants and offer a unique opportunity to tackle common European challenges. 
Bilateral partnerships between public and private institutions in the donor and beneficiary countries are widely encouraged. 
Cooperation between people and institutions at administrative and political levels and in the private sector, academia and civil society is a prerequisite in order to strengthen bilateral relations. 
EEA and Norway Grants 2014-2021 
For the period 2014-2021, €2.8 billion has been set aside under the Grants. 
The EEA Grants (€1.55 billion) are jointly financed by Iceland (3 %), Liechtenstein (1 %) and Norway (96 %) and available in all 15 countries. 
The Norway Grants (€1.25 billion) are solely financed by Norway and available in the 13 countries that joined the EU after 2003. 
The contribution of each donor country is based on their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 
Figure 1. 
Total allocation EEA Grants 2014-2021 
Background [1][2] 
Norway Grants - 2014-2021 
The five Priority Sectors (PSs) and related 23 Programme Areas (PAs) funded in the period 2014-2021 reflect the priorities set out in the ‘Europe 2020 Strategy’ – the European Union’s ten-year growth strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth – and the EU’s 11 cohesion policy objectives. 
They aim at contributing to growth and jobs, tackling climate change and energy dependence while reducing poverty and social exclusion. 
They also promote bilateral and international cooperation. 
PS 1: Innovation, Research, Education and Competitiveness 
Business Development, Innovation and SMEs 
Research 
Education, Scholarships, Apprenticeships and Youth Entrepreneurship 
Work-life Balance 
Social Dialogue – Decent Work 
PS 2: Social Inclusion, Youth Employment and Poverty Reduction 
The EEA and Norway Grants have their basis in the EEA Agreement. 
Under this agreement, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are part of the European Single Market (ESM), which enables free movement of goods, services, capital and people in the internal market. 
The EEA Agreement sets out the common goals of working together to reduce social and economic disparities in Europe and strengthening cooperation between European countries. 
European Public Health Challenges 
Logo of the EEA and Norway Grants 2014-2021 
Ever since the EEA Agreement entered into force, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway have contributed to social and economic progress in several countries of the EU and EEA. 
The contributions have been channelled through the Financial Mechanism (1994–1998), the Financial Instrument (1999–2003) and the EEA and Norway Grants (2004-2009, 2009-2014, 2014-2021). 
In total, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein have provided €3.3 billion through consecutive grant schemes between 1994 and 2014. 
A further contribution of €2.8 billion has been made available in the 2014-2021 funding period. 
The three donor countries contribute according to their size and GDP. 
Consequently, Norway provides 97,7%, Iceland 1,6% and Liechtenstein 0,7% of the funding for the 2014-2021 EEA and Norway Grants combined. 
Since 2004, there have been two separate mechanisms: the EEA Grants and the Norway Grants. 
The EEA Grants are financed by the three donor countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway; while the Norway Grants are solely financed by Norway. 
Country EEA Grants Norway Grants Total allocated % Incurred* Bulgaria € 78 600 000 € 48 000 000 € 126 600 000 79.49% Croatia € 5 000 000 € 4 600 000 € 9 600 000 63.33% Cyprus € 3 850 000 € 4 000 000 € 7 850 000 96.38% Czech Republic € 61 400 000 € 70 400 000 € 131 800 000 84.13% Estonia € 23 000 000 € 25 600 000 € 48 600 000 97.12% Greece € 63 400 000 € 0 € 63 400 000 86.28% Hungary € 70 100 000 € 83 200 000 € 153 300 000 57.76% Latvia € 34 550 000 € 38 400 000 € 72 950 000 87.66% Lithuania € 38 400 000 € 45 600 000 € 84 000 000 95.26% Malta € 2 900 000 € 1 600 000 € 4 500 000 98.76% Poland € 266 900 000 € 311 200 000 € 578 100 000 91.69% Portugal € 57 950 000 € 0 € 57 950 000 90.51% Romania € 190 750 000 € 115 200 000 € 305 950 000 82.21% Slovakia € 38 350 000 € 42 400 000 € 80 750 000 79.80% Slovenia € 12 500 000 € 14 400 000 € 26 900 000 91.37% Spain € 45 850 000 € 0 € 45 850 000 89.46% Total € 993 500 000 € 804 600 000 € 1 798 100 000 85.11% 
Eligibility 
Eligibility of the EEA and Norway Grants mirrors the criteria set for the EU Cohesion Fund aimed at member states where the Gross National Income (GNI) per inhabitant is less than 90 % of the EU average. 
For the funding period 2014-2021, these countries are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. 
Countries which have entered the EU before 2004 are exempt from receiving funding under the Norway Grants; Greece and Portugal therefore only receive EEA Grants funding.[3] 
How it works 
↑ "The European Economic Area Agreement (EEA)". 
Government.no. Retrieved 6 March 2020..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} 1 2 3 4 "Our history - EEA Grants". eeagrants.org. 
Retrieved 6 March 2020. 1 2 "Which countries benefit?". 
Government.no. Retrieved 6 March 2020. ↑ "About the EEA and Norway Grants". Government.no. 
Retrieved 6 March 2020. ↑ "The Office of the Auditor General's investigation of the EEA and Norway Grants". Government.no. 
Retrieved 6 March 2020. 
Annual report 2017-2018 Results and data portal Official EEA and Norway Grants site Instagram of the EEA and Norway Grants Twitter of the EEA and Norway Grants LinkedIn of the EEA and Norway Grants Facebook of the EEA and Norway Grants European Free Trade Association (EFTA) EFTA Surveillance Authority Norwegian government page on EEA and Norway Grants 
Roma Inclusion and Empowerment 
Children and Youth at Risk 
The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) is involved in several programmes and projects on Roma inclusion and fundamental rights. 
The Grants also cooperate with the FRA in organising high-level fundamental rights-related events. 
The Council of Europe (CoE) is the most comprehensive external partner of the Grants and is involved in several programmes. 
The organisation provides strategic advice as well as technical input in the areas of human rights, democracy and the rule of law. 
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a strategic partner for the Grants in the area of good governance, where it is involved in several programmes and projects. 
Rapid assessment on increasing Roma inclusion Rapid assessment of the gender programmes Mid-term evaluation of the support to strengthened bilateral relations Evaluation of Decent work and tripartite dialogue – final report Mid-term review of the cultural heritage sector – main report Mid-term review of the NGO programmes – main report EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014: Review of Risk Management 
Environment and sustainable development Conservation of European cultural heritage Civil society Schengen and the judiciary Health and childcare Institutional capacity building and human resource development Academic research and scholarships Regional and cross-border cooperation Institutional capacity building 
Sustainable city campus in Cork (Ireland): Lifetime lab project The 1999-2003 Financial Instrument supported the restoration and transformation of a former waterworks site into a multi-purpose facility. 
The overall objective of the project was the promote energy efficiency and sustainability, while at the same time restoring Cork’s architectural and industrial heritage. 
In the period 1999–2003, Greece, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Portugal and Spain received €119.6 million from the EEA EFTA States (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). 
Projects were supported within the fields of environmental protection, urban renewal, pollution in urban areas, protection of cultural heritage, transport, education and training, and academic research. 
About 93 % of the funding was spent on projects related to environmental protection. 
Download the Final report for the Financial Instrument 1999-2003. 
Financial Mechanism 1994–1998[1] 
The Spanish project Vía de la Plata -Extremadura is a remarkable achievement in restoring the ancient Roman road Vía de la Plata. 
The project received the prestigious 2005 European Heritage Award in the category Conservation of Cultural Landscapes. 
The Financial Mechanism 1994-1998 covers Greece, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Portugal and Spain. 
The projects were supported within the fields of environmental protection, education and training, and transport. 
In addition to the €500 million in project support, interest rebates were granted on loans amounting to €1.5 billion in the European Investment Bank (EIB). 
Finland, Sweden and Austria, which until 1994 had been members of EFTA, left the association to join the EU. 
The European Commission took over the responsibilities for the contributions of these three countries to the Financial Mechanism 1994-1998. 
Download the Final report for the Financial Mechanism 1994-1998. 
References 
External links 
Youth Participation in the Labour Market 
Local Development and Poverty Reduction 
PS 3: Environment, Energy, Climate Change and Low Carbon Economy 
Environment and Ecosystems 
Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Energy Security 
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 
PS 4: Culture, Civil Society, Good Governance, and Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 
Cultural Entrepreneurship, Cultural Heritage and Cultural Cooperation 
Civil Society 
Good Governance, Accountable Institutions, Transparency 
Human Rights – National Implementation 
The project AYEN (Active Youth Entrepreneurship Network), funded by the Fund for Youth Employment, started in 2018. 
The project aims to build a transnational entrepreneurial network. 
It will enable young people who are not in education, employment, or training (NEETS) to find opportunities within their own community that can be developed into new businesses and jobs. 
The project includes partners from Croatia, Greece, Italy, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania and Norway. 
PS 5: Justice and Home Affairs 
Asylum and Migration 
Correctional Services and Pre-trial Detention 
International Police Cooperation and Combating Crime 
Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Judicial System, Strengthening Rule of Law 
Domestic and Gender-based Violence 
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness 
A new feature of the EEA and Norway Grants 2014-2021 is the establishment of the Fund for Youth Employment (€65.5 million) and the Fund for Regional Cooperation (€34.5 million). 
These Funds support European cross-border and transnational project initiatives to find solutions to some of Europe’s common challenges. 
Cooperation and external partners 
The Donor Programme Partners (DPPs) play a strategic role in programme planning and implementation, as well as in facilitating project partnership. 
In the 2014-2021 funding period, there are 21 DPPs involved (two from Iceland, one from Liechtenstein and 18 from Norway). 
The Donor Programme Partners are mostly public bodies with national mandates in their respective fields and with extensive international experience. 
These DPPs have been designated on the initiative of the donor countries. 
Intergovernmental organisations and actors play an important role in the EEA and Norway Grants, as they monitor compliance with international conventions and treaties across Europe. 
These organisations provide assistance in areas linked to human rights, democracy and the rule of law. 
In order to ensure that the programmes and projects of the EEA and Norway Grants are aligned with European and international standards, the donors have established strategic partnerships with three European partners, which act as International Partner Organisations (IPOs) in the 2014-2021 funding period: 
EEA and Norway Grants 2009–2014[1] 
Logo of the EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014. 
For the period 2009-2014, €1.8 billion was set aside under the Grants. 
The EEA Grants (€993.5 million), jointly financed by Iceland (3 %), Liechtenstein (1 %) and Norway (96 %), were available in 16 countries. 
The Norway Grants (€804.6 million), solely financed by Norway, were available in the 13 countries that joined the EU after 2003. 
Spain received only transitional funding in the 2009-2014 period. 
Croatia became member of the EU and EEA in 2014, and consequently a beneficiary country of the EEA and Norway Grants. 
Table 1. 
EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014 funding 
* % incurred of eligible expenditure amount. 
Data extracted on 5 September 2019 and subject to change. 
Source: End Review of the EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014, rapid assessment: final report, March 2019. 
Areas of support 
Funds allocated per Priority Sector 
In the 2009-2014 period, the EEA and Norway Grants’ support was provided under nine Priority Sectors (PSs) and 32 Programme Areas (PAs) as presented in Table 2. 
The allocated funds per Priority Sector are shown in the figure below. 
Table 2. 
Priority Sectors (PSs) and Programme Areas (PAs) under EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014 
EEA Grants Norway Grants Environment Protection and Management Integrated Marine and Inland Water management Biodiversity and ecosystem services Environmental Monitoring and Integrated Planning and Control Reduction of Hazardous Substances Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Carbon Capture and Storage Climate Change and Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Adaptation to Climate Change Maritime Sector Environmental and Climate Change-related Research and Technology Green Industry Innovation Green Industry Innovation Civil Society Funds for Non-Governmental Organisations Decent Work and Tripartite Dialogue Global Fund for Decent Work and Tripartite Dialogue Justice and Home Affairs Domestic and Gender-based Violence Schengen Co-operation and Combating Cross-border and Organised Crime, including Trafficking and Itinerant Criminal Groups Judicial Capacity-building and Co-operation Correctional Services, including Non-Custodial Sanctions Justice and Home Affairs Human and Social Development Children and Youth at Risk Local and Regional Initiatives to Reduce National Inequalities and to Promote Social Inclusion Public Health Initiatives Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Promoting Work-Life Balance Institutional Framework in the Asylum and Migration Sector Human and Social Development Capacity-building and Institutional Co-operation between Beneficiary State and Norwegian Public Institutions, Local and Regional Authorities Cross-border Co-operation Public Health Initiatives Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Promoting Work-Life Balance Protecting Cultural Heritage Conservation and Revitalisation of Cultural and Natural Heritage Promotion of Diversity in Culture and Arts within European Cultural Heritage Research and Scholarship Research within Priority Sectors Scholarships Research and Scholarship Bilateral Research Co-operation Bilateral Scholarship Programme 
Source: Blue Book 2009-2014 
Cooperation 
Cooperation through bilateral programmes and projects provides an arena for exchange of knowledge, mutual learning from best practice and developing joint policies. 
23 Donor Programme Partners (DPPs) were involved in the 2009-2014 funding period (20 from Norway, two from Iceland and one from Liechtenstein). 
In addition, the Council of Europe counted as DPP in several programmes. 
More than 30 % of the 7 000 projects funded in this period had a Donor Project Partner involved. 
There were nearly 1 000 partners from the donor countries (185 from Iceland, 11 from Liechtenstein and 780 from Norway). 
Results 
The End Review of the EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014 sheds light on the Grants support in 16 EU countries. 
The following independent evaluations and reviews have been conducted for the 2009-2014 funding period: 
Through the support of the EEA and Norway Grants, the Sastipen NGO in Romania trained health workers with a Roma background to provide basic health services for people living in remote villages. As a result, 45 clinics were established and 130 000 people have better access to health services. 
A survey supported by the Grants also provided much needed information about health problems affecting the Roma population. 
Source: https://eeagrants.org/archive/2009-2014/projects/RO19-0003 
Rapid assessment of research programmes 
The EEA and Norway Grants’ results and data portal provides more information about the programmes and projects funded under the 2009-2014 period. 
EEA and Norway Grants 2004–2009[2] 
Logo of the EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009, also referred to as EEA and Norwegian Financial Mechanisms 2004-2009. 
With the enlargement of the EU in 2004, ten new countries – Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia – not only joined the EU, but also the European Economic Area (EEA). 
The EEA and Norway Grants made available €1.3 million for the 2004-2009 period. 
The EEA Grants (€672 million) supported 15 beneficiary states in Central and Southern Europe. 
The Norway Grants provided an additional €567 million to the ten countries that joined the EU in 2004. 
Apart from these two mechanisms, Norway allocated €68 million through the Norwegian bilateral cooperation programmes with Bulgaria and Romania, once the two states joined the EU in 2007. 
Norway, as the largest donor, provided close to 97 % of the total funding in 2004-2009. 
Areas of support 
From 2004 to 2009, 1 250 projects were awarded financial support through the EEA and Norwegian Financial Mechanisms. 
These projects were funded under the following areas of support: 
Cooperation 
More than one in five supported projects were partnership projects between entities in the beneficiary states, and Iceland, Liechtenstein or Norway. 
Results [5] 
The EEA and Norway Grants continues to support Home for Cooperation, situated in the UN Buffer Zone in the heart of Nicosia, Cyprus. 
The cultural and educational centre has become an important meeting place for organisations from all over the island. 
The End review of the EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009 concluded that “the EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009 have contributed to reducing disparities in Europe […] and the benefits locally have been significant” (Final report, Nordic Consulting Group, January 2012). 
The following independent evaluations and reviews have been conducted for the 2004-2009 funding period: 
EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Review of Norwegian partnership projects EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of NGO funds EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Review of funding to energy saving and renewable energy production in Poland EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Mid-term evaluation EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Review of funding to biodiversity EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: evaluation of the support to the Schengen acquis and to strengthening of the judiciary EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Review of cultural heritage support in the Czech Republic EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of the funding to health and childcare in Romania EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of the funding of health and childcare in Lithuania EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of the funding to health and childcare in Hungary EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of the funding to health and childcare in the Czech Republic EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of the funding to health and childcare EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Review of the regional development and cross-border cooperation EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of the funding to the cultural heritage sector EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: End-review EEA and Norway Grants 2004-2009: Evaluation of the funding to the academic research sector 
Financial Instrument 1999–2003[1] 
Studies have shown that PHMG in solution has fungicidal as well as bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.[2] The substance also has detergent, anti-corrosive, and flocculant properties and prevents biofouling.[3] PHMG-P is a white powdered solid,[1] and as all polyguanidine salts, readily soluble in water.[3] 
Toxicity 
Unlike the related polymer polyhexanide (PHMB), PHMG has been described as a relatively new compound with properties, potency, and effects being not yet fully recognized. 
Preliminary findings indicate that PHMG and its derivatives primarily rely on damaging the cell membrane by inhibiting the activity of cellular dehydrogenases.[1] 
When PHMG is aerosolized and inhaled, it harms the lungs, causing death of the cells lining the bronchioles and widespread damage to alveoli, along with bronchiolitis obliterans,[4][2] an often fatal form of non-reversible obstructive lung disease in which the bronchiole are compressed and narrowed by fibrosis (scar tissue) and/or inflammation.[6] 
Toy Story 2 is a 1999 American computer-animated comedy film directed by John Lasseter and produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures.[4] It is the sequel to 1995's Toy Story, the second film in the Toy Story franchise and the first ever computer animated sequel. 
In the film, Woody is stolen by a toy collector, prompting Buzz Lightyear and his friends to rescue him, but Woody is then tempted by the idea of immortality in a museum. 
Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Don Rickles, Wallace Shawn, John Ratzenberger, Jim Varney, Annie Potts, R. Lee Ermey, John Morris, and Laurie Metcalf all reprise their character roles from the original film. 
The returning cast is joined by Joan Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, Estelle Harris, Jodi Benson, and Wayne Knight, who voice the new characters introduced in this film. 
Toy Story 3 is a 2010 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures. 
It is the third (originally intended final) installment in Pixar's Toy Story series,[2] and the sequel to 1999's Toy Story 2. 
It was directed by Lee Unkrich, the editor of the first two films and the co-director of Toy Story 2, written by Michael Arndt, while Unkrich wrote the story along with John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton, respectively director and co-writer of the first two films. 
Cars 3 is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated comedy-adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. 
Directed by Brian Fee in his directorial debut and written by Kiel Murray, Bob Peterson and Mike Rich, it is the third installment of the Cars film franchise and a stand-alone sequel to Cars 2 (2011). 
It was executive-produced by then-chief creative officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar, John Lasseter, who directed the first two Cars films. 
The returning voices of Owen Wilson, Bonnie Hunt and Larry the Cable Guy are joined by Cristela Alonzo, Chris Cooper, Armie Hammer, Nathan Fillion, Kerry Washington and Lea DeLaria, in addition to a dozen NASCAR personalities.[1] In the film, Lightning McQueen sets out to prove to a new generation of high tech race cars that he is still the best race car in the world. 
Brave is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. 
It was directed by Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman and co-directed by Steve Purcell. 
The story is by Chapman, with the screenplay by Andrews, Purcell, Chapman and Irene Mecchi. 
The film was produced by Katherine Sarafian, with John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Pete Docter as executive producers. 
The film's voice cast features Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly, Emma Thompson, Julie Walters, Robbie Coltrane, Kevin McKidd, and Craig Ferguson. 
Set in the Scottish Highlands, the film tells the story of a princess named Merida who defies an age-old custom, causing chaos in the kingdom by expressing the desire not to be betrothed. 
Merida is the first, and currently, only Disney princess created by Pixar. 
The film is also dedicated to Steve Jobs, who died before the film's release. 
Specifications 
Hardware 
The iPhone 11, along with the iPhone 11 Pro, uses Apple's A13 Bionic processor, which contains a third-generation neural engine. 
It has three internal storage options: 64 GB, 128 GB, and 256GB. 
It also has 4 GB of RAM.[13] The iPhone 11 has an IP68 water and dust-resistant rating along with dirt and grime, and is water-resistant up to two meters for 30 minutes. 
However, the manufacturer warranty does not cover liquid damage to the phone. 
Also, like previous iPhones, both phones do not have a headphone jack, and come with wired EarPods with a Lightning connector.[2][13] The iPhone 11 is the first smartphone with built-in ultra-wideband hardware, via its Apple U1 chip.[14][15][16] 
Display 
The iPhone 11 has a 6.1 in (15.5 cm) IPS LCD, unlike the Pro models which have OLED displays. 
The resolution is 1792 × 828 pixels (1.5 megapixels at 326 ppi) with a maximum brightness of 625 nits and a 1400:1 contrast ratio. 
It supports Dolby Vision, HDR10, True-Tone, and wide color gamut. 
As with the iPhone 11 Pro, XR, XS, and X, the display has a notch at the top for the TrueDepth camera system and the speaker. 
The display has an oleophobic coating that is fingerprint-resistant.[1][2] Apple announced in September 2019 that both the iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro would show a warning notification if a display was replaced with an unauthorized part. 
Apple stated that problems with the phone could arise if the wrong parts or procedures were used during the repair process.[17] 
Camera 
The iPhone 11 includes a dual-lens 12MP rear camera array. There is one f/2.4 ultra wide angle lens with a 120 degree field of view and 2x optical zoom out and one f/1.8 wide angle lens. 
The iPhone 11 supports 4K video at up to 60 fps and 1080p slow motion at up to 240 fps.[1] The phone also features an audio zoom feature which focuses audio on the area that is being zoomed in on, similar to the Pro model.[2] Both of the cameras support video although only the primary lens has OIS. 
It supports a Portrait Mode with depth control and an advanced Bokeh effect. 
The phone also has an automatic Night Mode allowing the camera to take brighter pictures with reduced noise in low light environments. There is also a redesigned camera app that adds new features such as a scroll wheel for choosing between the different lenses and a feature called “QuickTake,” which allows the user to long-press the shutter button to take a video. 
Apple has also announced a new Deep Fusion feature which takes advantage of AI and machine learning for image processing and was released via iOS 13.2 software update on October 29.[7][13][18] 
Software 
The iPhone 11 shipped with iOS 13,[1] which includes Siri, Face ID (through the TrueDepth camera), Apple Pay, and supports Apple Card. 
Reception 
The iPhone 11 drew generally positive reviews after its launch.[19][20] Reviews generally praised the phone's performance, battery life, and cameras, while criticizing the display as passable, but aging quickly. 
Reviewers also criticized the notch as being far too large for 2019. 
According to Counterpoint Research's Market Pulse, it was the second best-selling model globally for 2019, in less than four months of launch.[21] 
Timeline of iPhone models 
External links 
The iPhone 11 is a smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. 
It is the thirteenth generation lower-priced iPhone, succeeding the iPhone XR. 
It was unveiled on September 10, 2019, alongside the higher-end iPhone 11 Pro flagship at the Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park, Cupertino by Apple CEO Tim Cook. 
Pre-orders began on September 13, 2019, and was officially released on September 20, 2019, one day after the official public release of iOS 13. 
The prominent changes compared with the iPhone XR are the Apple A13 Bionic chip, and an ultra wide dual camera system.[5] While the iPhone 11 Pro comes with an 18W Lightning to USB-C fast charger, the iPhone 11 comes with the same 5W charger found on previous iPhones, even though this faster charger is compatible with both models.[6][7] 
Design 
The iPhone 11 is available in six colors: Purple, Yellow, Green, Black, White, and Product Red. 
There is a notch at the front for the TrueDepth camera system and speaker, similar to its predecessor, the iPhone XR. 
There is a bump in the back for the cameras and the flash that is the same size as the iPhone 11 Pro, although the iPhone 11 only has two cameras compared to the Pro's three cameras.[1][4] Also, the iPhone 11 has a matte glass rear camera housing and glossy glass back, while the iPhone 11 Pro has a glossy glass rear camera housing and matte glass back. 
The Apple logo is now centered on the back of the device with no text, a change from previous models. 
Decommunization in Russia is the process of dealing with the communist legacies in terms of institutions and personnel that tends towards breaking with the Soviet past. 
Compared with the efforts of the other former constituents of the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union, it has been restricted to half-measures, if conducted at all.[1] 
The facade of the Grand Kremlin Palace was restored to its original form after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. 
The State Emblem of the USSR and the embedded letters forming the abbreviation of the USSR (CCCP) were both removed and replaced by five Russian double-headed eagles. 
An additional restoration of the coat of arms of the various territories of the Russian Empire were placed above the eagles 
Coup investigation, 1991–1992 
A large part of the archives of the Communist Party (preserved now in state archives such as Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and State Archive of the Russian Federation), including almost all documents of its Central Committee, remains classified.[10][11][12] For a 1993 view on the problem, see Khubova, Dar'ia & Vitaly Chernetsky (1993).[13] For an example of documents surreptitiously copied in those archives by Vladimir Bukovsky in 1992, see the Bukovsky Archives: Communism on Trial, 1937–1994[14] compiled and put online by the late Julia Zaks in 1999. 
In 1992, several People's Deputies sued Yeltsin, demanding that his 1991 decrees concerning the Communist Party be declared acts that violated the principles of the contemporary Constitution. 
On 30 November 1992, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation partially reviewed the decrees and lifted the ban against the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR[15] 
Notable anti-communist measures in the Russian Federation are the banning of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (and creating the Communist Party of the Russian Federation) as well as the names of some Russian cities reverting to what they were before the 1917 October Revolution (Leningrad to Saint Petersburg, Sverdlovsk to Yekaterinburg and Gorky to Nizhny Novgorod)[1] though others were maintained with Ulyanovsk and Tolyatti being examples. 
Even though Leningrad and Sverdlovsk were renamed, regions that were named after them are still officially called Leningrad's and Sverdlovsk's regions. 
However, Nostalgia for the Soviet Union is gradually on the rise in Russia.[3] Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in state-controlled media as banning them is seen by the foreign ministry as "sacrilege" and "a perverse idea of good and evil".[2] The decommunization process in neighbouring Ukraine was also met with criticism by Russia,[2] and Soviet war crimes continue to be regularly dismissed as "Western myth".[4] 
August 1991 attempted coup 
On 23 August 1991, two days after the failure of the August Coup, the people applauded Russian President, Boris Yeltsin, for suspending the existence of the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR pending investigation of its role in the recent events. 
This decision was taken over the objections of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who insisted that the Party as a whole was not to blame.[5] The Communist Party Regional committees (obkom) in the Russian SFSR were closed, and the building of the Central Committee of the CPSU on the Old Square in Moscow was sealed. 
Within a few weeks of the coup, the Soviet Union peacefully broke up. 
On 6 November 1991, Yeltsin banned the Soviet Communist Party (CPSU), which had exercised pervasive control over the Soviet society for years.[7] The breakup of the Soviet Union was acknowledged in the Belavezha Accords of 8 December, ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR on 12 December. 
On 26 December 1991, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was declared. 
Its largest constituent republic, the Russian SFSR, was renamed the Russian Federation. 
It was formally established on 1 January 1992 and became the successor state to the Soviet Union. 
In many ex-colonial territories, anti-British sentiment was particularly prevalent before and immediately after achieving independence but has ameliorated since.[citation needed] 
There is a long tradition of anti-British sentiment, especially anti-English sentiment since the Norman invasion of Ireland and often more specifically Anglophobia, within Irish nationalism. 
Much of this was grounded in the hostility felt by the largely Catholic poor for the Anglo-Irish gentry, which was mainly Anglican. 
In post-famine Ireland, anti-English hostility was adopted into the philosophy and foundation of the Irish nationalist movement. 
At the turn of the twentieth century, the Celtic Revival movement associated the search for a cultural and national identity with increasing anti-colonial and anti-English sentiment. 
Anti-British sentiment is prejudice, fear or hatred against the British Government, the culture or the people of the United Kingdom, or its Overseas Territories. 
Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical "crossroads" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. 
Human activity in the region began with the extinct Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and the Caspian and Balkhash areas. 
Neanderthals were present from 140,000 to 40,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and central Kazakhstan. 
Modern Homo sapiens appeared from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago in southern, central, and eastern Kazakhstan. 
After the end of the last glacial period (12,500 to 5,000 years ago), human settlement spread across the country and led to the extinction of the mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros. 
Hunter-gatherer communes invented bows and boats, and used domesticated wolves and traps for hunting. 
The Neolithic Revolution was marked by the appearance of animal husbandry and agriculture, giving rise to the Atbasar,[1] Kelteminar,[1] Botai,[1] and Ust-Narym cultures.[1] The Botai culture (3600–3100 BCE) is credited with the first domestication of horses, and ceramics and polished-stone tools also appeared during this period. 
The fourth and third millennia witnessed the beginning of metal production, the manufacture of copper tools, and the use of casting molds. 
In the second millennium BCE, ore mining developed in central Kazakhstan. 
The change in climate forced the massive relocation of populations in and out of the steppe belt. 
The dry period which lasted from the end of the second millennium to the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE caused the depopulation of the arid belts and river-valley oasis areas; the populations of these areas moved north to the forest steppe. 
Ural (Russian: Ура́л) is a geographical region located around the Ural Mountains, between the East European and West Siberian plains. 
It is considered a part of Eurasian Steppe, extending approximately from the North to the South; from the Arctic Ocean to the end of Ural River near Orsk city. 
The border between Europe and Asia runs along the Eastern side of the Ural Mountains.[3] Ural mostly lies within Russia but also includes a small part of Northwestern Kazakhstan. 
This is a historical, not an official entity, with borders overlapping its Western Volga and Eastern Siberia neighboring regions. 
At some point in the past, parts of the currently existing Ural region were considered a gateway to Siberia, or even Siberia itself, and were combined with the Volga administrative the divisions. 
Today, there are two official namesake entities; the Ural Federal District and the Ural economic region. 
While the latter follows the historical borders, the former is a political product; the District omits Western Ural and includes Western Siberia instead. 
Etymology 
From the 11th century, the region of the Ural Mountains was called Kamyen’ (Камень, "the Stone") by Russians. 
In the mid-16th – early 17th century, the southern parts became known as Ural, which later spread to the entire area. 
The name probably originated from Turkic "aral". 
This word literally means "island" and was used for any territory different from the surrounding terrain. 
In Bashkortostan there is a 13th-century legend about a hero named Ural . 
He sacrificed his life for the sake of his people, and they poured a stone pile over his grave, which later turned into the Ural Mountains.[1] 
Topography 
The Vatican announced the creation of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development (Dicasterium ad integram humanam progressionem fovendam in Latin) on 31 August 2016 and it became effective 1 January 2017. 
Cardinal Peter K. A. Turkson was named its first prefect. 
The Prefect is to be assisted by a Secretary and at least one Undersecretary. 
This dicastery of the Roman Curia combined the work of four Pontifical Councils established following the Second Vatican Council: Justice and Peace, Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People, Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers, and Cor Unum.[1] Pope Francis has given it responsibility for "issues regarding migrants, those in need, the sick, the excluded and marginalized, the imprisoned and the unemployed, as well as victims of armed conflict, natural disasters, and all forms of slavery and torture".[2] 
On 16 June 2017 the Pope named Bruno Marie Duffé, a French professor with long experience in human rights and relief work, the dicastery's Secretary.[3] Fr. 
Nicola Riccardi and Msgr. Segundo Tejado Muñoz were named undersecretaries, on 8 July 2017. 
The Pope announced that "temporarily" he would personally direct the special Section for Migrants and Refugees as a part of the Dicastery.[4] He named the Canadian Jesuit Fr. 
Michael Czerny (later cardinal) and the Italian Scalabrinian Fr. Fabio Baggio to serve as undersecretaries for issues related to refugees and migrants.[5] 
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is an available cruise control system for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. 
As of 2019, it is also called by 20 unique names that describe that basic functionality. 
This is also known as Dynamic cruise control.[1] 
ACC technology is widely regarded as a key component of future generations of intelligent cars. 
They impact driver safety and convenience as well as increasing road capacity by maintaining optimal separation between vehicles and reducing driver errors. 
Vehicles with autonomous cruise control are considered a Level 1 autonomous car, as defined by SAE International.[2] When combined with another driver assist feature such as lane centering, the vehicle is considered a Level 2 autonomous car. 
Adaptive cruise control does not provide full autonomy: the system only provides some help to the driver, but does not drive the car by itself.[3] 
History 
A single Gosper's Glider Gun creating "gliders" in Conway's Game of Life 
Conway is especially known for the invention of the Game of Life, one of the early examples of a cellular automaton. 
His initial experiments in that field were done with pen and paper, long before personal computers existed. 
Since the game was introduced by Martin Gardner in Scientific American in 1970,[19] it has spawned hundreds of computer programs, web sites, and articles.[20] It is a staple of recreational mathematics. 
There is an extensive wiki devoted to curating and cataloging the various aspects of the game.[21] From the earliest days, it has been a favorite in computer labs, both for its theoretical interest and as a practical exercise in programming and data display. 
At times Conway had said he hates the Game of Life—largely because it has come to overshadow some of the other deeper and more important things he has done.[22] Nevertheless, the game did help launch a new branch of mathematics, the field of cellular automata.[23] 
The Game of Life is known to be Turing complete.[24][25] 
Conway's career was intertwined with that of mathematics popularizer and Scientific American columnist Martin Gardner. 
When Gardner featured Conway's Game of Life in his Mathematical Games column in October 1970, it became the most widely read of all his columns and made Conway an instant celebrity.[26][27] Gardner and Conway had first corresponded in the late 1950s, and over the years Gardner had frequently written about recreational aspects of Conway's work.[28] For instance, he discussed Conway's game of Sprouts (Jul 1967), Hackenbush (Jan 1972), and his angel and devil problem (Feb 1974). 
In the September 1976 column, he reviewed Conway's book On Numbers and Games and even managed to explain Conway's surreal numbers.[29] 
Conway was probably the most important member of Martin Gardner's Mathematical Grapevine. 
He regularly visited Gardner and often wrote him long letters summarizing his recreational research. 
In a 1976 visit, Gardner kept him for a week, pumping him for information on the Penrose tilings which had just been announced. 
Conway had discovered many (if not most) of the major properties of the tilings.[30] Gardner used these results when he introduced the world to Penrose tiles in his January 1977 column.[31] The cover of that issue of Scientific American features the Penrose tiles and is based on a sketch by Conway.[3] 
Conferences called Gathering 4 Gardner are held every two years to celebrate the legacy of Martin Gardner, and Conway himself was often a featured speaker at these events, discussing various aspects of recreational mathematics.[32][33] 
Major areas of research 
Conway was widely known for his contributions to combinatorial game theory (CGT), a theory of partisan games. 
This he developed with Elwyn Berlekamp and Richard Guy, and with them also co-authored the book Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. 
He also wrote the book On Numbers and Games (ONAG) which lays out the mathematical foundations of CGT. 
He was also one of the inventors of sprouts, as well as philosopher's football. He developed detailed analyses of many other games and puzzles, such as the Soma cube, peg solitaire, and Conway's soldiers. 
He came up with the angel problem, which was solved in 2006. 
He invented a new system of numbers, the surreal numbers, which are closely related to certain games and have been the subject of a mathematical novelette by Donald Knuth.[34] He also invented a nomenclature for exceedingly large numbers, the Conway chained arrow notation. Much of this is discussed in the 0th part of ONAG. 
Geometry 
In the mid-1960s with Michael Guy, Conway established that there are sixty-four convex uniform polychora excluding two infinite sets of prismatic forms. They discovered the grand antiprism in the process, the only non-Wythoffian uniform polychoron. 
Conway has also suggested a system of notation dedicated to describing polyhedra called Conway polyhedron notation. 
In the theory of tessellations, he devised the Conway criterion which describes rules for deciding if a prototile will tile the plane.[35] 
In knot theory, Conway formulated a new variation of the Alexander polynomial and produced a new invariant now called the Conway polynomial.[36] After lying dormant for more than a decade, this concept became central to work in the 1980s on the novel knot polynomials.[37] Conway further developed tangle theory and invented a system of notation for tabulating knots, nowadays known as Conway notation, while correcting a number of errors in the 19th century knot tables and extending them to include all but four of the non-alternating primes with 11 crossings.[38] 
Group theory 
John Horton Conway FRS[1] (26 December 1937 – 11 April 2020)[3] was an English mathematician active in the theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory. 
He also made contributions to many branches of recreational mathematics, most notably the invention of the cellular automaton called the Game of Life. 
Conway spent the first half of his long career at the University of Cambridge in England, and the second half at Princeton University in New Jersey, where he held the title John von Neumann Professor Emeritus.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] On 11 April 2020, at age 82, he died of COVID-19 at his home in New Jersey.[11] 
He was the primary author of the ATLAS of Finite Groups giving properties of many finite simple groups. 
Working with his colleagues Robert Curtis and Simon P. Norton he constructed the first concrete representations of some of the sporadic groups. More specifically, he discovered three sporadic groups based on the symmetry of the Leech lattice, which have been designated the Conway groups.[39] This work made him a key player in the successful classification of the finite simple groups. 
Based on a 1978 observation by mathematician John McKay, Conway and Norton formulated the complex of conjectures known as monstrous moonshine. 
This subject, named by Conway, relates the monster group with elliptic modular functions, thus bridging two previously distinct areas of mathematics—finite groups and complex function theory. 
Monstrous moonshine theory has now been revealed to also have deep connections to string theory.[40] 
Number theory 
As a graduate student, he proved one case of a conjecture by Edward Waring, that every integer could be written as the sum of 37 numbers each raised to the fifth power, though Chen Jingrun solved the problem independently before Conway's work could be published.[41] 
Conway has written textbooks and done original work in algebra, focusing particularly on quaternions and octonions.[42] Together with Neil Sloane, he invented the icosians.[43] 
Algorithmics 
Education and early life 
For calculating the day of the week, he invented the Doomsday algorithm. 
The algorithm is simple enough for anyone with basic arithmetic ability to do the calculations mentally. 
Conway can usually give the correct answer in under two seconds. 
To improve his speed, he practiced his calendrical calculations on his computer, which is programmed to quiz him with random dates every time he logs on. 
One of his early books was on finite-state machines. 
Theoretical physics 
In 2004, Conway and Simon B. Kochen, another Princeton mathematician, proved the free will theorem, a startling version of the "no hidden variables" principle of quantum mechanics. 
It states that given certain conditions, if an experimenter can freely decide what quantities to measure in a particular experiment, then elementary particles must be free to choose their spins to make the measurements consistent with physical law. 
In Conway's provocative wording: "if experimenters have free will, then so do elementary particles."[44] 
Conway received the Berwick Prize (1971),[45] was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (1981),[2] was the first recipient of the Pólya Prize (LMS) (1987),[45] won the Nemmers Prize in Mathematics (1998) and received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (2000) of the American Mathematical Society. 
In 2017 Conway was given honorary membership of the British Mathematical Association.[46] 
Death 
On 8 April 2020, Conway, who had been struggling with health problems for years, developed a fever from COVID-19. 
On 11 April 2020, Conway died at age 82.[1][2][47] 
Conway was born in Liverpool,[12] on 26 December 1937, the son of Cyril Horton Conway and Agnes Boyce.[13][3] He became interested in mathematics at a very early age. By the age of eleven his ambition was to become a mathematician.[14][15] 
After leaving sixth form, Conway entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge[1] to study mathematics. 
Conway, who was a "terribly introverted adolescent" in school, interpreted his admission to Cambridge as an opportunity to transform himself into a new person: an "extrovert".[16][17] 
He was awarded his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1959 and began to undertake research in number theory supervised by Harold Davenport. 
Having solved the open problem posed by Davenport on writing numbers as the sums of fifth powers, Conway began to become interested in infinite ordinals.[1] It appears that his interest in games began during his years studying the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos, where he became an avid backgammon player, spending hours playing the game in the common room. 
He was awarded his doctorate in 1964 and was appointed as College Fellow and Lecturer in Mathematics at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.[18] 
After leaving Cambridge in 1986, he took up the appointment to the John von Neumann Chair of Mathematics at Princeton University.[1] 
On 14 December 2016, Pope Francis appointed him under-secretary of the Migrants and Refugees Section of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, effective 1 January 2017, along with Scalabrinian Father Fabio Baggio.[5] Discussing his new responsibility, he called migration "one of the most important and urgent human phenomena of our times", adding: "There’s hardly a place in the planet which is not touched by this phenomenon. Indeed, though many are not aware of it, there are more people moving in Russia and China today than in any other part of the world.”[9] 
In 2016 he commissioned Timothy Schmalz to create the Angels Unawares sculpture that depicts a boat carrying migrants and refugees wearing clothes that identify them with a variety of cultures and time periods. 
It was inaugurated in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican in 2019.[10] 
On 4 May 2019, Francis named him one of two Special Secretaries for the October 2019 Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region.[13] At the press conference introducing the Synod's concluding document, he said the Church needs to learn to respect cultural differences: "Not to assume that the way I am or the way we are is definitive, is the norm, is the way it has to be … differences have to be embraced". Asked to define what the synod's participants meant by "synodality", he said: "Everyone had a sense of what it meant because we were doing it. Could we explain that in words... does it matter?".[14] A few years before, in 2015, he wrote that there were "limitations and fragmentations" among the organizations of the Amazon before REPAM but the organization coordinated the work of the Catholic Church in the Amazon region and has worked to defend indigenous peoples and the environment.[15] 
On 5 October 2019, Pope Francis made him Cardinal.[19] On 19 January 2020, Cardinal Czerny took possession of the Deaconry of San Michele Arcangelo [it], in Pietralata, Rome.[20] His coat of arms is composed of a green field evocative of Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato si', a gold boat carrying a family of four refugees, the seal of the Society of Jesus, and the word "suscipe", the word that opens the prayer in the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius Loyola: Suscipe, Domine, universam meam libertatem (“Take, Lord, all my liberty") and also evokes the Gospel command to "receive" the stranger. Czerny’s pectoral cross, made by the Italian artist Domenico Pellegrino, is fashioned from the remains of a boat used by migrants to cross the Mediterranean Sea and reach the Italian island of Lampedusa.[21][22] 
Michael F. Czerny SJ (born 18 July 1946) is a Czechoslovakian-born Canadian Catholic Cardinal, a member of the Jesuits, whose work in Latin America, Africa, and Rome has promoted social justice. 
He has been under-secretary of the Migrants and Refugees Section of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development since 1 January 2017. 
Pope Francis created him cardinal on 5 October 2019.[3] 
From 1992 to 2002, Czerny worked in the Social Justice Secretariat at the Jesuit General Curia in Rome. 
In 2002 he founded the African Jesuit AIDS Network and directed it until 2010. During these nine years, he initiated and coordinated efforts by Jesuits and others in nearly 30 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa to provide pastoral care, education, health services, social and spiritual support, and to fight stigma for victims of HIV/AIDS, and channelled resources from foreign sources. During that time, he also taught at Hekima University College in Nairobi.[1] In 2009, he argued that condoms were ineffective in preventing the spread of HIV in Africa's general population, despite their success "outside Africa and amongst identifiable sub-groups (e.g. prostitutes, gay men)".[7][8] 
Laudato si' (English: Praise Be to You!) is the second encyclical of Pope Francis. 
The encyclical has the subtitle "on care for our common home".[1] In it, the pope critiques consumerism and irresponsible development, laments environmental degradation and global warming, and calls all people of the world to take "swift and unified global action."[2] 
The encyclical, dated 24 May 2015, was officially published at noon on 18 June 2015, accompanied by a news conference.[2] The Vatican released the document in Italian, German, English, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese and Arabic, alongside the original Latin.[3] 
The encyclical is the second published by Francis, after Lumen fidei ("The Light of Faith"), which was released in 2013. 
Since Lumen fidei was largely the work of Francis's predecessor Benedict XVI, Laudato si' is generally viewed as the first encyclical that is entirely the work of Francis.[4][5] 
Fabio Baggio (Bassano del Grappa, 1965) is an Italian priest of the Scalabrinian Missionaries, a collaborator of Pope Francis and one of the Vatican officials in charge of migrations.[1] He defend the opening of legal doors for migrants and refugees.[2][3] 
He has a degree in Theology and History and a doctorate in Church History from the Pontifical Gregorian University. 
He has taught at several universities. 
He was consultant on the migrations of the Episcopal Conference of Chile and director of Migrations of the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires. 
He has also been the director of the Scalabrini Migration Center in the Philippines from 2002 to 2010 and the Scalabrini International Migration Institute at the Pontifical Urban University since 2010.[4][5] Since January 2017 he has been the undersecretary of the Migrants and Refugees Section of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development with Michael Czerny.[6][7] 
Hekima College is a Jesuit school of theology in Nairobi, Kenya, affiliated with the Catholic University of Eastern Africa. 
It opened in 1984 as a seminary for Jesuits studying to be priests.[1] Since its opening, Hekima has diversified its student base. 
In 2004 it opened the Institute of Peace Studies and International Relations (HIPSIR).[2] 
Since 2015 the undergraduate theology programme has served a large spectrum of students, including lay women and men, and individuals from fourteen other religious congregations. 
The College's HIPSIR initiative was accredited by the Commission for University Education since 2007 and continues to extend its outreach.[3][4] 
Theodore John Kaczynski (/kəˈzɪnski/; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (/ˈjuːnəbɒmər/), is an American domestic terrorist, anarchist, and former mathematics professor.[2][3][4] He was a mathematics prodigy,[5] but he abandoned his academic career in 1969 to pursue a more primitive lifestyle. 
Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three people and injured 23 others in an attempt to start a revolution by conducting a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology. 
In 1971, Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water near Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient. 
He witnessed the destruction of the wilderness surrounding his cabin and concluded that living in nature was untenable; he began his bombing campaign in 1978. 
In 1995, he sent a letter to The New York Times and promised to "desist from terrorism" if the Times or The Washington Post published his essay Industrial Society and Its Future, in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom and dignity by modern technologies that require large-scale organization. 
Kaczynski was the subject of the longest and most expensive investigation in the history of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. 
Before his identity was known, the FBI used the case identifier UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) to refer to his case, which resulted in the media naming him the "Unabomber". 
The FBI and Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for the publication of Industrial Society and Its Future, which led to a tip from Kaczynski's brother David, who recognized the writing style. 
After his arrest in 1996, Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted him to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty, whereas he did not believe that he was insane. 
In 1998, a plea bargain was reached under which he pleaded guilty to all charges and was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole. 
The Haitian Revolution (French: Révolution haïtienne [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n]) was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. 
The revolt began on 22 August 1791,[3] and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. 
It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. 
The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives.[4] It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World.[5][6] 
Its effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. 
The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms they won, and, with the collaboration of free persons of color, their independence from white Europeans.[7][8][9] The revolution represented the largest slave uprising since Spartacus' unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier,[10] and challenged long-held European beliefs about alleged black inferiority and about enslaved persons' ability to achieve and maintain their own freedom. 
The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened slave owners in the hemisphere.[11] 
Saskia is a feminine name. There are at least two different sources of the name. One is of Dutch and North German origin, where it originally meant "a Saxon woman" (metathesis of "Saxia"). 
The other, thought to be of Slavic origin, means "protector of mankind" (from "Sasha", a shortened form of "Alexandra").[citation needed] 
Saskia Bartusiak (born 1982), German football player Saskia Burmeister (born 1985), Australian actress Saskia Clark, a British sailor Saskia Howard Clarke, a contestant on the Big Brother British television series in 2005 Saskia de Brauw (born 1981), Dutch artist and model Saskia de Coster (born 1976), Belgian writer Saskia de Jonge (born 1986), Dutch swimmer Saskia Elemans (born 1977), Dutch cyclist Saskia Estupinan, Ecuadorian doctor Saskia Fischer, a German actress Saskia Garel (born 1977), Jamaican-Canadian actress Saskia Giorgini, Dutch-Italian pianist Saskia Hamilton (born 1967), American poet Saskia Hampele, an Australian actress Saskia Hippe (born 1991), German volleyball player Saskia Hölbling, an Austrian choreographer and dancer Saskia Holmkvist (born 1971), Swedish artist Saskia Kosterink (born 1984), Dutch softball player Saskia Laroo, a Dutch jazz musician Saskia Linssen (born 1970), Dutch model and actress Saskia Mulder (born 1973), Dutch actress and younger sister of Karen Mulder Saskia Noort (born 1967), Dutch author Saskia Olde Wolbers (born 1971), Dutch video artist Saskia Ozinga, a Dutch environmental and social activist Saskia Ozols, an American artist Saskia Rao-de Haas (born 1971), Dutch cellist based in Delhi, India Saskia Reeves, British actress Saskia Rosendahl, German actress Saskia Sassen (born 1947), Dutch-American sociologist Saskia Loretta van Erven Garcia, a Dutch-Colombian female fencer Saskia van Hintum (born 1970), Dutch volleyball player Saskia van Rijswijk (born 1960), Dutch Muay Thai champion and actress Saskia van Uylenburgh (1612-1642), wife of famous Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn Saskia Wickham (born 1967), British actress Saskia Wummelsdorf (born 1980), German badminton player 
461 Saskia, an asteroid Noah and Saskia, a children's television program Saskia & Serge, a Dutch vocal duo 
Bull is an American legal drama television series starring Michael Weatherly. 
CBS ordered the program to series on May 13, 2016,[1] and it premiered on September 20, 2016.[2] 
In May 2020 the series was renewed for a fifth season. 
Premise 
Cast 
Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez (born 24 July 1981) is a Salvadoran politician and businessman who became the 46th and current President of El Salvador after winning the 2019 election. 
He took office on 1 June 2019. 
Nayib Bukele ran as the candidate of the centre-right GANA party and became the first president since José Napoleón Duarte (1984–1989) not to have been elected as the candidate of one of the country's two major political parties, the FMLN and ARENA. 
He is also the founder of the political party Nuevas Ideas. 
He was previously elected mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán on 11 March 2012. He was also elected mayor of San Salvador on 1 March 2015, and took office on 1 May 2015. 
He contested and won the elections to both public offices under the banner of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front party.[1] 
Nayib Bukele was born on 24 July 1981, in San Salvador. 
He is a son of Olga Ortez de Bukele and Armando Bukele Kattán. 
According to The Times of Israel, Bukele's paternal grandparents were Palestinian Christians from Jerusalem and Bethlehem while his maternal grandmother was Catholic and his maternal grandfather was Greek Orthodox. "His father later converted to Islam and became an imam". "Nayib" is a hispanicized version of the Arabic name "Najib." 
Nayib founded his first company at age 18.[4] An article in the digital newspaper El Faro said that Nayib Bukele owns Yamaha Motors El Salvador,[5] a company that sells and distributes Yamaha products in El Salvador.[6] He was also the Director and President of OBERMET, S.A. DE C.V.[7] 
During his presidency he has been criticized by the opposition which has branded his politics as dictatorial and fascist, especially after deploying the army inside the Legislative Assembly.[2].His strict covid-19 policy and handling of endemic violence in El Salvador has been subject to controversy,as well as ordering the army to surround the legislative building,with some describing him as an autocrat.[3] 
Early life 
Ahmad Shah Massoud (Dari Persian/Pashto: احمد شاه مسعود;[2] September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001) was an Afghan politician and military commander.[3] He was a powerful guerilla commander during the resistance against the Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. 
In the 1990s he led the government's military wing against rival militias and, after the Taliban takeover, was the leading opposition commander against their regime,[4] which he fought against until his assassination in 2001. 
Massoud came from an ethnic Tajik, Sunni Muslim background in the Panjshir valley of northern Afghanistan. 
He began studying engineering at Polytechnical University of Kabul in the 1970s, where he became involved with religious anti-communist movements around Burhanuddin Rabbani, a leading Islamist. 
He was part of a failed uprising against Mohammed Daoud Khan's government.[5] He later joined Rabbani's Jamiat-e Islami party. 
During the Soviet–Afghan War, his role as a powerful mujahideen insurgent leader earned him the nickname of "Lion of Panjshir" (شیر پنجشیر) among his followers as he successfully resisted the Soviets from taking Panjshir Valley. 
In 1992 he signed the Peshawar Accord, a peace and power-sharing agreement, in the post-communist Islamic State of Afghanistan,[6] and was so appointed as the Minister of Defense as well as the government's main military commander. 
His militia fought to defend the capital Kabul against militias led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and other warlords who were bombing the city[7]—and eventually the Taliban, who started to lay siege to the capital in January 1995 after the city had seen fierce fighting with at least 60,000 civilians killed.[8][9] 
Following the rise of the Taliban in 1996, Massoud, who rejected the Taliban's fundamentalist interpretation of Islam,[10] returned to armed opposition until he eventually fled to Kulob, Tajikistan, strategically destroying the Salang Tunnel on his way north. 
He became the military and political leader of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan or Northern Alliance, which by 2000 controlled only between 5 and 10 percent of the country. 
In 2001 he visited Europe and in high-level meetings with the European Parliament urged leaders to pressure Pakistan on its support for the Taliban. 
He also asked for humanitarian aid to help the people's gruesome conditions under the Taliban.[11] Massoud was assassinated at the instigation of al-Qaeda and Taliban in a suicide bombing on September 9, 2001.[citation needed] Two days later the September 11 attacks in the United States occurred, which led to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation invading Afghanistan, allying with Massoud's forces. 
His forces eventually won the two-month long war in December 2001, removing the Taliban from power. 
Massoud was posthumously named "National Hero" by the order of President Hamid Karzai after the Taliban were ousted from power. 
The date of Massoud's death, September 9, is observed as a national holiday known as "Massoud Day".[12] His followers call him Amer Sāhib-e Shahīd (آمر صاحب شهید), which translates to "(our) martyred commander."[13][14] Massoud has been described as one of the greatest guerilla leaders of the 20th century and has been compared to Josip Broz Tito, Ho Chi Minh, and Che Guevara.[15] One of the reasons for this was because he successfully managed to repeatedly defend his local Panjshir Valley from being taken by the Soviets and thereafter by the Taliban.[16] 
The spiral galaxy NGC 1232 is one of the brightest in the Eridanus Cluster. 
The barred spiral galaxy NGC 1300 is most famous in Eridanus Cluster. 
The Eridanus Cluster is a galaxy cluster roughly 23 Mpc (75 Mly) from Earth, containing about 73 main galaxies and about 200 total galaxies. 
About 30% have Hubble classifications of elliptical or S0 and the remaining 70% are spiral or irregular.[2] These galaxies reside in smaller groups which are all loosely gravitationally bound to each other, suggesting that the system is still condensing from the Hubble flow and may eventually form a cluster of about 1014 M☉. 
A low velocity dispersion compared to that of, for example, the Coma cluster, supports this hypothesis.[3] The Eridanus Cluster is located in the constellation Eridanus near the Fornax Cluster, and is sometimes called the "Fornax II Cluster".[4] 
Table of galaxies 
Column 1: Name of the galaxy Column 2: Right ascension for epoch J2000 Column 3: Declination for epoch J2000 Column 4: Blue apparent magnitude of the galaxy Column 5: Galaxy type: E=Elliptical; S0=Lenticular; Sa, Sb, Sc, Sd=Spiral (degree of woundedness of spiral arms); SBa, SBb, SBc, SBd=Barred Spiral; SAB= Intermediate Spiral (between barred and unbarred); Sm, SBm, Irr=Irregular; (r),(rs)=Ring Structure Column 6: Angular diameter of the galaxy (arcminutes) Column 7: Diameter of the galaxy (thousands of light years) Column 8: Recessional velocity (km/s) of the galaxy relative to the cosmic microwave background 
See also 
List of galaxy clusters Coma Cluster Fornax Cluster Norma Cluster Virgo Cluster 
Name RA equatorial coordinates Dec equatorial coordinates Blue Mag Type Size (arcmin) Size (kly) RV (km/s) ESO 547-09 03 06.0 -19 23 16.8 Irr 1.3 35 1509 ESO 547-12 03 09.6 -17 50 16.5 Scd 1.5 35 1837 NGC 1232 03 09.8 -20 35 10.7 SAB(rs)c 6.9 170 1517 IC 1898 03 10.3 -22 24 13.7 SBc 3.4 85 1164 ESO 547-20 03 13.0 -17 56 16.0 SBm 1.2 30 1825 NGC 1258 03 14.1 -21 46 13.9 SBc 1.3 30 1340 NGC 1297 03 19.2 -19 06 13.5 E 2.0 50 1395 NGC 1300 03 19.7 -19 25 11.2 SBbc 6.0 110 1421 NGC 1315 03 23.1 -21 23 14.0 S0 1.5 35 1534 PGC 12680 03 23.4 -19 17 ? 
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%} Ostenfeld, C. H., and Eugenius Warming. 
Geography, Geology and Climate of the Faeröes, With the Historical Notes on the Botanical Investigation of These Islands. 
Copenhagen: H.H. Thiele, 1901. Peacock, Martin A. Recent Lines of Fracture in the Færoes in Relation to the Theories of Fiord Formation in Northern Basaltic Plateaux. 
Statistics 
ZOO Park Stropkov is a zoo in the town of Stropkov, Slovakia. 
It opened in 1984. 
As of 2006[update], it had more than 200 birds, mammals and reptiles from more than 60 species. 
The zoo offers many activities and attractions for children. 
External links 
Media related to ZOO Stropkov at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in Slovak) 
Count Fidél Pálffy de Erdőd (6 May 1895 Svätý Jur – 2 March 1946 Budapest) was a Hungarian nobleman who emerged as a leading supporter of Nazism in Hungary. 
Early life 
After service in the First World War he lived on an estate in Czechoslovakia before returning to Hungary, where he was left bankrupt by the Great Depression of 1929.[1] 
He founded a group called the Hungarian National Socialist Party in 1933 and later merged it with two similar groups under Sándor Festetics and Zoltán Meskó. 
By 1935 Pálffy had assumed sole control of this group, although it failed to prosper as support drifted to Gyula Gömbös.[1] Devoid of influence, Pálffy turned to Germany and became an agent of the RSHA.[1] Seeking to regain the initiative he worked variously with László Baky and Ferenc Szálasi in an attempt to launch a pro-German party. 
He finally achieved this goal in 1941 by relaunching the Hungarian National Socialist Party with Baky, although the party was considered conservative when compared to the Arrow Cross Party.[1] 
World War II activism and execution 
Pálffy was considered to be a suitable candidate to lead Hungary by the SS, although ultimately the choice was not approved.[2] He also became an important contact for Wilhelm Höttl during his work on behalf of the SS in Budapest.[3] Ultimately, as Minister of Agriculture during the period of Nazi dominance, Pálffy was held to be guilty of collaboration and was hanged for treason in March 1946.[3] His execution did prove somewhat controversial however because, beyond his pro-Nazi writings and his membership in Szálasi's government, there was little evidence of any crimes he had committed. Nonetheless, Pálffy was one of the first members of the government to face trial. 
The novelty of the case, as well as his status as a member of one of the country's leading noble families, counted against him and he was sent to the gallows.[4] 
Shinzen Young (真善, Shinzen) is an American meditation teacher. 
He leads residential and phone-based meditation retreats for students interested in learning the Vipassana (insight) tradition of Buddhism. 
Shinzen was originally ordained in Japan as a monk in the Shingon (Japanese Vajrayana) tradition.[1] He has studied and practiced extensively in other traditions, including Zen and Native American traditions. 
External links 
Essays outlining his meditation system 
What is Mindfulness? 
An Introduction to ULTRA: Universal Library for Training Attention See, Hear, Feel: An introduction An Outline of Practice Five Ways to Know Yourself: An Introduction to Basic Mindfulness 
He frequently uses concepts from mathematics as a metaphor to illustrate the abstract concepts of meditation. 
As a result, his teachings tend to be popular among academics and professionals.[2] His interest in integrating meditation with scientific paradigms has led to collaborations with neuroscientists at Harvard Medical School,[3][4] University of Massachusetts Medical School, Yale, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Vermont.[5] He is working on various ways to bring a secular mindfulness practice to a wider audience using revamped terminology and techniques as well as automated expert systems.[6] 
Shinzen has adapted the central Buddhist concept of the five skandhas or aggregates into modern language, grouped them into sensory categories with potential neurological correlates, and developed an extensive system of meditation techniques for working with those categories individually and in combinations. 
Shinzen Young was born as Steve Young in Los Angeles, California. 
His parents were Jewish. 
While in middle school, he became fascinated with Asian languages and cultures. 
After graduating from UCLA as an Asian Language major, he enrolled in the University of Wisconsin's Ph.D. program in Buddhist Studies. 
In order to gather materials for his doctoral dissertation, he ordained as a Shingon monk at Mount Kōya, Japan in 1970, after which he trained extensively in each of three additional Buddhist traditions: Vajrayana, Zen, and Vipassana.[7] 
Books 
Break Through Pain: A Step-by-Step Mindfulness Meditation Program for Transforming Chronic and Acute Pain (2006) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 1-59179-199-5 Emotional Healing through Mindfulness Meditation: Stories and Meditations for Women Seeking Wholeness (2002) ISBN 0-89281-998-7 The Beginner's Guide to Meditation (2002) ISBN 1-56455-971-8 The Science of Enlightenment: How Meditation Works (2016) ISBN 1-59179-460-9 
Slacklining refers to the act of walking, running or balancing along a suspended length of flat webbing that is tensioned between two anchors. 
Slacklining is similar to slack rope walking and tightrope walking. 
Slacklines differ from tightwires and tightropes in the type of material used and the amount of tension applied during use. 
Slacklines are tensioned significantly less than tightropes or tightwires in order to create a dynamic line which will stretch and bounce like a long and narrow trampoline. 
Tension can be adjusted to suit the user, and different webbing may be used in various circumstances. 
120347 Salacia, provisional designation 2004 SB60, is a trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt, approximately 850 kilometers in diameter. 
As of 2018, it is located about 44.8 astronomical units from the Sun, and reaches apparent magnitude 20.7 at opposition. 
Salacia was discovered on 22 September 2004, by American astronomers Henry Roe, Michael Brown and Kristina Barkume at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. 
It has been observed 124 times, with precovery images back to 25 July 1982.[2] Salacia orbits the Sun at an average distance that is slightly greater than that of Pluto. It was named after the Roman goddess Salacia and has a single known moon, Actaea. 
Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (Spanish: [ˈpeðɾo ˈsantʃeθ ˈpeɾeθ kasteˈxon]; born 29 February 1972) is a Spanish politician who has been Prime Minister of Spain since June 2018.[1][2] He has also been Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since June 2017, having previously held that office from 2014 to 2016. 
Sánchez began his political career in 2004 as a city councillor in Madrid, before being elected to the Congress of Deputies in 2009. 
In 2014, he was elected Secretary-General of the PSOE, becoming Leader of the Opposition. 
He led the party through the inconclusive 2015 and 2016 general elections, but resigned as Secretary-General shortly after the latter, following public disagreements with the party's executive. 
He was subsequently re-elected in a leadership election eight months later, defeating Susana Díaz and Patxi López. 
Sánchez took office on 2 June 2018 in the presence of former Prime Minister Rajoy, President of the Congress Ana Pastor, as well as King Felipe VI.[26] Spanish media noted that while Sánchez was swearing his oath of office on the Spanish Constitution, no Bible nor crucifix were on display, for the first time in modern Spanish history due to Sánchez's atheism.[27] After being sworn in, Sánchez announced that he would only propose measures that had considerable parliamentary support, and reaffirmed the government's compliance with the EU deficit requirements.[28] 
The 17 ministers of his new cabinet took office on 7 June 2018.[29] Sánchez formed a cabinet with 11 of the 18 ministerial positions of the Council being held by women.[30] 
On 1 June 2018, the PSOE called a vote of no confidence in Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, successfully passing the motion after winning the support of Unidas Podemos, as well as various regionalist and nationalist parties. 
Sánchez was subsequently sworn in as Prime Minister by King Felipe VI the following day. 
He went on to lead the PSOE to gain 38 seats in the April 2019 general election, the PSOE's first national victory since 2008, although they fell short of a majority. 
After talks to form a government failed, Sánchez again won the most votes at the November 2019 general election, and in January 2020 he formed a coalition government with Unidas Podemos. 
Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón was born in Madrid.[3] His father is an economist and businessman and his mother is a lawyer and public servant in the social security department.[2] He graduated from Instituto Ramiro de Maeztu, a public high school where he played basketball in the Estudiantes cantera, a professional club with links to the school, reaching the U-21 team.[5] 
Sánchez married María Begoña Gómez Fernández in 2006 and they have two daughters, Ainhoa and Carlota. 
The civil wedding was officiated by Trinidad Jiménez. 
Aside from Spanish, Sánchez speaks fluent English and French.[89][9][90] He is the first Spanish prime minister fluent in English while in office (former PM José María Aznar learned English after leaving office). 
Foreign languages were not widely taught in Spanish schools until the mid-1970s and former Prime Ministers were known for struggling with them.[91][92] 
He is the first prime minister who is an outspoken atheist.[93] 
In 1990, Sánchez went to the Complutense University to study economics and business sciences. 
In 1993, he joined the PSOE after the victory of Felipe González in the elections that year.[4] Sánchez graduated in 1995. 
He earned a degree in Politics and Economics in 1998 after graduating from the Université libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels), and a degree of business leadership from IESE Business School in the University of Navarra, a private university and apostolate of the Opus Dei. 
Sánchez received his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Business and Economics in 2012.[6] 
Before entering a career in regional and national politics, Sánchez worked as a parliamentary assistant in the European Parliament, and as chief of staff to the United Nations high representative in Bosnia during the Kosovo War;[7] he was also a Professor of Economics, publishing a version of his doctoral thesis "La nueva diplomacia económica europea".[8] 
PureOS is a GNU/Linux distribution focusing on privacy and security, using the GNOME desktop environment.[2][3][4] It is maintained by Purism for use in the company's Librem laptop computers as well as the Librem 5 smartphone.[5][6] 
↑ "Download PureOS". pureos.net. 
Retrieved 2019-09-11..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit} ↑ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (2019-03-07). 
Retrieved 2019-07-23. ↑ Evangelho, Jason (2019-03-25). 
Retrieved 2019-07-23. ↑ Roston, Brittany (2015-06-22). 
Retrieved 2019-07-23. ↑ "PureOS – a pure Linux phone experience". 
Retrieved 13 August 2019. ↑ "Exploring the Librem 5 Free Phone". 
Retrieved 13 August 2019. ↑ Robertson, Donald (2017-12-21). 
Retrieved 2019-07-23. ↑ "Free GNU/Linux distributions". www.gnu.org. 
Retrieved 2019-07-23. ↑ "What is PureOS and how is it built?". puri.sm. 
Retrieved 2019-07-23. ↑ "Librem 5 design report #5". 
External links 
Official website PureOS at DistroWatch 
PureOS is designed to include only free/libre and open-source software (FOSS/FLOSS), and is included in the list of Free GNU/Linux distributions published by the Free Software Foundation.[7][8] 
PureOS is a Debian-based GNU/Linux distribution, merging open-source software packages from the Debian “testing” main archive using a rolling release model[needs update].[9] The default web browser in PureOS is called PureBrowser, a variant of Firefox focusing on privacy. 
The default search engine in PureBrowser is DuckDuckGo. 
The mobile interface of PureOS, Phosh, the GNOME mobile shell, developed by Purism and GNOME (2018-05)[10] 
Canavan disease is an autosomal recessive[1] degenerative disorder that causes progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain, and is one of the most common degenerative cerebral diseases of infancy. 
It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme aminoacylase 2,[2] and is one of a group of genetic diseases referred to as leukodystrophies. 
It is characterized by degeneration of myelin in the phospholipid layer insulating the axon of a neuron and is associated with a gene located on human chromosome 17. 
Treatment 
No cure for Canavan disease is known, nor is there a standard course of treatment. 
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. 
Physical therapy may help improve motor skills, and educational programs may help improve communication skills. 
Seizures are treated with antiepileptic drugs and gastrostomy is used to help maintain adequate food intake and hydration when swallowing difficulties exist.[5] Also, an experimental treatment uses lithium citrate. 
When a person has Canavan disease, his or her levels of N-acetyl aspartate are chronically elevated. 
The lithium citrate has proven in a rat genetic model of Canavan disease to be able to significantly decrease levels of N-acetyl aspartate. 
When tested on a human, the subject's condition reversed during a 2-week wash-out period after withdrawal of lithium.[citation needed] 
Experimental gene therapy trial results, published in 2002, used a healthy gene to take over for the defective one that causes Canavan disease.[7] In human trials, the results of which were published in 2012, this method appeared to improve the life of the patient without long-term adverse effects during a 5-year follow-up.[8] 
Prognosis 
Prevalence 
History 
Symptoms and signs 
Canavan disease was first described in 1931 by Myrtelle Canavan.[10] In 1931, she co-wrote a paper discussing the case of a child who had died at 16 months old and whose brain had a spongy white section. 
Canavan was the first to identify this degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, which was later named "Canavan disease".[11] 
Lawsuit 
The discovery of the gene for Canavan disease, and subsequent events, generated considerable controversy. 
In 1987, the Greenbergs, a family with two children affected by Canavan disease, donated tissue samples to Reuben Matalon, a researcher at the University of Chicago, who was looking for the Canavan gene. 
He successfully identified the gene in 1993, and developed a test for it that would enable antenatal (before birth) counseling of couples at risk of having a child with the disease.[12] For a while, the Canavan Foundation offered free genetic testing using Matalon's test. 
However, in 1997, after he relocated to Florida, Matalon's new employer, Miami Children's Hospital, patented the gene and started claiming royalties on the genetic test, forcing the Canavan Foundation to withdraw their free testing. 
A subsequent lawsuit brought by the Canavan Foundation against Miami Children's Hospital was resolved with a sealed out-of-court settlement.[13] The case is sometimes cited in arguments about the appropriateness of patenting genes.[citation needed] 
Research 
Research involving triacetin supplementation has shown promise in a rat model.[14] Triacetin, which can be enzymatically cleaved to form acetate, enters the brain more readily than the negatively charged acetate. 
The defective enzyme in Canavan disease, aspartoacylase, converts N-acetylaspartate into aspartate and acetate. 
Mutations in the gene for aspartoacylase prevent the breakdown of N-acetylaspartate, and reduce brain acetate availability during brain development. 
Acetate supplementation using triacetin is meant to provide the missing acetate so brain development can continue normally.[citation needed] 
A team of researchers headed by Paola Leone at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, has tried a procedure involving the insertion of six catheters into the brain that deliver a solution containing 600 to 900 billion engineered virus particles. 
The virus, a modified version of adeno-associated virus, is designed to replace the aspartoacylase enzyme.[1] Children treated with this procedure to date have shown marked improvements, including the growth of myelin, with decreased levels of the N-acetyl-aspartate toxin.[15] 
A team of researches led by Guangping Gao of the University of Massachusetts Medical School are working on developing rAAV-based and optimized gene replacement therapy, that would travel across the blood-brain-barrier and would rescue the lethal disease phenotype [16] [17] 
External links 
Pathophysiology 
Canavan disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. 
When both parents are carriers, the chance of having an affected child is 25%. 
Genetic counseling and genetic testing are recommended for families with two parental carriers. 
Canavan disease is caused by a defective ASPA gene which is responsible for the production of the enzyme aspartoacylase. 
Decreased aspartoacylase activity prevents the normal breakdown of N-acetyl aspartate, wherein the accumulation of N-acetylaspartate, or lack of its further metabolism interferes with growth of the myelin sheath of the nerve fibers of the brain. 
The myelin sheath is the fatty covering that surrounds nerve cells and acts as an insulator, allowing for efficient transmission of nerve impulses. 
The 2020 Tour de France is scheduled to be the 107th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's three Grand Tours. 
Originally scheduled to start on 27 June 2020, it was postponed until 29 August 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France.[2] 
Postponement 
The 2020 Tour was in jeopardy of being cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[3] On 14 April the International Cycling Union (UCI) announced the start of the 2020 Tour would be postponed to 29 August, with the Giro d’Italia and Vuelta a España to follow in October.[4] 
There was also a virtual Tour held using Zwift.[5] 
Teams 
The team presentation in Nice 
The 2020 Tour de France is expected to consist of 22 teams. 
All nineteen UCI WorldTeams are entitled, and obliged, to enter the race.[6] Additionally, Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), the organisers of the Tour, invited three second-tier UCI ProTeams to participate in the event. 
The teams were announced on 7 January 2020.[7] 
Umbraco is an open-source content management system (CMS) platform for publishing content on the World Wide Web and intranets. 
It is written in C# and deployed on Microsoft based infrastructure. 
Since version 4.5, the whole system has been available under an MIT License. 
Umbraco was developed by Niels Hartvig in 2000 and released as open source software in 2004.[2] In 2009, CMS Wire described it as one of the leading .NET-based open source CMS systems.[3][4] In 2010, with 1000 downloads a day,[5] Umbraco was in the top five most popular downloads via the Microsoft Web Platform Installer, two places below its main rival DotNetNuke,[6] and was the 12th most downloaded application from Codeplex, six places below DotNetNuke and 13 places higher than mojoPortal.[7] 
External links 
Official website Umbraco releases Umbraco repository on GitHub Our Umbraco - the community site for Umbraco 
Tomatoes under solar panels in Dornbirn, Austria 
Agrivoltaics, also known as agrophotovoltaics (APV), is co-developing the same area of land for both solar photovoltaic power as well as for agriculture.[1] This technique was originally conceived by Adolf Goetzberger and Armin Zastrow in 1981.[2] The coexistence of solar panels and crops implies a sharing of light between these two types of production. 
Sheep and several crops can benefit from these systems, including fruit production.[3] 
In 2004 in Japan, Akira Nagashima developed a demountable structure that he tested on several crops.[10] Removable structures allow farmers to remove or move facilities based on crop rotations and their needs. 
Increasingly large plants with capacities of several MW have been developed since 2004 with permanent structures and dynamic systems.[11][12][13] For example, a 35 MW power plant, installed on 54 ha of crops, was commissioned in 2017.[14] The shading rate of this plant is 50%, a value higher than the 30% shading usually used on Japanese agrivoltaic power plants. 
Farmers cultivate, among others, ginseng, ashitaba and coriander. 
Soon, the island of Ukujima should host a solar power plant of 480 MW, part of which will be agrivoltaics. 
The project has been under study since 2013 and the various partners have signed an agreement for the start of construction in 2019. 
In 2016, the Italian company REM TEC built a 0.5 MWp agrivoltaic power plant in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province. 
Chinese companies have developed several GWs of solar power plants combining agriculture and solar energy production, either photovoltaic greenhouses or open-field installations. 
For example, in August 2016, Panda Green Energy installed solar panels over vineyards in Turpan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 
The 0.2 MW plant was connected to the grid. 
The project was audited in October 2017 and the company has received approval to roll out its system across the country. 
Projects of several tens of MW have been deployed. 
For instance, in 2016, in Jiangxi Province, a 70 MW agrivoltaic plant was installed on agricultural and forestry crops. 
In 2017 the Chinese company Fuyang Angkefeng Optoelectronic Technology Co；Ltd. established a 50 KWp agrivoltaic power plant test side in Fuyang city, Anhui Province. 
The system leverages a novel technology concept for agrivoltaic (see below0. 
It was developed at the Institute of Advanced technology of the university of Science and Technology of China in Hefei under the guidance of Prof. Wen Liu, who is the inventor of this new technology. 
For 30 years, the Elion Group has been trying to combat desertification in the Kubuqi region.[15] Among the techniques used, agrivoltaic systems were installed to protect crops and produce electricity. 
Regarding the equipment for the desert areas, Wan You-Bao patented in 2007 on a shade system to protect crops in the desert. 
The shades are equipped with solar panels.[16] 
South Korea is conducting initial tests of agrivoltaic power plants, drawing on the Japanese example since 2017.[17] Agrivoltaic is one of the solutions studied to increase the share of renewable energies in Korea's energy mix. 
Their goal is to reach 20% renewable energy in 2030 against 5% in 2017. 
SolarFarm.Ltd has built the first agrivoltaic power plant in South Korea in 2016 and has produced rice.[18] Since then, Korea adapted agrivoltaic power plant has been developed and is constantly being tested.[19] In January of 2019 Korea Agrivoltaic Association was established to promote and develop South Korea's agrivoltaic industry.[20] 
Projects for isolated sites are being studied by Amity University in Noida, northern India.[21] A study published in 2017 looks at the potential of agrivoltaism for vineyards in India.[22] The agrivoltaic systems studied in this article consist of solar panels intercalated between crops to limit shading on plants. 
This study suggests that agrivoltaic systems can significantly increase the incomes of Indian farmers. 
History 
The Universiti Putra Malaysia, which specializes in agronomy, launched experiments in 2015 on plantations of Orthosiphon stamineus (Java tea). 
It is a fixed structure installed on an experimental surface of about 0.4 ha.[23] 
Fraunhofer ISE has deployed their agrivoltaic system on a shrimp farm located in Bac Liêu in the Mekong Delta. 
According to this institute, the results of their pilot project indicate that water consumption has been reduced by 75%. 
Their system would offer other benefits such as shading for workers as well as a lower and stable water temperature for better shrimp growth.[24] 
Europe 
In Europe in the early 2000s, photovoltaic greenhouses are emerging. 
Part of the greenhouse roof is replaced by solar panels. 
In Austria and then in Italy, open field agrivoltaic systems appeared from 2007, followed by France and Germany. 
In 2004, Günter Czaloun proposed a photovoltaic tracking system with a rope rack system.[25] The first prototype is built in South Tyrol in 2007 on a 0.1 ha area. 
The cable structure is more than five meters above ground. 
A new system was presented at the Intersolar 2017 conference in Munich. 
This technology is potentially less expensive than other open field systems because it requires less steel. 
In 2009 and 2011, agrivoltaic systems with fixed panels were installed above vineyards.[26][27] Experiments showed a slight decrease of the yield and late harvests. 
In 2009, the Italian company REM TEC develops a dual-axis solar tracking system. 
In 2011 and 2012, REM TEC built several MWp of open field agrivoltaic power plants.[28][29][30] The solar panels are installed 5 m above the ground to operate agricultural machinery. 
The cover of photovoltaic panels shadow is less than 15% to minimize the effect on the crops. 
They are the first to offer automated integrated shading net systems into the supporting structure.[31] REM TEC also designs dual-axis solar tracking systems integrated into greenhouse structure.[32] The control of the position of the solar panels would optimize the greenhouse microclimate. 
In 1981, Adolf Goetzberger and Armin Zastrow were the first to propose the concept of a dual use of arable land for solar energy production and plant cultivation in order to improve overall production.[1] They were addressing the ongoing discussion on the competition for the use of arable land between solar energy production and crop. 
The light saturation point is the maximum amount of photons absorbable by a plant species. 
As more photons won’t increase to the rate of photosynthesis, Akira Nagashima suggest to combine PV systems and farming to use the excess of light. 
He developed the first prototypes in Japan in 2004.[4] 
Since the beginning of the 2000s, photovoltaic greenhouses have been built in France. 
Photovoltaic greenhouse designers continue to improve both agricultural production and power generation. 
For instance, the concept of Agrinergie has been developed by Akuo Energy since 2007. 
The first power plants consisted of alternation of crops and solar panels. 
The new power plants are greenhouses.[33] In 2017, the Tenergie company began the deployment of photovoltaic greenhouses with an architecture that diffuses light in order to reduce the contrasts between light bands and shade bands created by solar panels.[34] 
Open field systems 
Since 2009, INRA, IRSTEA and Sun'R have been working on the Sun'Agri program.[35] A first prototype installed in the field with fixed panels is built in 2009 on a surface of 0.1 ha in Montpellier.[36] Other prototypes with 1-axis mobile panels were built in 2014[36] and 2017. 
The aim of these studies is to manage the microclimate received by plants and to produce electricity, by optimizing the position of the panels. and to study how radiation is distributed between crops and solar panels. 
The first agrivoltaic plant in the open field of Sun'R is built in the spring of 2018 in Tresserre in the Pyrénées-Orientales. 
This plant has a capacity of 2.2 MWp installed on 4.5 ha of vineyards.[37] It will evaluate, on a large scale and in real conditions, the performance of the Sun'Agri system on vineyards. 
In 2016, the Agrivolta company specialized on the agrivoltaïcs.[38] After a first prototype built in 2017 in Aix-en-Provence, Agrivolta deployed its system on a plot of the National Research Institute of Horticulture (Astredhor) in Hyères.[39] Agrivolta won several innovation prizes[40] Agrivolta presented its technology at the CES in Las Vegas in January 2018.[41] 
In 2011, the Fraunhofer Institute ISE started a research project on agrivoltaics. 
Research continues with the APV-Resola project, which began in 2015 and is scheduled to end in 2020. 
A first prototype of 194.4 kWp is being built in 2016 on a 0.5 ha site belonging to the Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach cooperative farm in Herdwangen (Baden-Württemberg).[42] They estimate that such structures will be profitable without government fundings after 2022.[43] 
The Agronomy Department of the Aarhus University has launched a study project of agrivoltaic system on orchards in 2014.[44] 
The term “agrivoltaic“ was used for the first time in a publication in 2011.[5] The concept is known under several names in the world: "agrophotovoltaics" in Germany,[6][7] "agrovoltaics" in Italy,[8][9] "solar sharing" in Asia.[6] Facilities such as photovoltaic greenhouses can be considered as agrivoltaic systems. 
In 2017, Work-ing d.o.o installed a 500 kW open field power plant near Virovitica-Podravina. 
The agronomic studies are supported by the University of Osijek and the agricultural engineering school of Slatina. 
The electricity production is used for the irrigation system and agricultural machinery. 
At first, shade-adapted cultures will be tested under the device. 
Americas 
In the United States, SolAgra is interested in the concept in collaboration with the Department of Agronomy at the University of California at Davis.[45] A first power plant on 0.4 ha is under development. 
An area of 2.8 ha is used as a control. 
Several types of crops are studied: alfalfa, sorghum, lettuce, spinach, beets, carrots, chard, radishes, potatoes, arugula, mint, turnips, kale, parsley, coriander, beans, peas, shallots, mustard ... 
Projects for isolated sites are also studied.[46] Experimental systems are being studied by several universities: the Biosphere 2 project at the University of Arizona,[47] the Stockbridge School of Agriculture project (University of Massachusetts at Amherst).[48] 
Three 13 kWp agro-photovoltaic systems were built in Chile in 2017. 
The goal of this project, supported by the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, was to study the plants that can benefit from the shading of the agrivoltaic system. 
The electricity produced was used to power agricultural facilities: cleaning, packaging and cold storage of agricultural production, incubator for eggs ... 
One of the systems was installed in a region with a lot of power outages.[49] 
There are three basic types of agrivoltaics that are being actively researched: solar arrays with space between for crops, stilted solar array above crops and greenhouse solar array.[1] All three of these systems have several variables used to maximize solar energy absorbed in both the panels and the crops. The main variable taken into account for agrivoltaic systems is the angle of the solar panels-called the tilt angle. 
Other variables taken into account for choosing the location of the agrivoltaic system are the crops chosen, height of the panels, solar irradiation in the area and climate of the area.[1] As for stilted solar arrays above the crops, there is since 2017 a new technology concept which combines concentration photovoltaic with agrivoltaic and wavelength division multiplexing. 
Configuration of agrivoltaic systems 
As one of the objectives of the agricultural systems is to preserve agricultural land, it is generally considered that agricultural production in agrivoltaic should not be neglected. 
The constraints on agricultural production vary from one country to another according to the legislation or according to the type of crop and to the objectives of the agrivoltaic system (optimization of the volume of agricultural production, quality of agricultural products, energy production...). 
There are different configurations of agrivoltaic devices. 
Goetzberger and Zastrow have studied the conditions for optimizing agrivoltaic installations.[1] Presented in the early 1980s, these conditions still serve as a reference in the definition of agrivoltaic systems: 
orientation of solar panels in the south for fixed or east-west panels for panels rotating on an axis, sufficient spacing between solar panels for sufficient light transmission to ground crops, elevation of the supporting structure of the solar panels to homogenize the amounts of radiation on the ground. 
Experimental facilities often have a control agricultural area. 
The control zone is exploited under the same conditions as the agrivoltaic device in order to study the effects of the device on the development of crops. 
Fixed solar panels over crops 
The simplest approach is to install fixed solar panels on agricultural greenhouses, above open fields crops or between open fields crops. 
It is possible to optimize the installation by modifying the density of solar panels or the inclination of the panels. 
In Japan, agrivoltaic systems generally consist of dismountable light structures with light and small size solar panels to reduce wind resistance. 
Dynamic Agrivoltaic 
In more elaborate configurations, agrivoltaic system use a tracking system. 
Solar panels can be controlled to optimize their positioning to improve agricultural production or electricity production. 
The first dynamic agrivoltaic devices were developed in Japan. 
The panels are manually adjustable.[50] Farmers can modify the position of the solar panels according to the season or stage of crop development to increase or decrease shading and power generation. 
Japanese companies have also developed several more sophisticated systems. 
For example, crops grow under systems composed of tables (25 solar panels) fixed dual axis tracker.[51] 
In 2004, Günter Czaloun proposed a photovoltaic tracking system with a rope rack system.[1] Panels can be oriented to improve power generation or shade crops as needed. 
The first prototype is built in 2007 in Austria. 
The company REM TEC has deployed several plants equipped with dual axis tracking system in Italy and China. 
They have also developed an equivalent system used for agricultural greenhouses. 
In France, Sun'R and Agrivolta companies are developing single axis tracking systems. 
According to these companies, their systems can be adapted to the needs of plants. 
The Sun'R system is east-west axis tracking system. 
According to this company, complex models of plant growth, weather forecasts, calculation and optimization software are used. 
The device from Agrivolta is equipped with south-facing solar panels that can be erased by a sliding system. 
Agrivoltaics in the world 
The Artigianfer company developed a photovoltaic greenhouse whose solar panels are installed on movable shutters.[52] The panels can follow the course of the Sun along an east-west axis. 
In 2015, Prof. Wen Liu from the university of science and technology in Hefei, China proposed a new concept for agrivoltaic: curved glass panels covered with a dichroitic polymer film transmit selectively wavelength from the sun light, which are necessary for plant photosynthesis (blue and red light). 
All other wavelengths are reflected and focused on concentration solar cells for power generation. 
A dual tracking system is comprised for this concentration photovoltaic type of setup.[53] Shadow effects as arising from regular solar panels above the crop field are completely eliminated since the crops receive always the blue and red wavelength necessary for photosynthesis. 
Several awards have been granted for this new type of agrivoltaic, among others the R&D100 price in 2017. 
The solar panels of agrivoltaics affects crops and land they cover in ways more than providing shade. 
Two ways are affecting water flow and heat. 
They also allow for more revenue per acre to be created.[1] For example, grape farms with appropriate spacing could increase revenue 15 times.[54] 
Water Flow 
In experiments testing evaporation levels under PVP for shade resistant crops cucumbers and lettuce watered by irrigation, a 14-29% savings in evaporation was found.[1] Agrivoltaics could be used for crops or areas where water efficiency is imperative.[1] 
Heat 
A study was done on the heat of the land, air and crops under solar panels for a growing season. 
It was found that while the air beneath the panels stayed consistent, the land and plants had lower temperatures recorded.[1] With rising temperature from climate change this may become important for some food crops.[55] Also the solar panels might work better because of the cooling provided by the plants.[56] 
Simulations and studies on agrivoltaics indicate electricity and shade-resistant crop production do not decrease in productivity, allowing both to be simultaneously produced efficiently. 
Dinesh et al. found lettuce output was found to be comparable in agrivoltaics to monocultures. 
Agrivoltaics work best for plants that are shade resistant, with potential functioning crops being "hog peanut, alfalfa, yam, taro, cassava, sweet potato" along with lettuce.[1] Simulations performed by Dupraz et al. found the potential of land productivity to increase by 60-70%.[1] Furthermore, Dinesh et al. found that the value of solar generated electricity coupled to shade-tolerant crop production created an over 30% increase in economic value from farms deploying agrivoltaic systems instead of conventional agriculture.[57] It has been postulated that agrivoltaics would be beneficial for summer crops for the microclimate they create and the side effect of heat and water flow control.[58] Pollination may be improved with insects such as bees.[59] 
Shade resistant crops are not typically grown in industrial agricultural systems.[1] For instance, wheat crops do not fare well in a low light environment, meaning they would not work with agrivoltaics.[1] Agrivoltaics do not yet work with greenhouses. 
Greenhouses with half of the roof covered in panels were simulated, and the resulting crop output reduced by 64% and panel productivity reduced by 84%.[60] 
External links 
American Solar Grazing Association Conference 
Japan has been the forerunner in the development of open field agrivoltaics worldwide since 2004. 
Between 2004 and 2017, more than 1,000 open field power plants were developed in Japan. 
The allotype affects the constant region (labeled CL and CH1-3 in the diagram.) 
The word allotype comes from two Greek roots, allo meaning 'other or differing from the norm' and typos meaning 'mark'.[1] In immunology, allotype is an immunoglobulin variation (in addition to isotypic variation) that can be found among antibody classes and is manifested by heterogeneity of immunoglobulins present in a single vertebrate species. 
The structure of immunoglobulin polypeptide chain is dictated and controlled by number of genes encoded in the germ line.[2] However, these genes, as it was discovered by serologic and chemical methods, could be highly polymorphic. 
This polymorphism is subsequently projected to the overall amino acid structure of antibody chains. 
Polymorphic epitopes can be present on immunoglobulin constant regions on both heavy and light chains, differing between individuals or ethnic groups and in some cases may pose as immunogenic determinants.[3] Exposure of individuals to a non-self allotype might elicit an anti- allotype response and became cause of problems for example in a patient after transfusion of blood[4] or in a pregnant woman.[5] However, it is important to mention that not all variations in immunoglobulin amino acid sequence pose as a determinant responsible for immune response. 
Some of these allotypic determinants may be present at places that are not well exposed and therefore can be hardly serologically discriminated. 
In other cases, variation in one isotype can be compensated by the presence of this determinant on another antibody isotype in one individual.[6] This means that divergent allotype of heavy chain of IgG antibody may be balanced by presence of this allotype on heavy chain of for example IgA antibody and therefore is called isoallotypic variant.Especially large number of polymorphisms were discovered in IgG antibody subclasses. 
Which were practically used in forensic medicine and in paternity testing, before replaced by modern day DNA fingerprinting.[4] 
Human allotypes nomenclature was first described in alphabetical system and further systematized in numerical system, but both could be found in the literature.[7][8] For example, allotype expressed on constant region of heavy chain on IgG are designated by Gm which stands for ‘genetic marker ‘ together with IgG subclass (IgG1 àG1m, IgG2 àG2m) and the allotype number or letter [ G1m1/ G1m (a) ]. 
Polymorphisms within IgA are denoted in the same way as A2m (eg. A2m1/2) and kappa light chains constant region polymorphisms as Km (eg. 
Km1). Despite the fact, that there are multiple known lambda chain isotypes, there have not been reported any lambda chain serological polymorphisms.[9] 
Implications for monoclonal antibody therapy 
Antibody allotypes came back to spotlight due to development and use of therapies based on monoclonal antibodies. 
These recombinant human glycoproteins and proteins are now well established in clinical practise, but sometimes leads to adverse effects such as generation of antitherapeutic antibodies that negates therapy or even cause severe reactions to the therapy. 
This reaction may be attributed to differences between therapeutics itself or may arise between same therapeutics produced by different companies or even between different lots produced by the same company. 
To prevent production of such antitherapeutic antibodies, ideally, all clinical used proteins and glycoproteins should poses same allotype as natural patient’s product, this way the presence of ‘altered self‘ which poses a potential target for immune system, is limited. 
Whilst many parameters connected to developing and manufacturing process that might predispose monoclonal antibodies to cause immune response are well known and appropriate steps are taken to monitor and control these unwanted effects, complications linked with administration of monoclonal antibodies to genetically diverse human population are less well described. 
Humans exhibit abundance of genotypes and phenotypes, however all currently licenced IgG therapeutic immunoglobulins are developed as single allotypic/ polymorphic form. 
Patients that are homozygous for alternative phenotype are therefore at higher risk of developing potential immune response to the therapy.[1] 
References 
All these before mentioned allotypes are expressed on constant regions of the immunoglobulin. 
Genes responsible for encoding structure of constant regions of heavy chains are closely linked and therefore inherited together as one haplotype with low number of crossovers. 
Although some crossovers did occur during human evolution resulting in the creation of current populations characteristic haplotypes and importance of allotype system in population studies.[10],[11] 
IRENA aims to become the main driving force in promoting a transition towards the use of renewable energy on a global scale: 
Acting as the global voice for renewable energies, IRENA will provide practical advice and support for both industrialised and developing countries, help them improve their regulatory frameworks and build capacity. 
The agency will facilitate access to all relevant information including reliable data on the potential of renewable energy, best practices, effective financial mechanisms and state-of-the-art technological expertise. 
IRENA provides advice and support to governments on renewable energy policy, capacity building, and technology transfer. IRENA will also co-ordinate with existing renewable energy organizations, such as REN21.[19] 
The statute to gain IRENA membership requires that a state be a member of the United Nations and to regional intergovernmental economic-integration organizations. States that gain membership to IRENA must uphold the organizations statute to the best of its abilities.[20] 
As of March 2019, 160 states and the European Union are members of IRENA, and a further 23 are in the process of accession.[1][21] 
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation mandated to facilitate cooperation, advance knowledge, and promote the adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy. 
It is the first international organisation to focus exclusively on renewable energy,[1] addressing needs in both industrialised and developing countries. It was founded in 2009 and its statute entered into force on 8 July 2010. 
The agency is headquartered in Masdar City, Abu Dhabi.[2] The Director-General of IRENA is Francesco La Camera, a national of Italy.[3] IRENA is an official United Nations observer.[4] 
History 
References 
The first suggestions for an international renewable agency is based on the 1980 Brandt Report activities. 
NGOs and industry lobbying groups like Eurosolar,[5] the World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE) and the World Wind Energy Association have promoted IRENA since several decades.[6] In 1990, the Austrian government of Franz Vranitzky suggested a reneweables agency to the UN.[7] One of the drivers was Hermann Scheer, a German politician and lobbyist which was acting as president of EUROSOLAR and chair of WCRE.[7] 
External links 
On 15 June, at their annual event, the WWEA gave their 2010 World Wind Energy Award to the Founding member States of IRENA. 
They stated: "The creation of IRENA can be seen as the most important decision ever taken on the global level in favour of renewable energy. 
The founding of IRENA sent out a very strong signal to the world community that renewable energy will have to play and will play a key role in the future energy supply all over the world. 
With the Award, WWEA would also like to indicate that WWEA is committed to work closely with IRENA and will continue to give its full support."[8] 
The Founding Conference of the International Renewable Energy Agency was held in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009. 75 countries signed the Agency's statute. The statute entered into force on 8 July 2010, 30 days after the 25th country deposited its instrument of ratification. 
The Founding Conference established the Preparatory Commission for IRENA, which consists of all signatory states.[citation needed] 
Within a computer program or website, a user is often represented by an abstract icon of a person 
A user is a person who utilizes a computer or network service. 
Users of computer systems and software products generally lack the technical expertise required to fully understand how they work.[1] Power users use advanced features of programs, though they are not necessarily capable of computer programming and system administration.[2][3] 
A user's account allows a user to authenticate to a system and potentially to receive authorization to access resources provided by or connected to that system; however, authentication does not imply authorization. 
To log into an account, a user is typically required to authenticate oneself with a password or other credentials for the purposes of accounting, security, logging, and resource management. 
Another icon used to represent a user or person 
Once the user has logged on, the operating system will often use an identifier such as an integer to refer to them, rather than their username, through a process known as identity correlation. 
In Unix systems, the username is correlated with a user identifier or user id. 
Computer systems operate in one of two types based on what kind of users they have: 
Each user account on a multi-user system typically has a home directory, in which to store files pertaining exclusively to that user's activities, which is protected from access by other users (though a system administrator may have access). 
User accounts often contain a public user profile, which contains basic information provided by the account's owner. 
The files stored in the home directory (and all other directories in the system) have file system permissions which are inspected by the operating system to determine which users are granted access to read or execute a file, or to store a new file in that directory. 
In Microsoft Windows environments, for example, note the potential use of:[8] 
A user often has a user account and is identified to the system by a username (or user name). 
Other terms for username include login name, screenname (or screen name), account name, nickname (or nick) and handle, which is derived from the identical citizens band radio term. 
User Principal Name (UPN) format – for example: UserName@Example.com Down-Level Logon Name format – for example: DOMAIN\UserName 
1% rule (Internet culture) Anonymous post Prosumer Pseudonym End-user computing, systems in which non-programmers can create working applications. End-user database, a collection of data developed by individual end-users. End-user development, a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software. 
End user 
End users are the ultimate human users (also referred to as operators) of a software product. 
The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product such as sysops, database administrators and computer technicians. 
The term is used to abstract and distinguish those who only use the software from the developers of the system, who enhance the software for end users.[4] In user-centered design, it also distinguishes the software operator from the client who pays for its development and other stakeholders who may not directly use the software, but help establish its requirements.[5][6] This abstraction is primarily useful in designing the user interface, and refers to a relevant subset of characteristics that most expected users would have in common. 
The Apponyi Library or (in Latin) Bibliotheca Apponiana refers to the book and print collection initially assembled in Vienna by Count Anton Georg (or Antal György) Apponyi and maintained with alterations by his descendants in the Apponyi family until 1935. 
It is now part of the Slovak National Library and preserved in the former Apponyi family castle in Oponice, Slovakia. 
Current status 
The remaining portion of the original collection has been kept since 2011 in the renovated Apponyi Castle in Oponice, Slovakia as a branch of the Slovak National Library, together with parts of the collection assembled by the Zay (or Zai) family from Uhrovec (Ugrócz), formerly stored in Bojnice Castle and also studied by Vševlad J. Gajdoš.[1][2] The rest of the castle is operated as a luxury hotel, branded Chateau-Appony. 
Most of the Library's books are in Latin, French and German. 
Fewer titles are in Italian, Hungarian and Russian. 
There are also some in Spanish, Arabic and Hebrew, but none in Slovak.[1] This is ironic but not surprising, given the comparatively late emergence of Slovak as a written language, and the Apponyi family's association with Magyarization policies. 
Oponice Apponyi family 
Anton Georg Apponyi started the collection around 1774 and had already amassed 30,000 volumes by the late 1770s.[1] He kept most of his collection in Vienna, with some items held in his Hungarian country castle in Hőgyész. 
Following his death in 1817, his son Anton (Antal) bought out his siblings' share, for the financing of which he had to sell several thousands of books. 
In 1825, Anton Apponyi decided to move it all to a dedicated building open to the public in Pressburg (Pozsony, today's Bratislava), making it the first public library in the territory of today's Slovakia. 
The move was celebrated at the time as a Hungarian patriotic gesture, since Pressburg was then part of the Kingdom of Hungary. 
The building in Kecske Street (German: Geissgasse, today in Slovak: Kozia ulica), no longer extant, was ceremonially opened in the spring of 1827, with a monumental facade displaying the Apponyi heraldic arms and the Latin inscription LITERIS IN PATRIA AUGENDIS ("for the development of letters in the fatherland"). 
In 1846, following disagreements with the municipality on the library's management and cost-sharing, Anton Apponyi closed the Pressburg facility and moved its content to the Apponyi family's ancestral home in Appony (now Oponice, Slovakia), where a dedicated neoclassical wing was built for that purpose.[1] 
The library stayed there until World War II, despite some of its contents being dispersed in sales because of the Apponyi family's recurrent financial needs. 
In particular, Count Lajos Apponyi sold a "choice portion" of it "comprising extraordinarily rare works" at Sotheby's in London in November 1892.[2] More of the contents was dispersed in the late 1930s following the end of Apponyi family ownership of the Oponice domain in 1935, and lost to negligence during Communism. 
Some of remaining books were transferred by the Matica slovenská to its facility in Bratislava in 1965, then all of them (including those in Bratislava) to Martin in 1972, while the wooden interior of the library wing in Oponice was destroyed. 
The damaged books were restored in Martin, then the library was again transferred to storage in Diviaky (Turčianske Teplice) [sk] in 1992, and eventually reinstalled in Oponice in 2011 following the Apponyi castle's renovation.[3][4] 
The creation of the library owes much to Agostino Michelazzi (1732-1820), a former Jesuit who built it up on behalf of Count Anton Georg Apponyi.[5] 
The next major figure in the library's management was Karl Anton Gruber von Grubenfels (1760-1840), a lesser nobleman from Szeged who also authored a number of fiction works, poems and theater plays in German as well as a Historia linguae ungaricae (History of the Hungarian Language) published in Pressburg in 1830.[6] Gruber appears to have been instrumental in persuading Count Anton Apponyi to move the library from Vienna to Pressburg in the early 1820s, and remained Librarian of the Apponyi Public Library until 1833.[2] 
Franciscan friar and historian Vševlad J. Gajdoš (1907-1978) studied and preserved the Apponyi Library while working at the Matica slovenská between 1956 and 1958.[1] 
As of 2015, the Custodian of the Apponyi Library was Peter Králik.[1] In 2012 he received the Crystal Wing Award for his role in the restoration of the library.[7] 
In 2015, he became too old and slowed down his public presence.[15] He died on July 21, 2017. 
His owners said that “He was a trooper until the end of his life.”.[15] Stubbs lived to the age of 20 years and three months. 
Stubbs's owners have suggested that another family cat, Denali, may assume Talkeetna's "mayoralty".[16] 
On August 31, 2013, Stubbs was attacked by a dog.[1][17] He was placed under heavy sedation at a veterinary hospital 70 miles away in Wasilla, having suffered a punctured lung, a fractured sternum, and a deep cut in his side.[11][18] A crowd-funding page was set up to help pay his medical bills.[19] Stubbs remained in the veterinary hospital for nine days before returning to the upstairs room of the general store.[20] As a result, he was discouraged from roaming. 
Donations toward his care were received from around the world; the surplus was given to an animal shelter and to the local veterinary clinic.[6] 
Other incidents included Stubbs being shot by teenagers with BB guns, falling into a restaurant's deep fryer (which was switched off and cool at the time), and hitching a ride to the outskirts of Talkeetna on a garbage truck.[1] 
Stubbs was described as a tourist attraction,[3] having been flooded with cards and letters, and drawing 30 to 40 tourists each day (most of whom were en route to other Alaska destinations, such as Denali)[4] who hoped to meet "the mayor". 
Stubbs's position was honorary, as the town is only a historic district.[5] 
Every afternoon, Stubbs went to a nearby restaurant and drank water laden with catnip out of a wineglass[6][7] or margarita glass.[8] 
At least one opinion writer for the Alaska Dispatch News insisted that the whole story was false, and that Talkeetna did not have a cat mayor.[9] Stubbs died on July 21, 2017, at the age of 20 years and 4 months.[10] 
In 1997, Lauri Stec, manager of Nagley's General Store, found Stubbs in a box full of kittens in her parking lot.[11] The owners were giving the kittens away; Stec chose "Stubbs" because he did not have a tail.[2] 
Stubbs was widely described as having been elected after a write-in campaign by voters who opposed the human candidates,[12] but National Public Radio pointed out that this could not have happened because "the tiny town has no real mayor, so there was no election."[13] Nagley's General Store was used as Stubbs's "mayoral office" during his tenure.[3] 
Late life 
The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation or ILAC started as a conference in 1977 with the aim of developing international cooperation for facilitating trade by promotion of the acceptance of accredited test and calibration results. 
In 1996, ILAC became a formal cooperation with a charter to establish a network of mutual recognition agreements among accreditation bodies that would fulfil this aim. 
The ultimate aim of the ILAC is increased use and acceptance by industry as well as government of the results from accredited laboratories, including results from laboratories in other countries. 
In this way, the free-trade goal of a 'product tested once and accepted everywhere' can be realised. 
Accreditation Good laboratory practice (GLP) Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ISO/IEC 17025 Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine Reference range Reference values 
External links 
David Vaughan Icke (/ˈdeɪvɪd vɔːn aɪk/; born 29 April 1952) is an English conspiracy theorist,[1][3][4][5] and a former footballer and sports broadcaster.[6] Icke has written more than 20 books and has lectured in over 25 countries.[7]:75[8]:121 
In 1990, while spokesman for the Green Party, he visited a psychic who he said told him he had been placed on earth for a purpose and would begin to receive messages from the spirit world.[9]:103 These events led him to announce the following year that he was a "Son of the Godhead"[2] and that the world would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes, a prediction he repeated on the BBC's primetime show Wogan.[10]:192–194[11] Icke's appearance on the show led to public ridicule in the United Kingdom.[12] 
Over the next 11 years Icke wrote The Robots' Rebellion (1994), And the Truth Shall Set You Free (1995), The Biggest Secret (1999), and Children of the Matrix (2001), in which he developed his worldview of New Age conspiracism.[1]:103 His endorsement of the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in The Robots' Rebellion and And the Truth Shall Set You Free led his publisher to refuse to publish his books, which were self-published thereafter.[13] 
Icke believes that the universe is made up of "vibrational" energy and consists of an infinite number of dimensions that share the same space.[1][2][16]:26–27 He claims that an inter-dimensional race of reptilian beings called the Archons (or Anunnaki) have hijacked the earth, and that a genetically modified human–Archon hybrid race of shape-shifting reptilians known as the Babylonian Brotherhood, the Illuminati, or the "elite", manipulate global events to help keep humans in constant fear. 
The Archons feed off the "negative energy" this creates.[14][4]:82[16]:19–25, 40[17] He claims many prominent public figures belong to the Babylonian Brotherhood and are propelling humanity toward an Orwellian global fascist state, or New World Order, a post-truth era where freedom of speech is ended.[6]:103[14][7][19] Icke believes that the only way this "Archontic" influence can be defeated is if people wake up to the truth and fill their hearts with love.[14] Critics have accused Icke of being antisemitic and a Holocaust denier with his theories about reptilians serving as a deliberate "code".[9][10][11] 
The Babin Republic by Jan Matejko 
The Babin Republic (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Babińska), was a satirical, literary and carnival society founded in 1568 in Babin, Lublin county, Poland by Stanisław Pszonka and Piotr Kaszowski [pl].[1] Its Latin motto was: Omnis Homo Mendax ("Every man is a liar"). 
The Babin Republic was set up as a parody of a republican state. 
To this end, the Republic bestowed sarcastic "offices" and "titles" to those who embarrassed themselves in public due to some fault or folly, and to those who told ridiculously untrue stories.[2] People with poor speaking skills were declared "Speakers of the Republic", gossipmongers were made members of the "Secret Council", litigious people were declared "Justices of the Peace", people who exaggerated their hunting exploits were made "Masters of the Hunt", etc. All nominations were dutifully entered into the Memorial Register of Babin Officials. 
There was a total of 411 accounts in the register. 
Some of the fanciful stories show influences of Rabelais and Boccaccio. 
The society was an institution in the cultural life in post-Renaissance Poland and survived until 1677. 
The Babin Republic spawned a few humorous expressions in Polish of the time, such as rycerz z Babina ("a Babin knight"), meaning "coward", or wiesci z Babina ("news from Babin"), meaning "false rumors". 
(in German) Babinische Republik, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 
4th Ed., Vol 2, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig, 1885–1892, p. 203. (in Polish) Bronisław Nadolski, Cyprian Mielczarski, Dobrosława Platt. 
ISBN 83-04-04621-0 (in Polish) K. Bartoszewicz, Rzeczpospolita Babińska Lwów 1902. (in Polish) T. Chabros Z tradycji Lubelszczyzny. 
6, nr 4. (in Polish) A. Kossowski Protestantyzm w Lublinie i w Lubelskiem w XVI i XVII wieku Lublin, 1933. (in Polish) A. Kuś Rzeczpospolita Babińska. 
47, 2003. (in Polish) J.A. Wadowski Kościoły lubelskie na podstawie źródeł archiwalnych Kraków 1907, p. 337. (in Polish) T. Wojtaszko Rzeczpospolita babińska przez wieki i okupacje Retro, Lublin 1994. 
External links 
The album received mixed reviews from critics. 
AllMusic gave the album a positive review but saying, "As a result, Horizons is strictly by the book metalcore, but delivered with enough talent and passion to put across a set of songs that might easily come off as samey and dull in less capable hands."[12] 
Commercial performance 
It reached #6 on the ARIA Albums Chart on 14 October 2007 and #27 on the US Top Heatseekers chart. 
Personnel 
Credits are adapted from the album liner notes. 
Horizons is the second studio album by Australian metalcore band Parkway Drive. 
It was released on 6 October 2007 through Resist and Epitaph Records, and was produced by Adam Dutkiewicz. 
It was recorded in Westfield, Massachusetts at Zing Studios in May of 2007 to positive critical reception. 
The record was a surprising commercial success for the band at the time, charting at #6 on the ARIA Album Charts, an unheard of achievement for an Australian metal band in 2007.[1] 
Recording took place at Zing Studios, Westfield, Massachusetts in the United States in May 2007.[2] Adam Dutkiewicz of Killswitch Engage acted as producer. 
Discussing the recording process, McCall explained: "The songs, the sounds, the speed, the heaviness and the production has all been stepped up. 
Working with Adam again made our job super easy as well as highly enjoyable."[2] 
Critical reception 
EMG, Inc. is the current legal name of a company based in Santa Rosa, California that manufactures guitar pickups and EQ accessories. 
Among guitar and bass accessories, the company sells active humbucker pickups, such as the EMG 81,[1] the EMG 85, the EMG 60, and the EMG 89. They also produce passive pickups such as the EMG-HZ Series, which include SRO-OC1's and SC Sets. There is also a series geared towards a more traditional and passive sound known as the X series. 
EMG Inc. has four distinct product ranges; the EMG Standard Series, HZ / SRO Series, SA Series and the EMG X-Series. These pickups are all featured on the official EMG Inc. website and include solderless wiring harnesses. 
The Standard Series consists of all their standard active guitar, bass, and acoustic pickups, including humbucking, single coil, and bass models for 4, 5, and 6 string basses. 
EMG active pickups (such as the EMG 60, EMG 81, EMG 85, and EMG 89) tend to have much higher output than passive pickups of similar design (such as the EMG HZ) because of the on-board preamplifier. 
The high output, noise-reduction and responsiveness of EMG active pickups has made them popular with hard rock and heavy metal guitarists because they overdrive the input stage of guitar amplifiers more dramatically than a lower output pickup could. 
In 2012 EMG introduced a new 57/66 set to replace the outdated EMG 60 and EMG 81 configuration in which the designs were based on the James Hetfield "JH Het Set" to mix high output from a passive pickup with the punch of the active pickups.[7] 
The HZ / SRO Series is a variety of passive designs of humbucking and single coil pickups, as well as bass models for 4, 5, and 6 string basses. 
HZ pickups are commonly used in guitar and bass manufacturers as stock pickups. 
The SA Series is an active single coil pick up with moderate gain output levels famous among Fender Strat players for extra volume and gain while retaining that classic vintage tone. 
EMG P-X -pickups on a bass guitar. 
X-Series 
Their active pickups are most popular among hard rock and metal artists[1] such as Metallica, Slayer, Zakk Wylde, Sepultura, Judas Priest, Exodus, Emperor, Cannibal Corpse, Children of Bodom, Death Angel, Cryptopsy, Malevolent Creation and Primus but also used by others such as Prince, Vince Gill, Kyle Sokol, Steve Winwood, Steve Lukather and David Gilmour.[2] 
The X series is an active product designed to bridge the gulf between passive and active tonalities. 
They are active but are voiced to sound more organic, with a more rounded signal response like the passives, while retaining the active qualities such as noise reduction and high output. 
Signature Pickups and Sets 
EMG has released several signature pickups and sets for various artists, the two longest signature artists being Kerry King ("KFK Set") and Zakk Wylde ("ZW Set"), both are which are based around the EMG 81 and EMG 85 set. 
There are also signature sets for Judas Priest's Glenn Tipton ("GTV Vengenace" set custom-made for Glenn, based on the 81 / 81 set with steel magnets), James Hetfield ("JH HET Set", set custom-made for Hetfield based on the 81 / 60 set with pole-pieces), and a complimentary set for fellow Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammet ("KH Bonebreakers" based on a 60/81 set) Exodus' Gary Holt ("GH Set", based around the 81 / 89R in red covers), Children of Bodom's Alexi Laiho (passive custom EMG pickup with a custom-voiced boost preamp), and Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler (passive P and P/J voiced for Butler). Metallica's Robert Trujillo received a signature set ("RT Rip Tide" based on EMG's standard Jazz Bass pickups). 
Some artists and bands who use or endorse EMG pickups include: 
External links 
Official website Premier Guitar Video: EMG Inc. 
Factory Tour Rob Turner Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2009) 
The company was founded in 1976 by Rob Turner in Long Beach, California. 
It was originally called Dirtywork Studios, and their first pickup was the same as their current 2011 model of EMG H and EMG HA models. The active humbucking pickup EMG 58 followed soon after. 
The name was changed to "Overlend"[3] (spelled "Overland" in some sources[4]) in 1978. 
However, its products have always been called EMG pickups. 
In 1981, EMG active pickups became standard equipment on Steinberger basses and guitars. 
According to Hap Kuffner, EMG pickups originally had widespread success in Europe, after first exhibiting at the 1983 Musikmesse tradeshow in Germany. 
The name was changed to EMG, Inc. in 1983[3] ("EMG" stands for "Electro-Magnetic Generator"[5]). 
As Steinberger guitars became more popular among American metal and rock musicians, so did EMG pickups, and vice versa.[3] 
Early EMG pickup designs were made with a bar magnet inside for two reasons. 
The first reason is that the pole pieces had too much magnetism on the strings and could cause some lower notes to go out of pitch in a Doppler effect. 
The second reason is that the pole pieces can make tuning and placement of the strings much more difficult. 
Using the bar magnet however gave the strings a more balanced output. 
The design of the bar magnet gives it a smoother distortion, better sustain through the amplifier, and have less fade onto the strings than the design of pole pieces.[6] 
EMG pickups are standard equipment on some models from guitar manufacturers such as BC Rich, ESP, Schecter, Cort, Gibson, Dean, Ibanez, and Jackson Guitars.[3] In addition to pickups, EMG Inc. also has a line of guitar and bass accessories, mainly for altering equalization settings such as bass/treble and gain boosting, and designed to work with most pickups. 
These can be found in instruments made by companies such as Schecter, who ship almost all of their basses with EMG equalization circuitry. 
James Hetfield[2] Rob Trujillo[2] Kirk Hammet[2] Slayer[2] Sepultura[2] Anthrax[3] Cannibal Corpse[2] David Gilmour[8] El Hefe[2] Jim Root[2] Killswitch Engage[3] Les Claypool[2] Kyle Sokol[2] Rammstein[2] Zakk Wylde Black Veil Brides[2] Nickelback Reb Beach Vito Bratta Matt Heafy David Ellefson Ricky Phillips Jason Newsted Children Of Bodom Geezer Butler Mikey Way Dan Jacobs Adam Darski Aaron Fink Adam Duce Andy James 
College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education which have been ranked on the basis of various combinations of various factors. 
None of the rankings give a comprehensive overview of the strengths of the institutions ranked because all select a range of easily quantifiable characteristics to base their results on. 
Rankings have most often been conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics. 
In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, and schools. 
Various rankings consider combinations of measures of funding and endowment, research excellence and/or influence, specialization expertise, admissions, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria. 
Various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. 
Some rankings evaluate institutions within a single country, while others assess institutions worldwide. 
The subject has produced much debate about rankings' usefulness and accuracy.[1] The expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. 
Further, it seems possible to game the ranking systems through excessive self-citations[2] or by researchers supporting each other in surveys. 
UNESCO has questioned whether rankings "do more harm than good", while acknowledging that "Rightly or wrongly, they are perceived as a measure of quality and so create intense competition between universities all over the world".[3] 
Notes and references 
See Regional and national rankings for university rankings within a particular region. 
Several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. 
Europe 
Fuentealbilla (Spanish pronunciation: [fwen.te.alˈβi.ʎa]) is a village and municipality in the province of Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. 
It is located to the northeast of the city of Albacete and had a population of 2,071 in 2009. 
Vissel Kobe and Spain midfielder Andrés Iniesta, who scored the winning goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final, was born in Fuentealbilla. 
External links 
Official website of Fuentealbilla 
Triarylmethane dyes are synthetic organic compounds containing triphenylmethane backbones. As dyes, these compounds are intensely colored. 
They are produced industrially as dyes.[1] 
Phenol dyes have hydroxyl groups at the p positions of at least two aryl groups. 
Malachite green dyes are related to the methyl violet dyes, except that they contain one phenyl (C6H5) group. 
Victoria blue dyes 
Victoria blue dyes are related to the methyl violet dyes, except they contain one naphthylamino group. 
Variation is found is dimethylamine vs diethylamino substituents on the phenyl rings and variations of the secondary amine on the naphthyl group. 
Triarylmethane dyes can be grouped into families according to the nature of the substituents on the aryl groups. 
In some cases, the anions associated with the cationic dyes (say crystal violet) vary even though the name of the dye does not. 
Often it is shown as chloride. 
Victoria blue dyes Victoria Blue B Victoria Blue FBR Victoria blue BO Victoria Blue FGA Victoria blue 4 R Victoria blue R 
Xanthene dyes feature a xanthene core. 
They are not widely used as textiles, but for other applications. 
Where two of the aryl groups are bridged by a heteroatom, these triarylmethane compounds may be further categorized into acridines (nitrogen-bridged), xanthenes (oxygen-bridged), and thioxanthenes (sulfur-bridged). 
The amine-containing dyes are often prepared from Michler's ketone or its diethylamino analogue. 
In this way, the third aryl group is readily differentiated. 
The Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction is a popular method to prepare many of the phenolic derivatives: 
In addition to their dominant use as dyes, many of these dyes react reversibly with acid and base, and thus serve as pH indicators.[1] 
See also 
References 
Methyl violet dyes have dimethylamino groups at the p-positions of two aryl groups. 
Fuchsine dyes have primary or secondary amines (NH2 or NHMe) functional groups at the p-positions of each aryl group. 
Aerial view of International Avenue (17 Avenue SE) 
Sony Vision-S Concept Overview Manufacturer Sony Also called Vision-S Production 2020–present Model years 2020–present Body and chassis Class Mid-size (E) Body style 4-door fastback sedan Layout Dual motor all-wheel drive Platform TBA Powertrain Engine TBA Electric motor 200 kW × 2 Transmission TBA Electric range TBA Dimensions Wheelbase 3,000 mm (120 in)[1] Length 4,895 mm (192.7 in) Width 1,900 mm (75 in) Height 1,450 mm (57 in) Curb weight 2,350 kg (5,180 lb) 
The Sony Vision-S is an all-electric concept sedan developed by Sony. 
It was unveiled at the 2020 Consumer Electronics Show, designed in collaboration with components manufacturer Magna International,[2][3][4] Continental AG, Elektrobit[5] and Benteler / Bosch.[6][7] 
Design 
The car is intended to showcase Sony's latest technology, and features always-on connectivity. 
It is also equipped with 33 sensors, including CMOS, solid state lidar, radar and time-of-flight cameras which collectively form an advanced driver assistance suite called "Safety Cocoon". 
Inside, a panoramic touchscreen is built into the dashboard, accompanied by Sony's 360 Reality Audio. 
The Vision-S has a dual-motor setup with two 200 kW electric motors and all-wheel drive. 
Sony claims the car can accelerate from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 4.8 seconds, and the top speed is rated at 240 km/h (149 mph). 
A double wishbone suspension is used with an air spring system.[1] 
Futuracha Pro is a typeface designed by Odysseas Galinos Paparounis. [1] The appearance of individual letters adjusts automatically depending on the words typed.[2] The shape and design of the font, which has Art Deco stylings, were inspired by the movements of a cockroach.[3] 
In December 1991, during a match for Nîmes, Eric Cantona threw the ball at the referee, having been angered by one of his decisions. 
He was summoned to a disciplinary hearing by the French Football Federation and was banned for one month. 
In turn, Cantona responded by walking up to each member of the hearing committee and calling them idiots. 
His ban was increased to two months, and Cantona subsequently announced his retirement from international football on 16 December 1991. 
In 1995–96, Nîmes reached the final of the French Cup, allowing them to compete the following year in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. 
In September 1996, in the Round of 32, Nîmes beat Budapest Honvéd (4–1 on aggregate), before losing to AIK Stockholm in the next round (2-3 on aggregate). 
On 5 May 2018, Nimes secured promotion back to Ligue 1 for the first time since the 1992–93 season after finishing second in Ligue 2.[2] In the 2018–19 season, Nimes enjoyed a happy return to Ligue 1 finishing 9th on the table.[3] In the shortened 2019–20 season, the team finished 18th and narrowly avoided relegation. 
Nîmes Olympique (commonly referred to as simply Nîmes) is a French association football club based in Nîmes. 
The club was founded on 10 April 1937 and currently plays in Ligue 1, the first level of French football. 
The club's most important achievements were winning Ligue 2 in 1950 and the Championnat National in 1997 and in 2012. 
Nîmes plays its home matches at the Stade des Costières located within the city. 
The team is managed by Jérôme Arpinon. 
Notable players 
Below are the notable former players who have represented Nîmes in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1937. 
To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 80 official matches for the club or represented the national team for which the player is eligible during his stint with Nîmes or following his departure. 
Honours 
Miscellaneous 
External links 
Official website (in French) 
The Sporting Club Nîmois (SCN) was founded in 1901 by Henri Monnier, who, at the age of 21, had just returned from a two-year trip to England. 
He decided to start a new team in Nîmes, his home town. 
Originally, the team was for young Protestants only. 
The club suspended activities due to World War I. After the war ended, it resumed its activities on 15 April 1919. 
In 1922, SCN united with another club from Nîmes, F.A. Nîmois, becoming a single club. 
Due to financial problems, SCN abandoned their professional activities in 1937. 
Following efforts from local businessmen, the club moved to the district of Lozère-Gard in Nîmes, and was reformed as Nîmes Olympique. 
.mw-parser-output .nogrid,.mw-parser-output .nogrid td,.mw-parser-output .nogrid tr,.mw-parser-output .nogrid th{border:0} Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. 
External links 
Neilia Hunter Biden (July 28, 1942 – December 18, 1972) was an American teacher and the first wife of U.S. President Joe Biden. 
She died in a car crash in 1972 with her one-year-old daughter, Naomi; her two sons, Beau and Hunter, were critically injured but survived. 
Neilia Hunter was born on July 28, 1942, in Skaneateles, New York, to Louise (née Basel; 1915–1993) and Robert Hunter (1914–1991).[1] She attended Penn Hall, a secondary boarding school in Pennsylvania. 
She was active in the school's French club, hockey, swimming, and student council.[2] After secondary school, she attended Syracuse University and was a school teacher in the Syracuse City School District.[1] She was related to former Auburn city councilman Robert Hunter.[3] 
Neilia Hunter met Joe Biden in Nassau, Bahamas, while Biden was on spring break.[4] Shortly after, Biden moved to Syracuse and attended law school. 
The couple married on August 27, 1966.[2] After the wedding, the Bidens moved to Wilmington, Delaware, where Biden was on the New Castle County Council. 
The couple had three children: Joseph Robinette "Beau", Robert Hunter and Naomi Christina "Amy".[5] Biden campaigned to unseat U.S. Senator from Delaware J. Caleb Boggs and Neilia was described by The News Journal as the "brains" of his campaign.[2] 
On Monday, December 18, 1972, shortly after her husband became U.S. senator-elect, Neilia was driving with children Naomi, Beau and Hunter. 
Neilia was driving west along rural Valley Road in Hockessin, Delaware. 
At the intersection with Delaware Route 7 (Limestone Road) she pulled out in front of a tractor-trailer truck traveling north along Delaware Route 7. 
Police determined that Neilia drove into the path of the tractor-trailer, possibly because her head was turned and she didn't see the oncoming truck.[6][7] Neilia and her three children were taken to Wilmington General Hospital. 
Neilia and Naomi were pronounced dead on arrival, but her two sons survived with multiple serious injuries.[8][6][9] Biden was sworn into the Senate at the hospital where his sons were being treated.[5] 
Part of the Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco being torn down in 1991. 
The removal of the freeway illustrates the inverse of induced demand, "reduced demand". 
Induced demand – related to latent demand and generated demand[1] – is the phenomenon that after supply increases, and there is sufficient demand, price declines and more of a good is consumed. 
This is entirely consistent with the economic theory of supply and demand; however, this idea has become important in the debate over the expansion of transportation systems, and is often used as an argument against increasing roadway traffic capacity as a cure for congestion. 
This phenomenon, more correctly called "induced traffic" or consumption of road capacity, may be a contributing factor to urban sprawl. 
City planner Jeff Speck has called induced demand "the great intellectual black hole in city planning, the one professional certainty that everyone thoughtful seems to acknowledge, yet almost no one is willing to act upon."[2] 
The effect was recognized as early as 1930, when an executive of a St. Louis, Missouri electric railway company told a Transportation Survey Commission that widening streets simply produces more traffic, and heavier congestion.[8] In New York, it was clearly seen in the highway-building program of Robert Moses, the "master builder" of the New York City area. 
As described by Moses' biographer, Robert Caro, in The Power Broker: 
During the last two or three years before [the entrance of the United States into World War II], a few planners had...begun to understand that, without a balanced system [of transportation], roads would not only not alleviate transportation congestion but would aggravate it. 
Watching Moses open the Triborough Bridge to ease congestion on the Queensborough Bridge, open the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge to ease congestion on the Triborough Bridge and then watching traffic counts on all three bridges mount until all three were as congested as one had been before, planners could hardly avoid the conclusion that "traffic generation" was no longer a theory but a proven fact: the more highways were built to alleviate congestion, the more automobiles would pour into them and congest them and thus force the building of more highways – which would generate more traffic and become congested in their turn in an ever-widening spiral that contained the most awesome implications for the future of New York and of all urban areas.[9] 
The same effect had been seen earlier with the new parkways that Moses had built on Long Island in the 1930s and 40s, where 
...every time a new parkway was built, it quickly became jammed with traffic, but the load on the old parkways was not significantly relieved.[10] 
Similarly, the building of the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel failed to ease congestion on the Queens-Midtown Tunnel and the three East River bridges, as Moses had expected it to.[11] By 1942, Moses could no longer ignore the reality that his roads were not alleviating congestion in the way he expected them to, but his answer to the problem was not to invest in mass transit, it was to build even more roads, in a vast program which would expand or newly create 200 miles (300 kilometers) of roads, including additional bridges, such as the Throgs Neck Bridge and the Verrazano Narrows Bridge.[12][13] J. J. Leeming, a British road-traffic engineer and county surveyor between 1924 and 1964, described the phenomenon in his 1969 book, Road Accidents: Prevent or Punish?: 
Motorways and bypasses generate traffic, that is, produce extra traffic, partly by inducing people to travel who would not otherwise have done so by making the new route more convenient than the old, partly by people who go out of their direct route to enjoy the greater convenience of the new road, and partly by people who use the towns bypassed because they are more convenient for shopping and visits when through traffic has been removed.[14] 
Leeming went on to give an example of the observed effect following the opening of the Doncaster Bypass section of the A1(M) in 1961. 
By 1998, Donald Chen quoted the British Transport Minister as saying "The fact of the matter is that we cannot tackle our traffic problem by building more roads."[15] In Southern California, a study by the Southern California Association of Governments in 1989 concluded that steps taken to alleviate traffic congestion, such as adding lanes or turning freeways into double-decked roads, would have nothing but a cosmetic effect on the problem.[2] Also, the University of California at Berkeley published a study of traffic in 30 California counties between 1973 and 1990 which showed that every 10 percent increase in roadway capacity, traffic increased by 9 percent within four years time.[15] A 2004 meta-analysis, which took in dozens of previously published studies, confirmed this: it found that: 
...on average, a 10 percent increase in lane miles induces an immediate 4 percent increase in vehicle miles traveled, which climbs to 10 percent – the entire new capacity – in a few years.[16] 
An aphorism among some traffic engineers is "Trying to cure traffic congestion by adding more capacity is like trying to cure obesity by loosening your belt."[17] 
According to city planner Jeff Speck, the "seminal" text on induced demand is the 1993 book The Elephant in the Bedroom: Automobile Dependence and Denial, written by Stanley I. Hart and Alvin L. Spivak.[1] 
The inverse effect, or reduced demand, is also observed (see Reduced demand § Notes). 
When supply shifts from S1 to S2, the price (explained below) drops from P1 to P2, and quantity consumed increases from Q1 to Q2 
A journey on a road can be considered as having an associated cost or price (the generalised cost, g) which includes the out-of-pocket cost (e.g. fuel costs and tolls) and the opportunity cost of the time spent traveling, which is usually calculated as the product of travel time and the value of travellers' time. 
When road capacity is increased, initially there is more road space per vehicle traveling than there was before, so congestion is reduced, and therefore the time spent traveling is reduced – reducing the generalised cost of every journey (by affecting the second "cost" mentioned in the previous paragraph). 
In fact, this is one of the key justifications for construction of new road capacity (the reduction in journey times). 
A change in the cost (or price) of travel results in a change in the quantity consumed. 
This can be explained using the simple supply and demand theory, illustrated below. 
A review of transport research suggests that the elasticity of traffic demand with respect to travel time is around −0.5 in the short term and −1.0 in the long term.[18] This indicates that a 1.0% saving in travel time will generate an additional 0.5% increase in traffic within the first year. 
In the longer term, a 1.0% saving in travel time will result in a 1.0% increase in traffic volume. 
In the short term, increased travel on new road space can come from one of two sources: diverted travel and induced traffic. 
Diverted travel occurs when people divert their trip from another road (change in route) or retime their travel (change in timing). 
For example, people might travel to work earlier than they would otherwise like, in order to avoid peak period congestion – but if road capacity is expanded, peak congestion is lower and they can travel at the time they prefer. 
Effect in transportation systems 
Induced traffic occurs when new automobile trips are generated. 
This can occur when people choose to travel by car instead of public transport, or decide to travel when they otherwise would not have.[19] 
Shortening travel times can also encourage longer trips as reduced travel costs encourage people to choose farther destinations. 
Although this may not increase the number of trips, it increases vehicle miles traveled. 
In the long term, this effect alters land use patterns as people choose homes and workplace locations farther away than they would have without the expanded road capacity. 
These development patterns encourage automobile dependency which contributes to the high long-term demand elasticities of road expansion.[1] 
Induced traffic and transport planning 
Although planners take into account future traffic growth when planning new roads (this often being an apparently reasonable justification for new roads in itself – that traffic growth will mean more road capacity is required), this traffic growth is calculated from increases in car ownership and economic activity, and does not take into account traffic induced by the presence of the new road; that is, it is assumed that traffic will grow, regardless of whether a road is built or not.[1] 
In the UK, the idea of induced traffic was used as a grounds for protests against government policy of road construction in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s, until it became accepted as a given by the government as a result of their own Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment (SACTRA) study of 1994.[1] However, despite the concept of induced traffic now being accepted, it is not always taken into consideration in planning. 
A 1998 meta-analysis by the Surface Transportation Policy Project, which used data from the institute, stated that "Metro areas which invested heavily in road capacity expansion fared no better in easing congestion than metro areas that did not."[21] A comparison of congestion data from 1982 to 2011 by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute suggested that additional roadways reduced the rate of congestion increase. 
When increases in road capacity were matched to the increase demand, growth in congestion was found to be lower.[22] 
On the other hand, one study by Robert Cervero, a professor of City and Regional Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, found that "over a six- to eight-year period following freeway expansion, around twenty percent of added capacity is 'preserved,' and around eighty percent gets absorbed or depleted. 
Half of this absorption is due to external factors, like growing population and income. 
The other half is due to induced-demand effects, mostly higher speeds but also increased building activities. 
These represent California experiences from 1980 to 1994. 
Whether they hold true elsewhere is of course unknown."[23] 
Induced demand other than in traffic 
Vending machines are another example of induced demand. 
As more items of a certain product are available in the vending machine, consumers are more likely to acquire them.[24][25] Of course this example works if demand exists for the items and prices are at a level that ration items freely. 
Just as increasing road capacity reduces the cost of travel and thus increases demand, the reverse is also observed – decreasing road capacity increases the cost of travel, so demand is reduced. 
This observation, for which there is much empirical evidence, has been called disappearing traffic,[1] also traffic evaporation or traffic suppression, or, more generally, dissuaded demand. 
So the closure of a road or reduction in its capacity (e.g. reducing the number of available lanes) will result in the adjustment of traveler behavior to compensate – for example, people might stop making particular trips, condense multiple trips into one, re-time their trips to a less congested time, or switch to public transport, carpooling, walking, bicycling or smaller motor vehicles less affected by road diets, such as motorcycles, depending upon the values of those trips or of the schedule delay they experience. 
In 1994, the UK advisory committee SACTRA carried out a major review of the effect of increasing road capacity, and reported that the evidence suggested such increases often resulted in substantial increases in the volume of traffic.[20] Following this, London Transport and the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions commissioned a study to see if the reverse also occurred, namely that when road capacity was reduced, there would be a reduction in traffic. 
This follow-up study was carried out by Sally Cairns, Carmen Hass-Klau and Phil Goodwin, with an Annex by Ryuichi Kitamura, Toshiyuki Yamamoto and Satoshi Fujii, and published as a book in 1998.[26] A third study was carried out by Sally Cairns, Steve Atkins and Phil Goodwin, and published in the journal Municipal Engineer in 2002.[27] 
The 1998 study referred to about 150 sources of evidence, of which the most important were about 60 case studies in the UK, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, the US, Canada, Tasmania and Japan. 
They included major town centre traffic schemes to make pedestrian areas closed to traffic, bus priority measures (especially bus lanes), bridge and road closures for maintenance, and closures due to natural disasters, mostly earthquakes. 
The 2002 study added some extra case studies, including some involving cycle lanes. 
The Annex by Kitamura and his colleagues reported a detailed study of the effects of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. 
Taking the results as a whole, there was an average reduction of 41% of the traffic flows on the roads whose capacity had been reduced, of which rather less than half could be detected as reappearing on alternative routes.[citation needed] Thus, on average, about 25% of the traffic disappeared. 
Analysis of surveys and traffic counts indicated that the disappearance was accounted for by between 15 and 20 different behavioural responses, including changing to other modes of transport, changing to other destinations, a reduction in the frequency of trips, and car-sharing. 
There was a large variation around these average results, with the biggest effects seen in large-scale pedestrianisation in German town centres, and the smallest seen in small-scale temporary closures with good alternative routes, and small reductions in capacity in uncongested streets. 
In a few cases, there was actually an increase in the volume of traffic, notably in towns which had closed some town centre roads at the same time as opening a new by-pass. 
An early example of the reduced demand effect was described by Jane Jacobs in her classic 1961 book The Death and Life of Great American Cities. 
Jacobs and others convinced New York City to close the street that split Greenwich Village's Washington Square Park in two, and also not to widen the surrounding streets to service the extra capacity they were expected to carry because of the closing of the street. 
The city's traffic engineers expected the result to be chaos, but, in fact, the extra traffic never appeared, as drivers instead avoided the area entirely.[1] 
Induced demand is often used as a catch-all term for a variety of interconnected effects that cause new roads to quickly fill up to capacity. 
In rapidly growing areas where roads were not designed for the current population, there may be a great deal of latent demand for new road capacity, which causes a flood of new drivers to immediately take to the freeway once the new lanes are open, quickly clogging them up again. 
But these individuals were presumably already living nearby; how did they get around before the expansion? 
They may have taken alternative modes of transport, traveled at off hours, or not made those trips at all. 
That’s why latent demand can be difficult to disentangle from generated demand—the new traffic that is a direct result of the new capacity. 
(Some researchers try to isolate generated demand as the sole effect of induced demand).[1] 
External links 
Giles Duranton, Matthew A. Turner (2010), The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US cities, University of Toronto UK Department for Transport guidance on modelling induced demand A statistical analysis of induced travel effects in the US mid-Atlantic region (Fulton et al.), Journal of Transportation and Statistics, April 2004 (PDF) Todd Litman (2001), “Generated Traffic; Implications for Transport Planning,” ITE Journal, Vol. 
71, No. 4, Institute of Transportation Engineers (www.ite.org), April, 2001, pp. 38–47. 
The technical distinction between the two terms, which are often used interchageably, is that latent demand is travel that cannot be realized because of constraints. 
It is thus "pent-up". 
Induced demand is demand that has been realized, or "generated", by improvements made to transportation infrastructure. 
Thus, induced demand generates the traffic that had been "pent-up" as latent demand.[3][4][5][6] 
Latent demand has been recognised by road traffic professionals for many decades, and was initially referred to as "traffic generation". 
In the simplest terms, latent demand is demand that exists, but, for any number of reasons, most having to do with human psychology, is suppressed by the inability of the system to handle it. 
Once additional capacity is added to the network, the demand that had been latent materializes as actual usage.[7] 
External links 
htop Homepage 
htop is an interactive system-monitor process-viewer and process-manager. 
It is designed as an alternative to the Unix program top. 
It shows a frequently updated list of the processes running on a computer, normally ordered by the amount of CPU usage. 
Unlike top, htop provides a full list of processes running, instead of the top resource-consuming processes. htop uses color and gives visual information about processor, swap and memory status. htop can also display the processes as a tree. 
Users often deploy htop in cases where Unix top does not provide enough information about the system's processes. htop is also popularly used interactively as a system monitor.[3] Compared to top, it provides a more convenient, visual, cursor-controlled interface for sending signals to processes. 
htop is written in the C programming language using the ncurses library. 
Its name is derived from the original author's first name, as a nod to pinfo, an info-replacement program that does the same.[4] 
Because system monitoring interfaces are not standardized among Unix-like operating systems, much of htop's code must be rewritten for each operating system. 
Cross-platform, OpenBSD, FreeBSD and Mac OS X, support was added in htop 2.0.[5][6] Solaris/Illumos/OpenIndiana support added in 2.2.0. 
htop was forked by several developers as htop-dev and with support from the original author the homepage was later redirected to a new domain.[7] 
top (software) bmon: bandwidth monitoring 
The load average numbers in Linux refers to the sum of the number of processes waiting in the run-queue plus the number currently executing. 
The number is absolute, not relative. And thus it can be unbounded; unlike utilization. 
The instant variations of the number of processes are damped with an exponential decay formula which is calculated using fixed point math.[6] 
The ps program is similar to top, but instead produces a snapshot of processes taken at the time of invocation. top's n (number of iterations) option can product a similar result, causing the program to run the specified number of iterations, then exit after printing its output. 
.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column} apachetop atop Bmon bandwidth monitoring for Linux dnstop htop interactive system-monitor for Linux iftop iotop LatencyTOP mpstat mytop nmon system-monitor for AIX and Linux ntop PowerTOP sar (Unix) slabtop systemd-cgtop virt-top 
External links 
top (table of processes) is a task manager program, found in many Unix-like operating systems, that displays information about CPU and memory utilization. 
Overview 
The program produces an ordered list of running processes selected by user-specified criteria, and updates it periodically. 
Default ordering is by CPU usage, and only the top CPU consumers are shown. top shows how much processing power and memory are being used, as well as other information about the running processes. 
Some versions of top allow extensive customization of the display, such as choice of columns or sorting method. top is useful for system administrators, as it shows which users and processes are consuming the most system resources at any given time. 
Top on Linux with altered preferences for better view 
There are several different versions of top. 
The traditional Unix version was written by William LeFebvre and originally copyrighted in 1984.[1] It is hosted on SourceForge,[2] and release 3.7 was announced in 2008.[3] 
The Linux version of top is part of the procps-ng group of tools. 
It was originally written by Roger Binns[4] but shortly thereafter taken over by others.[5] 
On Solaris, the roughly equivalent program is prstat. 
Microsoft Windows has the tasklist command and the graphical Task Manager utility. 
IBM AIX has an updating running processes list as part of the topas and topas_nmon commands. 
top(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual top(1) – OpenBSD General Commands Manual top(1) – Linux User's Manual – User Commands Unix Top atop Customizing top 
Wallis, Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield; 19 June 1896[1] – 24 April 1986), known as Wallis Simpson, was an American socialite and wife of the Duke of Windsor, the former British king Edward VIII. 
Their intention to marry and her status as a divorcée caused a constitutional crisis that led to Edward's abdication. 
In January 1934, while Lady Furness was away in New York City, Wallis allegedly became the Prince's mistress.[42] Edward denied this to his father, despite his staff seeing them in bed together as well as "evidence of a physical sexual act".[43] Wallis soon ousted Lady Furness, and the Prince distanced himself from a former lover and confidante, the Anglo-American textile heiress Freda Dudley Ward.[44] 
By the end of 1934, Edward was irretrievably besotted with Wallis, finding her domineering manner and abrasive irreverence toward his position appealing; in the words of his official biographer, he became "slavishly dependent" on her.[1] According to Wallis, it was during a cruise on Lord Moyne's private yacht Rosaura in August 1934 that she fell in love with Edward.[45] At an evening party in Buckingham Palace, he introduced her to his mother—his father was outraged,[46] primarily on account of her marital history, as divorced people were generally excluded from court.[47] Edward showered Wallis with money and jewels,[48] and in February 1935, and again later in the year, he holidayed with her in Europe.[49] His courtiers became increasingly alarmed as the affair began to interfere with his official duties.[50] 
Wallis grew up in Baltimore, Maryland. 
Her father died shortly after her birth and she and her widowed mother were partly supported by their wealthier relatives. 
Her first marriage, to U.S. naval officer Win Spencer, was punctuated by periods of separation and eventually ended in divorce. 
In 1931, during her second marriage, to Ernest Simpson, she met Edward, then Prince of Wales. 
Five years later, after Edward's accession as King of the United Kingdom, Wallis divorced her second husband to marry Edward. 
The King's desire to marry a woman who had two living ex-husbands threatened to cause a constitutional crisis in the United Kingdom and the Dominions, and ultimately led to his abdication in December 1936 to marry "the woman I love".[2] After abdicating, the former king was created Duke of Windsor by his brother and successor, King George VI. 
Wallis married Edward six months later, after which she was formally known as the Duchess of Windsor, but was not allowed to share her husband's style of "Royal Highness". 
As the German troops advanced, the Duke and Duchess fled south from their Paris home, first to Biarritz then to Spain in June. 
She told United States ambassador to Spain Alexander W. Weddell that France had lost because it was "internally diseased".[95] The Duke and Duchess moved to Portugal in July. 
They stayed in Cascais, at Casa de Santa Maria, the home of Ricardo do Espírito Santo e Silva, a banker who was suspected of being a German agent.[96] 
In August 1940, the Duke and Duchess travelled by commercial liner to the Bahamas where he was installed as governor.[97] Wallis performed her role as the governor's consort competently for five years; she worked actively for the Red Cross and in the improvement of infant welfare.[98] However, she hated Nassau, calling it "our St Helena" in a reference to Napoleon's final place of exile.[99] She was heavily criticised in the British press for her extravagant shopping in the United States, undertaken when Britain was enduring privations such as rationing and blackout.[4][100] She referred to the local population as "lazy, thriving niggers" in letters to her aunt, which reflected her upbringing in the Jim Crow South.[101][102] Prime Minister Winston Churchill strenuously objected in 1941 when she and her husband planned to tour the Caribbean aboard a yacht belonging to Swedish magnate Axel Wenner-Gren, whom Churchill said was "pro-German", and Churchill complained again when the Duke gave a "defeatist" interview.[103] Another of their acquaintances, Charles Bedaux, who had hosted their wedding, was arrested on charges of treason in 1943 but committed suicide in jail in Miami before the case was brought to trial.[104] The British establishment distrusted the Duchess; Sir Alexander Hardinge wrote that her suspected anti-British activities were motivated by a desire for revenge against a country that rejected her as its queen.[105] The couple returned to France and retirement after the defeat of Nazi Germany.[17] 
Before, during, and after the Second World War, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor were suspected by many in government and society of being Nazi sympathisers. 
In 1937, they visited Germany and met Adolf Hitler. 
In 1940, the Duke was appointed governor of the Bahamas, and the couple moved to the islands until he relinquished the office in 1945. 
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Duke and Duchess shuttled between Europe and the United States living a life of leisure as society celebrities. 
After the Duke's death in 1972, the Duchess lived in seclusion and was rarely seen in public. 
Her private life has been a source of much speculation, and she remains a controversial figure in British history. 
Upon the Duke's death from throat cancer in 1972, the Duchess travelled to the United Kingdom to attend his funeral,[114] staying at Buckingham Palace during her visit.[115] The Duchess became increasingly frail and eventually succumbed to dementia, living the final years of her life as a recluse, supported by both her husband's estate and an allowance from the Queen.[116] She suffered several falls and broke her hip twice.[117] 
After Edward's death, the Duchess's French lawyer, Suzanne Blum, assumed power of attorney.[118] Blum sold items belonging to the Duchess to her own friends at lower than market value[119] and was accused of exploiting her client in Caroline Blackwood's The Last of the Duchess, written in 1980 but not published until 1995, after Blum's death.[120] Later, royal biographer Hugo Vickers called Blum a "Satanic figure ... wearing the mantle of good intention to disguise her inner malevolence".[121] 
The Duchess of Windsor died on 24 April 1986 at her home in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, aged 89.[1] Her funeral was held at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, attended by her two surviving sisters-in-law – the Queen Mother and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester – and other members of the royal family.[124] The Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Prince and Princess of Wales attended both the funeral ceremony and the burial.[3] 
She was buried next to Edward in the Royal Burial Ground near Windsor Castle, as "Wallis, Duchess of Windsor".[125] Prior to an agreement with Queen Elizabeth II in the 1960s, the Duke and Duchess had previously planned for a burial in a purchased cemetery plot at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, where the Duchess's father was interred.[126] 
External links 
External links 
George, 1893 
As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was stationed in Malta. There, he grew close to and fell in love with his cousin, Princess Marie of Edinburgh. His grandmother, father and uncle all approved the match, but his mother and aunt—the Princess of Wales and Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh—opposed it. 
The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German, and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England. The Duchess, the only daughter of Alexander II of Russia, resented the fact that, as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign, she had to yield precedence to George's mother, the Princess of Wales, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark. Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her. 
George and Mary on their wedding day 
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. 
Born during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria, George was third in the line of succession behind his father, Prince Albert Edward, and his own elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. 
From 1877 to 1892, George served in the Royal Navy, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. 
On the death of Victoria in 1901, George's father ascended the throne as Edward VII, and George was created Prince of Wales. 
He became king-emperor on his father's death in 1910. 
George V's reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape of the British Empire. 
The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. 
As a result of the First World War (1914–1918), the empires of his first cousins Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany fell, while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. 
In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. 
In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the British Commonwealth of Nations. He had smoking-related health problems throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII. 
George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House, London. 
He was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Alexandra, Princess of Wales. 
His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and his mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. 
He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley.[1] 
George as a young boy, 1870 
As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become king. 
He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. 
George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. 
John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871. 
Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually.[2] As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy",[3] in September 1877, when George was 12 years old, both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth, Devon.[4] 
Claire Wardle of First Draft News identifies seven types of fake news:[31] 
Here are a few examples of fake news: 
Fake news[lower-alpha 1] is false or misleading information presented as news.[3][4][5] It often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity, or making money through advertising revenue.[6][7][8] Media scholar Nolan Higdon has offered a more broad definition of fake news as "false or misleading content presented as news and communicated in formats spanning spoken, written, printed, electronic, and digital communication."[9] 
Clickbait Propaganda Satire/parody Sloppy journalism Misleading headings Manipulation Rumor Mill Misinformation Media Bias Audience Bias Content farm 
These are features of fake news and may help to identify and avoid instances of fake news.[40] 
Identifying 
Infographic How to spot fake news published by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 
Once common in print, the prevalence of fake news has increased with the rise of social media, especially the Facebook News Feed.[1][10][11] Political polarization, post-truth politics, confirmation bias,[12] and social media algorithms have been implicated in the spread of fake news.[5][6][13][14] It is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during elections.[15][16] The use of anonymously-hosted fake news websites has made it difficult to prosecute sources of fake news for libel.[3][17] In some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine, and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the text.[6] 
Fake news is a neologism.[25] Fake news, or fake news websites, have no basis in fact, but are presented as being factually accurate.[26] Media scholar Nolan Higdon has argued that the definition of fake news has been applied too narrowly to select mediums and political ideologies.[3] Fake news also refers to stories that are fabricated that obtain little to no verifiable facts.[27] 
In American university course numbering systems, the number 101 is often used for an introductory course at a beginner's level in a department's subject area. 
This common numbering system was designed to make transfer between colleges easier. 
In theory, any numbered course in one academic institution should bring a student to the same standard as a similarly numbered course at other institutions.[1] 
According to this three number arrangement, the first digit corresponds to the college year (1 for freshman, 2 for sophomore, 3 for junior, 4 for senior in undergraduate courses, and 5 and above for graduate courses). 
The second digit corresponded to a particular subject or to a department (like English, Science, etc.), and the third digit referred to a sequence number within a series of courses on the same subject.[1][3] Sometimes there are prerequisites, so for instance an English 201 course might not be taken before passing English 101 and 102. 
The term was first introduced by the University of Buffalo in 1929. 
It was used in the university's course catalog, the first known usage of the term by Oxford English Dictionary.[2] 
Out is a 2017 Slovak drama film directed by György Kristóf. 
It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[1][2] 
External links 
An 1882 oil painting of a will-o'-the-wisp by Arnold Böcklin. 
In folklore, a will-o'-the-wisp, will-o'-wisp or ignis fatuus (Latin for 'giddy flame',[1] plural ignes fatui), is an atmospheric ghost light seen by travelers at night, especially over bogs, swamps or marshes. 
The phenomenon is known in English folk belief, English folklore and much of European folklore by a variety of names, including jack-o'-lantern, friar's lantern, hinkypunk and hobby lantern and is said to mislead travelers by resembling a flickering lamp or lantern.[2] In literature, will-o'-the-wisp metaphorically refers to a hope or goal that leads one on but is impossible to reach or something one finds sinister and confounding.[3] 
Will-o'-the-wisp appears in folk tales and traditional legends of numerous countries and cultures; notable will-o'-the-wisp include St. Louis Light in Saskatchewan, The Spooklight in Southwestern Missouri, Marfa lights of Texas, the Naga fireballs on the Mekong in Thailand, the Paulding Light in Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the Hessdalen light in Norway. 
While urban legends, folklore and superstition typically attribute will-o'-the-wisps to ghosts, fairies or elemental spirits, modern science explains them as natural phenomena such as bioluminescence or chemiluminescence, caused by the oxidation of phosphine (PH3), diphosphane (P2H4) and methane (CH4) produced by organic decay. 
In modern science, it is generally accepted that will-o'-the-wisp phenomena (ignis fatuus) are caused by the oxidation of phosphine (PH3), diphosphane (P2H4), and methane (CH4). 
These compounds, produced by organic decay, can cause photon emissions. 
Since phosphine and diphosphane mixtures spontaneously ignite on contact with the oxygen in air, only small quantities of it would be needed to ignite the much more abundant methane to create ephemeral fires.[36] Furthermore, phosphine produces phosphorus pentoxide as a by-product, which forms phosphoric acid upon contact with water vapor, which can explain "viscous moisture" sometimes described as accompanying ignis fatuus. 
The idea of the will-o'-the-wisp phenomena being caused by natural gases can be found as early as 1596, as mentioned in the book Of Ghostes and Spirites, Walking by Night, And of Straunge Noyses, Crackes, and Sundrie forewarnings, which commonly happen before the death of men: Great Slaughters, and alterations of Kingdomes, by Ludwig Lavater, in the chapter titled "That many naturall things are taken to be ghoasts": 
Many times candles & small fires appeare in the night, and seeme to runne up and downe... 
Sometime these fires goe alone in the night season, and put such as see them, as they travel by night, in great feare. 
But these things, and many such lyke have their naturall causes... 
Natural Philosophers write, that thicke exhilations aryse out of the earth, and are kindled. 
Mynes full of sulphur and brimstone, if the aire enter unto it, as it lyeth in the holes and veines of the earth, will kindle on fier, and strive to get out.[37] 
In 1776, Alessandro Volta first proposed that natural electrical phenomena (like lightning) interacting with methane marsh gas may be the cause of ignis fatuus.[38] This was supported by the British polymath Joseph Priestley in his series of works Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1772–1790); and by the French physicist Pierre Bertholon de Saint-Lazare in De l’électricité des météores (1787).[39] 
Early critics of the marsh gas hypothesis often dismissed it on various grounds including the unlikeliness of spontaneous combustion, the absence of warmth in some observed ignis fatuus, the odd behavior of ignis fatuus receding upon being approached, and the differing accounts of ball lightning (which was also classified as a kind of ignis fatuus).[1] An example of such criticism is the following by the American anthropologist John G. Owens in Folk-Lore from Buffalo Valley (1891): 
This is a name that is sometimes applied to a phenomenon perhaps more frequently called Jack-o'-the-Lantern, or Will-o'-the-Wisp. 
It seems to be a ball of fire, varying in size from that of a candle-flame to that of a man's head. 
It is generally observed in damp, marshy places, moving to and fro; but it has been known to stand perfectly still and send off scintillations. 
As you approach it, it will move on, keeping just beyond your reach; if you retire, it will follow you. 
That these fireballs do occur, and that they will repeat your motion, seems to be established, but no satisfactory explanation has yet been offered that I have heard. 
Those who are less superstitious say that it is the ignition of the gases rising from the marsh. 
But how a light produced from burning gas could have the form described and move as described, advancing as you advance, receding as you recede, and at other times remaining stationary, without having any visible connection with the earth, is not clear to me.[40] 
However, the apparent retreat of ignis fatuus upon being approached might be explained simply by the agitation of the air by nearby moving objects, causing the gases to disperse. 
This was observed in the very detailed accounts of several close interactions with ignis fatuus published earlier in 1832 by Major Louis Blesson after a series of experiments in various localities where they were known to occur.[41] Of note is his first encounter with ignis fatuus in a marshland between a deep valley in the forest of Gorbitz, Newmark, Germany. 
Blesson observed that the water was covered by an iridescent film, and during day-time, bubbles could be observed rising abundantly from certain areas. 
At night, Blesson observed bluish-purple flames in the same areas and concluded that it was connected to the rising gas. 
He spent several days investigating the phenomenon, finding to his dismay that the flames retreated every time he tried to approach them. 
He eventually succeeded and was able to confirm that the lights were indeed caused by ignited gas. 
The British scientist Charles Tomlinson in On Certain Low-Lying Meteors (1893) describes Blesson's experiments as thus: 
On visiting the spot at night, the sensitive flames retired as the major advanced; but on standing quite still, they returned, and he tried to light a piece of paper at them, but the current of air produced by his breath kept them at too great a distance. 
On turning away his head, and screening his breath, he succeeded in setting fire to the paper. 
He was also able to extinguish the flame by driving it before him to a part of the ground where no gas was produced; then applying a flame to the place whence the gas issued, a kind of explosion was heard over eight or nine square feet of the marsh; a red light was seen, which faded to a blue flame about three feet high and this continued to burn with an unsteady motion. 
As the morning dawned the flames became pale and they seemed to approach nearer and nearer to the earth, until at last they faded from sight.[1] 
Blesson also observed differences in the color and heat of the flames in different marshes. 
The ignis fatuus in Malapane, Upper Silesia (now Ozimek, Poland) could be ignited and extinguished, but were unable to burn pieces of paper or wood shavings. 
Similarly, the ignis fatuus in another forest in Poland coated pieces of paper and wood shavings with an oily viscous fluid instead of burning them. 
Blesson also accidentally created ignis fatuus in the marshes of Porta Westfalica, Germany, while launching fireworks.[1][2] 
One attempt to replicate ignis fatuus under laboratory conditions was in 1980 by British geologist Alan A. Mills of Leicester University. 
Though he did succeed in creating a cool glowing cloud by mixing crude phosphine and natural gas, the color of the light was green and it produced copious amounts of acrid smoke. 
This was contrary to most eyewitness accounts of ignis fatuus.[42][2] As an alternative, Mills proposed in 2000 that ignis fatuus may instead be cold flames.[42][3] These are luminescent pre-combustion halos that occur when various compounds are heated to just below ignition point. 
Cold flames are indeed typically bluish in color and as their name suggests, they generate very little heat. 
Cold flames occur in a wide variety of compounds, including hydrocarbons (including methane), alcohols, aldehydes, oils, acids, and even waxes. 
However it is unknown if cold flames occur naturally, though a lot of compounds which exhibit cold flames are the natural byproducts of organic decay.[42][45] 
A related hypothesis involves the natural chemiluminescence of phosphine. 
In 2008, the Italian chemists Luigi Garlaschelli and Paolo Boschetti attempted to recreate Mills' experiments. 
They successfully created a faint cool light by mixing phosphine with air and nitrogen. 
Though the glow was still greenish in color, Garlaschelli and Boschetti noted that under low-light conditions, the human eye cannot easily distinguish between colors. 
Furthermore, by adjusting the concentrations of the gases and the environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.), it was possible to eliminate the smoke and smell, or at least render it to undetectable levels. 
Garlaschelli and Boschetti also agreed with Mills that cold flames may also be a plausible explanation for other instances of ignis fatuus.[44] 
In 1993, professors Derr and Persinger proposed that some ignis fatuus may be geologic in origin, piezoelectrically generated under tectonic strain. 
The strains that move faults would also heat up the rocks, vaporizing the water in them. 
Rock or soil containing something piezoelectric, like quartz, silicon, or arsenic, may also produce electricity, channeled up to the surface through the soil via a column of vaporized water, there somehow appearing as earth lights. 
This would explain why the lights appear electrical, erratic, or even intelligent in their behavior.[46][47] 
Vernon, Wisconsin (long exposure) 
The will-o'-the-wisp phenomena may occur due to the bioluminescence of various forest dwelling micro-organisms and insects. 
The eerie glow emitted from certain fungal species, such as the honey fungus, during chemical reactions to form white rot could be mistaken for the mysterious will-o'-the-wisp or foxfire lights. 
There are many other bioluminescent organisms that could create the illusions of fairy lights, such as fireflies. 
Light reflecting off larger forest dwelling creatures could explain the phenomena of will-o'-the-wisp moving and reacting to other lights. 
The white plumage of Barn owls may reflect enough light from the moon to appear as a will-o'-the-wisp; hence the possibility of the lights moving, reacting to other lights, etc.[48] 
Ignis fatuus sightings are rarely reported today. 
The decline is believed to be the result of the draining and reclamation of swamplands in recent centuries, such as the formerly vast Fenlands of eastern England which have now been converted to farmlands.[43] 
In literature, will-o'-the-wisp sometimes has a metaphorical meaning, describing a hope or goal that leads one on but is impossible to reach, or something one finds sinister and confounding.[1] In Book IX of John Milton's Paradise Lost, lines 631–642, Satan is compared to a will-o-the-wisp when he leads Eve to the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil.[49] 
Folklore 
Two Will-o-the-wisps appear in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's fairy tale The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily (1795). 
They are described as lights which consume gold and are capable of shaking gold pieces again from themselves.[50] 
It is seen in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre when Jane Eyre is unsure if it is a candle or a Will-o-the-wisp. 
"Mother Carey" wrote a popular 19th-century poem titled "Will-O'-The-Wisp".[52] 
The Will o' the wisp makes an appearance in the first chapter of Bram Stoker's Dracula, as the Count, masquerading as his own coach driver, takes Jonathan Harker to his castle in the night. 
The following night, when Harker asks Dracula about the lights, the Count makes reference to a common folk belief about the phenomenon by saying that they mark where treasure is buried.[53] 
The Will o' the Wisp and the Snake by Hermann Hendrich (1854–1931) 
The names will-o'-the-wisp and jack-o'-lantern are used in etiological folk-tales, recorded in many variant forms in Ireland, Scotland, England, Wales, Appalachia, and Newfoundland.[8][9][10] In these tales, protagonists named either Will or Jack are doomed to haunt the marshes with a light for some misdeed. 
One version from Shropshire is recounted by Briggs in A Dictionary of Fairies and refers to Will Smith. 
Will is a wicked blacksmith who is given a second chance by Saint Peter at the gates of heaven, but leads such a bad life that he ends up being doomed to wander the earth. 
The Devil provides him with a single burning coal with which to warm himself, which he then uses to lure foolish travellers into the marshes. 
bmon Screenshot of the bmon Developer(s) Thomas Graf Stable release 4.0 Repository github.com/tgraf/bmon Written in C Operating system Linux and Unix-like License BSD 
bmon is a free and open-source monitoring and debugging tool to monitor bandwidth and capture networking related statistics, and present them visually. 
It features various output methods including an interactive curses user interface and a programmable text output for scripting.[1][2][3][4][5] bmon allows the user to see: 
Network bandwidth realtime visualization Total amount of transmitted data CRC errors Collisions ICMPv6 traffic packets 
rlocate - Variant using kernel module and daemon for continuous updates. 
KwickFind - KDE GUI frontend for locate Locate32 for Windows - GPL'ed graphical Windows variant (no longer available) 
locate is a Unix utility which serves to find files on filesystems. 
It searches through a prebuilt database of files generated by the updatedb command or by a daemon and compressed using incremental encoding. 
It operates significantly faster than find, but requires regular updating of the database. 
This sacrifices overall efficiency (because of the regular interrogation of filesystems even when no user needs information) and absolute accuracy (since the database does not update in real time) for significant speed improvements, particularly on very large filesystems. 
locate was first created in 1982.[1] The BSD and GNU Findutils versions derive from the original implementation.[2] Their primary database is world-readable, so the index is built as an unprivileged user. locate command is also included in MacOS. 
mlocate (Merging Locate) and the earlier slocate (Secure Locate) use a restricted-access database, only showing filenames accessible to the user.[3][4] 
See also 
mdfind related command in MacOS 
External links 
Joseph Taggart McNarney was born on August 28, 1893 at Emporium, Pennsylvania. 
He graduated from the United States Military Academy in June 1915 (as part of "the class the stars fell on") and was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry. 
McNarney served with the 21st Infantry at Vancouver Barracks, Washington, and with the 37th Infantry at Yuma, Arizona. 
In July 1916 he became a first lieutenant and began flight training at the Signal Corps Aviation School at San Diego, California. 
One year later he was rated as a Junior Military Aviator and detailed to the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps. 
He became an instructor in meteorology and radio telegraphy. 
McNarney was promoted to captain in May 1917 and posted to the 1st Aero Squadron at Columbus, New Mexico, until August 1917. 
Khalaj is a Turkic language which is spoken in Iran today. 
Although it contains many old Turkic elements, it became widely Persianized.[4][1] In 1978, it was spoken by 20,000 people, in 50 villages located southwest to Tehran.[3] It has about 150 words of uncertain origin.[3] 
Khalaj is spoken mainly in Markazi Province in Iran. 
Doerfer cites the number of speakers as approximately 17,000 in 1968, and 20,000 in 1978;[1] Ethnologue reports that the population of speakers grew to 42,107 by 2000.[13][verification needed] 
The main dialects of Khalaj are Northern and Southern. 
Within these dialect groupings, individual villages and groupings of speakers have distinct speech patterns. 
Phonology 
Consonant phonemes[14] Labial Alveolar Post- alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Stop/ Affricate voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ ɢ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h voiced v z ʒ ɣ Approximant l j Rhotic r 
Vowel phonemes[14] Front Central Back unrounded rounded Close i [i] ī [iː] ü [y] üː[yː] ï [ɨ] ïː[ɨː] u [u] uː[uː] Mid e [e] eː [eː] ö [ø] öː [øː] o [o] oː [oː] Open ä [æ] äː[æː] a [a] aa [aː] 
Doerfer claims that Khalaj retains three vowel lengths postulated for Proto-Turkic: long (e.g. [qaːn] 'blood'), half-long (e.g. [baˑʃ] 'head'), and short (e.g. [hat] 'horse').[15][16] However, Alexis Manaster Ramer challenges both the interpretation that Khalaj features three vowel lengths and that Proto-Turkic had this three-way contrast.[17] Some vowels of Proto-Turkic are realized as falling diphthongs, as in [quo̯l] ('arm'). 
Khalaj language is a descendant of an old Turkic language called Arghu.[1][2] 11th century Turkic lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari was the first person giving written examples of the Khalaj language, which are mostly compatible with today's Khalaj.[5] 
Morphology 
Nouns in Khalaj may receive a plural marker or possessive marker. 
Cases in Khalaj include genitive, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, instrumental, and equative. 
Forms of case suffixes change based on vowel harmony and the consonants they follow. 
Case endings also interact with possessive suffixes. 
A table of basic case endings is provided below: 
Case Suffix Nominative - Dative -A, -KA Accusative -I, -NI Locative -čA Ablative -dA Instrumental -lAn, -lA, -nA Equative -vāra 
Verbs in Khalaj are inflected for voice, tense, aspect, and negation. 
Verbs consist of long strings of morphemes in the following array: 
Stem + Voice + Negation + Tense/Aspect + Agreement 
Syntax 
Khalaj employs subject–object–verb word order. 
Adjectives precede nouns. 
Gerhard Doerfer who rediscovered Khalaj, has demonstrated that the language was the first to branch off from Common Turkic proper.[1] 
The core of Khalaj vocabulary is Turkic, but many words have been borrowed from Persian. 
Words from neighboring Turkic dialects, namely Azerbaijani, have also made their way into Khalaj. 
Khalaj numbers are Turkic in form, but some speakers replace the forms for "80" and "90" with Persian terms: 
1 - [biː] 2 - [æk.ki] 3 - [yʃ] 4 - [tœœɾt] 5 - [bieʃ] 6 - [al.ta] 7 - [jæt.ti] 8 - [sæk.kiz] 9 - [toq.quz] 10 - [uon] 20 - [ji.giɾ.mi] 30 - [hot.tuz] 40 - [qiɾq] 50 - [æl.li] 60 - [alt.miʃ] 70 - [yæt.miʃ] 80 - [saj.san] (Turkic), [haʃ.tad] (Persian) 90 - [toqx.san] (Turkic), [na.vad] (Persian) 100 - [jyːz] 1000 - [min], [miŋk] 
Excerpt from Doerfer & Tezcan 1994, transliterated by Doerfer:[18] 
Translation IPA In Latin alphabet Once, Mullah Nasreddin had a son. biː ki.niː mol.laː nas.ɾæd.diː.niːn oɣ.lu vaːɾ-aɾ.ti Bî kinî mollâ nasrəddînîn oğlu vâr-arti. 
He said, "Oh Father, I want a wife." hay.dɨ ki "æj baː.ba, mæŋ ki.ʃi ʃæj.jo.ɾum" Haüdı ki "Əy bâba, mən kişi şəyyorum." 
He said, "My dear, we have a cow; take this cow and sell it. 
Come with the proceeds, we will buy you a wife!" hay.dɨ ki "bɒː.ba bi.zym biː sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ.myz vaːɾ, je.tip bo sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ saː.tɨ, naɣd ʃæj.i puˑ.lĩn, jæk biz sæ̃ ki.ʃi al.duq" Haüdı ki "Bâba bizüm bî sığırımüz vâr, yetip bo sığırı sâtı. 
Nağd şəyi pûlîn, yək biz sə̃ kişi alduq!" 
Classification 
References 
External links 
The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples.[6] 
Resources in and about the Turkic Khalaj language Khalaj language 
While initially thought to be closely related to Azerbaijani, linguistic study, particularly that done by Doerfer, led to the reclassification of Khalaj as a distinct non-Oghuz branch of Turkic language.[7] Evidence for this includes the preservation of the vowel length contrasts of Proto-Turkic (PT),[8] word-initial *h, and the lack of the sound change *d → y characteristic of Oghuz languages.[9] 
The preservative character of Khalaj can be seen by comparing the same words across different Turkic varieties; for example, in Khalaj, the word for "foot" is hadaq, while the cognate word in nearby Oghuz languages is ayaq (compare Turkish ayak). 
Because of the preservation of these archaic features, some scholars have speculated that the Khalaj are the descendants of the Arghu Turks.[citation needed] 
Ethnologue and ISO formerly listed a Northwestern Iranian language named "Khalaj" with the same population figure as the Turkic language.[10] The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and Persian, and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is spurious.[11][12] 
Geographical distribution 
Depiction in the mid-1920s of a rural banya by Russian artist Boris Kustodiev: Russian Venus (armed with birch besom) 
Cultural significance in Russian culture 
Since ancient times, the banya has been considered an important bonding place in Russian culture.[6] Throughout Russian history, the banya was used by all social classes within Russian society, including villagers and noble people.[7] Communal baths were very common in villages and towns.[7] It is also currently used as a place where Russian businesspeople and politicians meet.[8] 
Interior of a modern Russian banya 
Banya buildings can be quite large with a number of different bathing areas[9] or simple wooden cabins like the traditional Finnish cottage saunas.[10] Russian banyas usually have three rooms:[11] a steam room, a washing room and an entrance room. 
The entrance room, called a predbannik (предбанник) or pre-bath, has pegs to hang clothing upon and benches to rest on. 
The washing room has a hot water tap, which uses water heated by the steam room stove and a vessel or tap for cold water to mix water of a comfortable temperature for washing. 
The heater has three compartments: a fire box that is fed from the entrance room, the rock chamber, which has a small hole to throw the water into and a water tank at the top. 
The top of the water tank is usually closed to prevent vapour from infiltrating the banya. 
Water from a bucket by the stove is poured over the heated rocks in the stove. 
There are wooden benches across the room. 
People enter the steam room when the stove is hot, but before water is poured on the rocks. 
Getting a good sweat is thought to protect and condition the skin from the steam. 
Black banyas and white banyas 
In a "black banya" (or, more precisely, "black-way", по-чёрному, po-chyornomu), the smoke escapes through a hole in the ceiling, while in "white banyas" ("white-way", по-белому, po-belomu) there are exhaust pipes to vent the smoke. 
In the former, the escaping smoke darkens the banya's interior wood. 
Both styles are characterized by boulder stones, clay balls and large cauldrons for the hot water as well as stone stoves with a tank to heat the water. 
The firewood is usually birch. 
A black banya is more rudimentary than a white banya. 
Traditional Northern Russia banya in Mandrogy open air museum. 
Pokhodnaya or hiking banyas 
Parovozov, VIP public baths in Novosibirsk 
A hiking banya 
The pokhodnaya banya (походная баня) or "hiking banya", is popular among the Russian military, mountaineers and people who travel for extended periods in harsh environments.[12] It consists of a stone oven set up in a small makeshift tent. 
Hiking banyas are usually made near a lakeshore or riverbank where many big, round stones are available to build the banya's oven and there is plenty of cool water available for bathing. 
Large stones are made into a dome-shaped circular oven, one to four meters in diameter and a half to one meter in height so that there is space left on the inside to make a large fire. 
Firewood is burned for several hours in this improvised stove until the stones on the surface of the pile become so hot that water poured on them turns into steam. 
Around the pile, a space is tarped to form a small tent and the banya is ready when it becomes very hot inside and there is a lot of steam. 
Fresh veniks (see "Bathing ritual" below) can be cut from nearby birch or oak trees and bathers can take turns cooling off in the ice-cold mountain water. 
Banya temperatures often will exceed 93 degrees Celsius (199 °F) [13] and felt or wool hats are typically worn to protect the head from this intense heat and hair from heating to a point that might cause burns on contact.[2] It is common to sit on a small mat brought into the banya to protect bare skin from the hot wood and nails of the interior benches, and for hygienic reasons. 
In Russia, special felt hats are commonly sold in sets with felt mitts, along with extracts for inclusion into the steam water. 
Use of homemade herb extracts and beer is common. 
Dried wormwood may be hung over walls as well. 
Bunches of dried branches and leaves from white birch, oak or eucalyptus (called banny venik, банный веник, "banya besom") are commonly used for massage and to facilitate heat transfer from hot air to body. 
The dried branches are moistened with very hot water before use. 
Sometimes in summer, fresh branches are used instead. 
Sometimes instead of drying the venik, it is frozen in the summer when it has fresh leaves and then thawed before use. 
In the central European Jewish baths Schmeis were used in place of birch twigs: long brushes made of rafia. 
After the first sweat is induced, it is customary to cool off in the breeze outdoors or splash around in cold water in a lake or river. 
In the winter, people may roll in the snow with no clothes on or dip in lakes where holes have been cut into the ice. 
Then the banya is re-entered and small amounts of water are splashed on the rocks. 
If too much water is used at once, the steam will be cool with a clammy feel. 
A small amount of water on sufficiently hot rocks will evaporate quickly, producing a steam consisting of small vapor particles. 
Waving the venik causes convective heat. 
The second sweat is commonly the first time venik is used, but some people wait until the third session. 
After each sweat, cooling off is repeated and patrons use the break to drink beer, tea, or other beverages, play games or relax in good company in an antechamber to the steam room. 
Common commercial banyas typically have three rooms: a steam room opening into a large area with showers, stone benches and sometimes small pools which is preceded by a large dry room to undress. 
Banyas might have a bar for people to have drinks or even light meals afterwards. 
Banyas and Eastern Slavic mythology 
Bannik the Slavic bathhouse spirit 
In Slavic mythology, specifically East Slavic mythology every banya is inhabited by the Slavic bathhouse spirit Bannik. 
He is described as a wizened little man with wild white hair and a long, straggly beard, long nails and hairy hands. 
He lives behind the stove and his temperament is supposed to be very capricious. 
Because of the dimmed light in the banya, he was sometimes considered even to be malicious. 
It was said that by anger he could throw boiling water or even burn down the bathroom. 
He likes spying on bathers, particularly undressed women. 
He has the ability to predict the future. 
One consulted him by standing with one's back exposed in the half-open door of the bath. 
If the future predicts good, he strokes the back lovingly, by bad prospects he grabs the back with his claws.[14][15] 
A banya[1] (Russian: баня, IPA: [ˈbanʲə] (listen)) is originally an Russian-Eastern Slavic steam bath with a wood stove. 
It is considered an important part of Russian culture with Slavic and Finno-Ugric roots.[2] The bath takes place in a small room or building designed for dry or wet heat sessions. 
The steam and high heat make the bathers perspire. 
Ancient Romans had a cult of bathhouse. 
Greeting each other they said: "How is your sweating?"[16] In the bathhouse they not only washed themselves, but socialized, painted, read poetry, sang, and feasted. 
Their bathhouses had special rooms for massage, gyms, and libraries.[17] Wealthy citizens went to the bathhouse twice a day. 
Both private and public baths were distinguished by exceptional luxury – swimming pools were made of precious marble, silver and gold were used to decorate sinks. 
By the first century BC there were around 150 thermae in Rome. 
Steam rooms were heated in the same way as Russian banyas and Finnish saunas: the oven was placed in the corner, stones were laid on a bronze frame over red-hot charcoal. 
Rooms with wet and dry steam were also available. 
Hot air came through a pipe under the floor. 
The structure of thermae was complex: there were 5 rooms: a room for undressing and resting after bathing, a swimming pool for the first bathing, a room for washing with warm and hot water, and finally a room for dry steam and wet bath.[18] 
The Russian banya is the closest relative of the Finnish sauna. 
Sometimes they are distinguished by saunas having dry steam and banyas wet steam. 
However, historically, both types used wet steam. 
In modern Russian, a sauna is often called a "Finnish banya", though possibly only to distinguish it from other ethnic high-temperature bathing facilities such as Turkish baths referred to as "Turkish banya". 
Sauna, with its ancient history amongst Nordic and Uralic peoples, is a source of national pride for Finns.[1] 
Swedish Bastu 
The Swedish Bastu is derived from the words Bad (bath) and stuga (cabin). 
Bastu began to be popular in cities in the Middle Ages. 
Due to many bastu in the cities[clarification needed] they were banned for a few years. 
Swedes enjoyed bathing around Christmas—it was popular during the 16th century and 17th centuries. 
Swedish sauna buildings used to dry meat and grains were used to bathe in. 
It is common to see bastu in sports venues, gyms, swimming pools and arenas. 
In public bastu, for example in swimming pools, the bastu are separated for each gender but in private they can be mixed. 
Banya "Hamam" in Karachayevsk 
The hammam (Turkish saunas / baths) are often as glamorous as Roman baths. 
A visitor who enters the bathhouse finds himself in a spacious hall, where he leaves his clothes and then proceeds down the stairs and through a long narrow corridor to the soap room. 
In this room he sees several niches for bathing and three narrow doors leading to steam bath, to a cooler room, and to the hall for resting. 
This is the order of the bathing procedure. 
Only after having completed it, one goes to a masseur. 
The source of steam is a gigantic tub of water inside the wall. 
The steam goes through a hole in the wall. 
Moreover, the entire bath is heated by hot air, coming through a special pipe located under a marble floor. 
The bather lies on the hot stone and sweats. 
When sweating is plentiful, massage starts.[1] 
Sweat lodges in the Americas 
In the Russian language, the word banya may also refer to a public bathhouse, most historically famous being the Sanduny (Sandunovskie bani). 
In North America, the use of sweat lodges by Native Americans is similar in concept to the smoke saunas of Finland or the black banya and was recorded as early as 1643.[19] There is evidence of the use of sweat lodges in Mesoamerica before the European arrival, such as the Temazcal which is still used in some regions of Mexico and Central America. 
Public bathing Destination spa Hot tub Steam shower Bannik 
External links 
A mention of the banya is found in the Radziwiłł Chronicle in the story of Princess Olga's revenge for the murder of her husband, Prince Igor, by the Slavic tribe of Drevlians in 945 AD. 
The leader of the Drevlians had hopes of marrying the widow Olga and sent messengers to discuss the idea. "When the Drevlians arrived, Olga commanded that a bath should be made ready for them and said, 'Wash yourselves and come to me.' The bath-house was heated and the unsuspecting Drevlians entered and began to wash themselves. 
[Olga's] men closed the bath-house behind them and Olga gave orders to set it on fire from the doors, so that the Drevlians were all burned to death."[1] 
An early description of the banya comes from the East Slavic Primary Chronicle of 1113.[3] According to the Chronicle, or as it was called by its authors, The Tale of Bygone Years, the Apostle Andrew visited the territories that were later to become Russia and Ukraine during his visit to the Greek colonies on the Black Sea. 
Supposedly the belief was held that Andrew crossed through East Slavic lands from the mouth of the Dnieper River, past the hills on which Kiev would later be founded, and went as far north as the ancient city of Novgorod. 
"Wondrous to relate," said he, "I saw the land of the Slavs, and while I was among them, I noticed their wooden bathhouses. 
They warm them to extreme heat, then undress, and after anointing themselves with tallow, they take young reeds and lash their bodies. 
They actually lash themselves so violently that they barely escape alive. 
Then they drench themselves with cold water, and thus are revived. 
They think nothing of doing this every day, and actually inflict such voluntary torture on themselves. 
They make of the act not a mere washing but a veritable torment."[4] 
The original bathhouses[dubious ] were detached, low-lying wooden structures dependent on a fire lit inside to provide heat. 
A stove in a corner is made of large round stones that, when heated, are lifted with iron rods and placed in a wooden tub. 
Once the fire is built, the bather then removes the fire and flushes out the smoke before beginning the bath. 
Hence the soot and the term "black bathhouses" (chernaya banya).[5] 
Banya (sauna)—A Russian steam bath Victorian Turkish bath Public bathing Sauna Thermae 
.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} 1 2 The Cultural Progression of the Spa 
External links 
Tales of Toronto’s first Jewish shvitz 
The origins of the steam bath come from the Roman bath, which began during the height of the Roman Empire. 
Ancient Roman baths served many community and social functions within Roman society. 
Many citizens in Rome used Roman public baths, regardless of socioeconomic status. 
These Roman baths were supplied by natural hot springs from beneath the ground.[1] 
Historical parts of a spa – Roman, medieval, Georgian and Victorian have been restored in Bath, England and is available as a public bath or Thermae.[1] 
Today, natural steam baths still exist, and often still use similar systems that the Romans used, which contain pipes and pumps that bring water up and into the large pool areas, wherever the natural springs exist. 
Heaters are also now used to maintain warm temperatures in the baths. 
There are many different types of steam baths, which are different from saunas. 
(Both are hot, but the steam in a sauna is created by throwing water on a stove.) 
Komárno fortification system is a system of bastions and fortifications in and around the towns of Komárno and Komárom on the both banks of rivers Dunaj and Váh. 
Components 
The fort on the engraving by A. E. Burkhard from 1698 
Fortress of Komárno is the central part of the Komárno fortification system. 
Main Page 
Life 
Mary Bátorová is the author of seven books of domestic literary monographs (6 authors and one co-author) and five books of prose and one poetry collection. It is also the author of 285 scientific articles and studies in domestic and foreign magazines and more than 300 reviews of fiction and literature.[3] 
Bibliography 
Author of monograph BÁTOROVÁ, Mária: Roky úzkosti a vzopätia. 
co-authored a monograph HVIŠČ, Jozef – MARČOK, Viliam – BÁTOROVÁ, Mária – PETRÍK, Vladimír: Biele miesta v slovenskej literatúre. 
Prose BÁTOROVÁ, Mária: Zvony v kameni. 
References 
Poetry BÁTOROVÁ, Mária: Púšte a oázy. 
Translation SABINA NAEFOVÁ: ľahký závrat/leichter Schwindel. 
Mary Bátorová (born 19 October 1950 Trenčín) - literary scholar, Germanist, slavistka, writer, novelist, poet, essayist, journalist and university teacher.[1] She is a Slovak literary scholar who in her monographs and studies reflects the Slovak literary history of the 20th century. 
Her scientific and literary works won numerous domestic and international awards. 
Studies and education 
She attended primary and secondary school in Čadca, where she passed the leaving examination (1969).[4] From 1969 to 1974, she studied German and Slovak studies at Comenius University, and the Martin Luther University. 
She received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1973/74, in German Studies, at Comenius University. 
Her doctoral thesis was Das Leben und Werk von Nelly Sachs - The life and work of Nelly Sachs). 
She defended her 1988 doctoral dissertation and it was published as: Roky úzkosti a vzopätia. 
Bratislava: Editio Causa, 1992. 
She was Associate Professor at the Faculty of Humanities at Matej Bel University, and Professorship in 2006 at Masaryk University.[1] She issued a set of studies, Slovak literary modernism in the spectrum of modern world (Slovak Matica 2011). 
Her research on the life and work of Dominik Tatarka came in first scientific monograph Dominik Tatarka slovenský Don Quijote (Dominik Tatarka Don Quixote) (Science 2012). 
A selection of nearly thirty years of producing essays and journalism was published Medzi ideálom a ničotou. 
(Between the ideal and void. Essays and Journalism) (Publishing House of the Slovak Writers 2014) 
(:) is a written shortcut to the city of Košice resulting from the city logo. : Shows two Košice domitants on the Main Street in Košice (St. Elisabeth's Cathedral, Košice State Theater) (, ) Show the spherical or lenticular shape of the main street in Košice. 
City logo of Košice 
Draft:(:) 
Technical solution 
Motorový rušeň 756 Type and origin Power type 1 455kw Specifications Wheelbase: • Engine Caterpillar 3512B SCAC Performance figures Maximum speed 100km/h 
The locomotive of the 756 series is the total modernization of obsolete and uneconomic locomotives of the ranges 750 and 753, which was performed by the Slovak company ŽOS Zvolen in the license of the Czech company CZ LOKO for the company Železničná spoločnosť Cargo Slovakia. 
Modernization started on the basis of positive references from the operations of refurbished machines in the Czech Republic and Italy. 
The locomotive is in many ways identical to the Czech ranges 753.7 and 755, which is given by the licensed production. 
A new Caterpillar engine has been installed in these locomotives, which is characterized by lower fuel consumption and less maintenance than the original ČKD engine. 
There is also a traction alternator and most other components, including air-conditioned driving stations. 
The original was a wagon body, frame and chassis with original traction electromotors, eventual springs were replaced by rubber pillars. 
Multiple control allows you to control two locomotives from one station. 
This article contains a translation of Lokomotiva 756 from cs.wikipedia. 14645893 
User:Thomas.adamjak/Diesel locomotive 756 
Železničná trať Trenčianska Teplá – Vlársky priesmyk 
Teplice) a 124 (Trenčianska Teplá – Lednické Rovne) Nemšová – križovatka s traťou 124 (Trenčianska Teplá – Lednické Rovne) Horné Srnie Vlársky priesmyk hraničný priechod a Template:Country data Česko 
User:Brene100/ČEČIČOČUČ ČEČIČOČEČAČEČOČIČAČ 
Find more aboutŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity 
User:Brene100/ŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽ 
↑ http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/1560484-dvouvladi-na-zeleznici-konci-ale-velmi-pozvolna. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ (PDF) http://www.svts-doprava.utc.sk/dokumenty/InfoElektro_122011.pdf. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.trencin.sk/index.php?s-cv-contentID=12288&s-cv-embeddedID=84400. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.teraz.sk/ekonomika/ek-zeleznice-eurofondy-schvalenie/51378-clanok.html. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.zeleznicne.info/view.php?cisloclanku=2017020005. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://www.asb.sk/inzinierske-stavby/zeleznica/modernizacia-zeleznicnej-trate-puchov-zilina-pre-rychlost-do-160-km-h-i.-etapa. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ https://www.asb.sk/inzinierske-stavby/zeleznica/modernizacia-zeleznicnej-trate-povazska-tepla-zilina. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://www.zsr.sk/slovensky/media-room/vyjadrenia-pre-media-2016/januar/zsr-zacali-s-modernizaciou-v-dolnom-hricove.html?page_id=4374. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) 
Find more aboutŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity 
User:Brene100/ŽEŽIŽOŽUŽ ŽEŽIŽOŽEŽAŽOŽIŽEŽAŽ 
Eilina Eilina 
Find more aboutŽelezničná stanica Eilinaat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity 
User:Brene100/Železničná stanica Eilina 
Sources 
References 
History 
The first mention of Slatinka dates back to 1388, when it was mentioned as Zalatha. 
In 1424, Slatinka belonged to the Vígľaš castle monastery[1] 
In 1954, the construction of the Slatinka water dam was planned. 
In 1956, Slatinka was declared a "waste village"[2] , and the construction of new homes was banned. 
In 1974, started ban on home repair and modernization. 
Based on a territorial permit for the construction of a water dam, at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, the land to be flooded was bought and expropriated. 
However, the construction did not start at the scheduled time and the territorial decision was lost, after which some of the expropriated land was returned to its original owners or their descendants. 
On November 16, 2000 the status of Slatinka was changed to recreational area. 
For 4 days, 58 homes were pre-categorized as recreational facilities; 17 of them without proof of ownership. 
This decision was changed on July 5, 2012 by the regional office in Banská Bystrica after the initiative of the Slatinka Association and the Friends of Slatinka Society on April 10, 2001 addressed to the Prosecutor's Office in Zvolen regarding the review of the statue of the Slatina area. 
In May 2013, several tenants (10, unofficially 15) received a call to leave within two weeks, due to the life-threatening state of the buildings.[3] They were not allowed to repair the buildings at their own expense.[4] 
Turčiansky Svätý Martin : [s.n.], 1891. ↑ Uznesenie rady ONV vo Zvolene č. 
114/58 z 13. júna 1958, bod 5 - kategorizácia obcí ↑ http://zvolen.sme.sk/c/6799598/v-slatinke-idu-pre-priehradu-opat-burat-domy.html. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ http://zvolen.sme.sk/c/6810119/slatinke-este-daju-sancu-opravit-domy-na-mieste-planovanej-priehrady.html. 
Missing or empty |title= (help) 
User:Fsilvasa/Slatinka 
Ing. Matúš Vallo (born 18 September 1977 in Bratislava) is an architect, urban activist, musician and Mayor of Bratislava. 
External links 
Commons 
External Links 
Life and career 
Artworks Selection 
Collections 
Group Exhibitions (selection) 
Bibliography (selection) 
Solo Exhibition 
Rastislav Podoba (* 11th October 1975, Bánovce nad Bebravou) is Slovak painter. 
Rastislav Podoba was born in 1975 in Bánovce nad Bebravou. 
Between 1996 -2002 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava, Slovakia in studios lead by Professor Vladimír Popovič and Professor Rudolf Sikora. 
In 2006, 2007, and 2009 he was among finalists of the VUB Painting Competition. 
In 2008 he was nominated for the Henkel Art Award to represent Slovakia. 
In 2009 he was awarded the Martin Benka Prize. 
He lives and works in Banská Bystrica. 
2017 Field Trip, Galéria umenia Ernesta Zmetáka, Nové Zámky, Slovak Republic 2016 Series, East Slovak Gallery, Košice, Slovak Republic 2015 Artificial Flowers, Krokus Contemporary Art Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2015 Working Surface, Central Slovakian Gallery, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic 2013 Savoir-vivre, (M. Guschelbauer, R. Podoba, P. Wehinger), Kro Art Contemporary, Vienna, Austria 2012 At Home, Outside, Near, Above, Northeast, Far, Below, Krokus Contemporary Art Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak republic 2011 Rastislav Podoba, City Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2011 Podoba - Aerni, Kunstkammer Galerie, Oensingen, Switzerland 2010 One-man-show, Kubik Gallery, Porto, Portugal 2010 The Observer´s Diary, (Rastislav Podoba/Jernej Forbici), Krokus Contemporary Art Gallery, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2008 Retro-vízia, Stredoslovenská galéria, Room 19_21, Banská Bystrica, Slovak republic 2007 Rastislav Podoba / Juraj Kollár, Soga, Bratislava, Slovensko 2006, Primárny okruh, Galéria Divyd, Múzeum J.N. Hummela, Bratislava, Slovensko 2006, Clona, Štátna galéria, Bethlenov dom, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic 2005, Rastislav Podoba / Maroš Rovňák, Slovenský inštitút, Budapešť, Maďarsko 2003, Zóna, Galéria mladých, Nitrianska galéria, Nitra, Slovak Republic 
City Gallery Bratislava, Slovak Republic Nitra Gallery, Nitra, Slovak Republic Stredoslovenská galéria Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic GVU Hodonín, Czech Republic Youth Painting Foundation, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Private Collection Linea, Slovak Republic Súkromné zbierky: Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, USA, Austria 
Aj päť minút je dosť, hovorí Rastislav Podoba, ktorého maľby ilustrujú utorkové noviny. In.: Denník N, Vyd. NPress, Utorok 18. decembra 2018, číslo 243, ročník 4., str. 
12 - 13 MAJLINGOVÁ, Zuzana L. - ŠEDÍK, Michal. 
Rastislav Podoba: Pracovná plocha: Stredoslovenská galéria Banská Bystrica 28. máj 2015-26. júl 2015 : Banská Bystrica: Stredoslovenská galéria v Banskej Bystrici, 2015. 
ISBN 9788088681762 Michal Šedík, Filozofia umenia / Analytická tradícia, Belianum UMB BB, 2014 Moncoľová I.: Organic Working Surface. In. www.artalk.cz, 24.7.2015, ISSN: 1805-6989 Moncoľová I.: Working Surface. 
In.: Denník Sme 22. 7. 2015, s. 
12, Petit Press, ISSN 1335-440X * Jančár, I.: Rastislav Podoba. City Gallery Bratislava, Nadácia mladá maľba/Young Painting Foundation, Vydavateľstvo Krása, Bratislava 2011 ISBN 978-80-89340-26-2 Brunovský, D. – Doričová, Gura D.: Slovak Studios, publisher Daniel Brunovský, Bratislava 2010, ISBN 978-80970347-4-0 ''[https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=98813 Slovak Studios (2010)]'' Kiss-Széman Z.: Tree of Life, City Gallery Bratislava, 2014, ISBN 978-80-89340-606 Hober, Eva - Jančár, Ivan.: La Belle Peinture I, Bratislava 2013 Mirza O.:Lovu zdar! 
Good hunt! 
Weidmannsheil!, Nitra Gallery, Nitra, 2011, ISBN 978-80-85746-54-9 Kitta R.: Podoba - Reduced Landscape. In.: ENTER 4/2011, ISSN 1338-1946 7th Biennal of Drawing Pilsen 2010, University of West Bohemia & Biennal of Drawing Pilsen, Pilsen 2010, ISBN 978-80-7043-929-6 Kusá A.: VÚB Foundation/5 Years, 50 Artists, 100 Paintings, VÚB Foundation, Bratislava, 2010 Kusá A.: VÚB Foundation 2009, Prize for Painting, VÚB Foundation, Bratislava, 2009 Moncoľová I.: The Observer´s Diary. 
In.: Flash Art No. 15 2010, ISSN 1336-9644 Kováčik J.: Restorative Solitude. 
In.: Týždeň 38/2009, WPress, Bratislava L+arte N° 70 Avril 2010 Ľudovíť Hološka, Ako dlho ste sa naposledy dívali na obraz? Aj päť minút je dosť, hovorí Rastislav Podoba, ktorého maľby ilustrujú utorkové noviny.By naked Eye, Vydavateľstvo Matice Slovenskej, 2006 
User:Ivana Moncolova/Rastislav Podoba 
External links 
Korben Dallas is a Slovak rock band from Bratislava formed in 2010 by musicians who had previously played together in the art rock band called Appendix[1]. 
During its existence, the band has so far released 5 albums. 
The band gained popularity in 2013 with their hit song Otec. 
The band regularly performs at Slovak and Czech music festivals (Pohoda, Grape, Topfest, Colours of Ostrava). 
Discography [1] 
Studio albums Pekné cesty, 2011, Hevhetia Karnevalová vrana, 2013, Slnko records Banská Bystrica, 2014, Slnko records Kam ideme, 2015, Slnko records Stredovek, 2017, Slnko records 
Members 
Juraj Benetin – vocals, guitar Lukáš Fila – bass guitar Igor „Ozo“ Guttler – drums 
References 
Korben Dallas at slnkorecords.sk Korben Dallas at bandzone.cz 
In 2011, the group released their debut album Pekné cesty. The album originated from a concert live recording and was nominated as an album of the year at Radio Head Awards. 
Anna Bučinská (* December 21, 1944, Bratislava - † January 15, 1995, Bratislava) was a Slovak radio actress. 
Radio production that is known 
The ZSSK Class 757 is a four axle diesel electric locomotive, created from the rebuilding of older class 750 locomotives. 
The locomotives were ordered by Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko for use on passenger services on Slovak main lines. 
Between 2010 and 2015, 25 locomotives were rebuilt by ŽOS Zvolen. 
Rušeň 757.003-9 bol po požiari[1] v roku 2016 pri stanici Jesenské odstavený z dôvodu veľkého rozsahu škôd a momentálne čaká na svoj osud vo vonkajších priestoroch závodu ŽOS Zvolen.[2] 
References 
Rebuilding 
Following to České dráhy rebuilding their 750 and 753 locomotives into the 750.7, it was decided to carry out similar rebuilds in Slovakia. 
The project was started in 2010, when contracts were awarded and the first locomotive began reconstruction.[1] However, unlike the Czech locomotives, the ZSSK rebuilds were more gradual, with the locomotives still required for normal services. 
The first locomotive was finished in 2011, and following testing it was put into service at Zvolen.[2][3] The second was completed by the end of the year.[4] From then until 2015 rebuilds progressed at a rate of around 5 to 6 per year. 
The final rebuilt was locomotive 25, finished in Autumn 2015.[5] New locomotives were allocated to Košice, Prievidza and Humenné. 
Technical information 
Sústava je v súlade s environmentálnymi limitmi, vrátane príslušenstva.[1] Výrobcom trakčného generátora a pomocných zariadení je spoločnosť Siemens Drásov, tlapové trakčné motory zostali pôvodné. 
Riadenie výkonu a jeho využívanie zabezpečuje mikroprocesorový riadiaci systém MORIS RV07. Súčasťou elektrického vybavenia rušňa je aj elektronický riadiaci systém, systém ovládania prípojných vozňov podľa UIC 558, vozidlová rádiostanica, elektronický rýchlomer, riadiaca jednotka prešmyku a vlakový zabezpečovač. Kabína rušňovodiča[2] sa zásadne odlišuje od pôvodnej zo série 750.[3] Rekonštruovaná kabína je vybavená digitálnymi ukazovateľmi, vrátane zobrazovacích displejov. 
Tiež bola doplnená výkonná elektrodynamická brzda a ovládanie brzdového systému (pneumatická samočinná brzda typu Dako GP, priamočinná brzda, doplnková a parkovacia). Zdroj stlačeného vzduchu je bezolejový piestový kompresor, ktorý je doplnený sušičkou vzduchu. Pre väčší komfort obsluhy bola do rušňa doplnená klimatizácia, polohovateľné sedadlo a iné hygienické zariadenia 
2017[1]) umiestnené v RD Prievidza (5 ks), Humenné (8 ks) a Košice (11 ks), kde zabezpečujú prepravu osobných vlakov kategórie R a REx na tratiach v okolí Prievidze, Zvolena, Banskej Bystrice, Brezna, Žiliny, Košíc a Humenného. 
The Council of Free Czechoslovakia was the supreme political body of the Czech-Slovak exile, founded on February 25, 1949 in the US, based in Washington, D.C. While establishing the Council, the document "Declaration on the founding of the Council of Free Czechoslovakia" was published by Ferdinand Peroutka. 
The Council of Free Czechoslovakia, like Radio Free Europe (RFE), was funded in accordance with US foreign policy through the National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE) 
Activities 
In exile, there was a political struggle between individual emigrant organizations. 
In London, the Czech National Committee under the leadership of general Lev Prchal associating anti-Beneš non-socialist opposition. 
Slovak Autonomists represented competing projects in Munich: the Slovak Liberation Committee established by Ferdinand Ďurčanský and the Slovak National Council Abroad established by Karol Sidor and later led by Matúš Černák. 
Various political groups of Czech-Slovak mostly ex-post-February exile met at the Council of Free Czechoslovakia. 
It was dominated by former representatives of the National Front holding important political positions in Czechoslovakia in 1945-48 and often responsible for the policy that resulted in the Communist coup d'état in February 1948. 
The first chairman of the Council of Free Czechoslovakia was Petr Zenkl (National Socialists), the vice-chairmen were Jozef Lettrich (Democratic Party), dr. 
Mikuláš Franek (Democratic Party), dr. 
Josef Černý (agrarians), dr. 
Jozef Dieška (Freedom Party), Václav Majer (Social Democracy), dr. 
Adolf Procházka (Christian Democrats) and former diplomats of Czechoslovakia, dr. 
Stefan Osusky, dr. 
In 1957, due to persistent internal contradictions in the Council of Free Czechoslovakia, the US decided to end its funding, and after 1967 the Council of Free Czechoslovakia was not active. 
After November 1989, the Council established cooperation with the political representation in Czechoslovakia and exposed itself to preserve the common state. 
After the division of Czechoslovakia, it was reorganized in 1993 to the Council of Reciprocity of Czechs and Slovaks (chairman Mojmír Povolný). 
Chairmans 
Other political exile organizations 
--- Josef Dürich český politik Poslanec Ríšskej rady V úrade 1884 – 1891 V úrade 1907 – 1917[1] Biografické údaje Narodenie 19. august 1847 Borovice, Česko Úmrtie 12. január 1927 (79 rokov) Klášter Hradiště nad Jizerou, Česko Politická strana Národná strana (staročeská) Česká agrárna strana Odkazy Josef Dürich (multimediálne súbory) Politický portál Biografický portál 
Josef Dürich (August 19, 1847, Borovice † January 12, 1927, Hradiště nad Jizerou Monastery) was a Czech politician and a member of the Old Czech Party, later of the Agrarian Party, a participant in Czechoslovak foreign resistance during World War I, and a playwright and a writer. 
Life 
He was born in Borovica near Mnichovo Hradiště. He was a son of a miller. In the 1870s he became a part of the cultural scene as a poet and an author of plays. 
In 1870 and 1873 he co-edited the almanac Ruch. He also published under the pseudonyms Charvátecký and Josef Josefovič and also dealt with shorthand and attempted a unified Slavonic shorthand. 
In 1884 he received a mandate in the Imperial Council (National Legislative Assembly), where he represented the curia of rural villages for the districts of Mladá Boleslav, Nymburk, and others. 
He took the oath on December 4, 1884 and reclaimed his mandate in the elections to the Imperial Council in 1885, now for the town curia for the districts of Jičín, Sobotka, and others. He stayed in the office until the end of his term in 1891. At that time he was a part of the Old Czech Party. 
He returned to top parliamentary politics in the elections to the Imperial Council in 1907, when he was elected in the election district Bohemia 038, this time as a member of the Czech Agrarian Party, for which he then sat in the parliament. 
He succesfully ran for the seat of the deputy in the elections to the Imperial Council again in 1911, and then again for the Czech Agrarians Club and for the same constituency. 
He lost his mandate on 25 September 1917 due to long absence. 
He was no longer on the territory of Austria-Hungary at that time. 
At the beginning of May 1915 he was requested by the Agrarian Party to Tomáš Masaryk, who was in Switzerland, to participate in the foreign resistance. 
He was one of the few Czech politicians to join the foreign resistance led by Masaryk at this early stage. 
However, back then he was a lesser known, very conservative politician who was also pro-Russian and Carophile-oriented. 
In November 1915, he and Masaryk with representatives of Czech foreign associations were among the signatories of the declaration of the Czech Foreign Committee, which clearly formulated the idea of ​​Czech (Czechoslovak) independence. 
The Czech Foreign Committee subsequently transformed into the Czechoslovak National Council, in which Dürich became vice-chairman in 1916. He worked with Milan Rastislav Štefánik in Russia since June 1916, where they negotiated the establishment of Czechoslovak legions. 
On 29th August 1916 they signed together The Kiev Agreement, which recognized The National Council as a representative of the entire resistance. 
However, Dürich himself leaned more towards the restoration of the Czech Kingdom with Russian support and should have made efforts to establish a separate, procaratory center of Czechoslovak exile. 
However, this situation caused a rupture which then led Štefánik to deprive Dürich of his office and membership in the Czechoslovak National Council. 
Dürich returned to his homeland in 1919. He was virtually eliminated from political life and tried to justify his progress in his memoirs "In Czech Services". 
A writer and journalist Karel Horký became his son-in-law in September 1908, when he married Dürich's daughter Emanuela (1884-1973). 
The Juraj Dóža's Rebellion (other names: Dóža's Rebellion, the Hungarian Peasant War) was a large uprising of the lower class against the nobility in Hungary from April to July 1514, which arose from an unsuccessfully organized crusade. 
On April 9, the Archbishop of Esztergom Tomáš Bakóc, solemnly commissioned by Pope Leo X, held a speech in Buda where he called for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, which threatened Hungary in the early 16th century, in exchange for indulgences to the participants. 
As the Hungarian nobility was not interested in participating, the 40,000-thousand troops gathered in Buda in May were made of the poor strata (peasants, students, urban poverty and the like) called the Kurucs. 
The army was led by the Transylvanian nobleman Juraj Dóža Sikul (Juraj Dóža), because no Hungarian magnate would take on this task. 
Since the Hungarian nobility opposed this expedition and did not intend to justify the absence of their subjects on their property, in mid-May the Kurucs started a civil war against the landlords. 
The center was in present-day Hungary. It was also fought in eastern Slovakia and Bratislava. 
The Kurucs occupied the Hungarian lowlands and parts of Transylvania in July. 
The rebellion was defeated by Hungarian magnates, especially Ján Zápoľský and Štefan Bátori on July 15th. 
As a consequence, Dóža was burned alive as a "peasant king", 50,000 insurgents were hung or killed in other ways and serfdom was accepted by the Hungarian Parliament on 10 October 1514 (codified also in Tripartite). 
In 2014, the Namav, a subject subvenced by the Penta Investments group, announced the purchase of Petit Press, the publisher of the newspaper. In reaction, a major part of the editorial board, including the editor-in-chief, announced their resignation. "We are leaving SME and we will try to create a new medium that no one will suspect that it serves someone other than the readers", stated Matúš Kostolný, the departing editor-in-chief.[1] 
Denník N is a Slovak daily newspaper and a news website which was founded by the former members of the editorial board of SME in 2014. 
References 
See also 
History 
Irena Čubírková, ( birth name Srncová) (March 15, 1923, Vrádište - † September 28, 1966, Prague) was a Czechoslovak murderer who murdered her husband and staged it as an accident. The murder happened in Trutnov on October 10, 1951. Irena committed the crime with the help of her lover Václav Bernart and his wife (who has been told that Čubírek had been abusing Irena). 
13 years later, on December 7, 1964, she murdered her partner Ambróz Ščepka (* March 2, 1926, Prievaly - † December 7, 1964, Boleráz) in the Slovak village of Boleráz. She was executed on September 28, 1966 in Prague at Pankrác by hanging. She had seven children (she had four children with her husband and three children with her partner). 
Murder of Ján Čubírka 
In 1951 Čubírka family lived in Trutnov in northeastern Bohemia. 
Irena Čubírková was cheating on her husband, which he found out, and also gained an evidence of this. 
She decided to kill him, which she also told her neighbour and lover Václav Bernart and his wife. 
The first murder attempt was not succesful because Čubírková tried to poison Ján with a medicine used exclusively to treat health issues of women ("Fluocit"), which didn't work on him. 
She succeeded on 10 October 1951. 
Ján Čubírek was on a sick leave and spent his free time painting furniture. 
In order to dry the furniture faster, he decided to take the old stove out of the attic, he even went to ask his neighbour for a chimney pipes, which later supported Čubírková's alibi. 
She mixed sleeping pills into alcohol, which worked. 
Then she called Bernart, who smashed his head, killing him. 
He was dragged under the stairs with the help of Bernart's wife, and Čubírková dropped the stove on him. 
When everything was cleaned up, she sent her 9-year-old daughter to wake her father and she discovered him under the stairs. 
The summoned police reported death by accident. 
Bernart then moved to Čubírková, but she sent him away. 
Murder of Ambróz Ščepka 
After her husband's murder, she lived in Trutnov until 1959, when she moved in with her new partner Ambróz Ščepka to a district Políčko in the village of Boleráz in Slovakia. 
At that time, Čubírková was a charming woman. In Trutnov she used to exercise in Sokol and hired a babysitter for her four children. 
She claimed that her husband had died by accident while he was moving the stove. He was three years younger than her. 
He was reportedly often cruel to her and he was also an alcoholic. 
As long as she lived in Trutnov as a housewife, she took care of animals in Boleráz. 
After 5 years of cohabitation and three children with Ščepko she decided to resolve this situation again "in her own way" on 7 December 1964. 
It was Ščepka's nameday, so he was getting drunk since the morning until he finally fell off the chair and fell asleep. 
Čubírková hit him twice with the blunt side of an ax in the head, killing him, then separated the head from the rest of the body with the ax, a meat cleaver and a knife . 
She put the body in a bread oven and kept the fire for 35 hours to burn the body. 
She then dumped the ash onto the driveway and into the stream (the bridge over this stream is still called the "Čubírkovej most" Čubírkova's bridge)) and buried the bones in the shed for pigs. 
She borrowed a shopping bag from her neighbors, where she put the head and went to Boleráz, where she reported Ščepka's disappearance. 
She got on a train to Trnava, where she left the head in the bathroom of a train that was leaving to Bratislava. 
On December 9, 1964, the ticket collectors found the head in front of the Pezinok station and an investigation was launched. 
Among the suspects was also Čubírková. 
During the house search, the investigator accidentally discovered a suspiciously warm bread oven, even though the bread had apparently never been baked in there. 
Then they found human bones on the road. 
Čubírková confessed under the weight of the evidence. 
Subsequently, the rest of the Ščepka's buried remains were dug up. 
As a reason for the brutal murder, she said that Ščepka had threatened to kill her, cut her head off and throw her in the toilet. 
Near the end of the investigation into the murder of Ščepka, it was discovered that 13 years ago, Ján Čubírek died during the moving of the stove, which fell on him under very similar suspicious circumstances. 
The grave of Ján Čubírek was opened, the body exhumed and a detailed inspection of his remains was carried out. 
The inspection proved that the injury that Čubírka suffered could not be under any circumstances caused by a falling stove . 
Čubírková then confessed to her husband's murder. 
Čubírková was sentenced to death by hanging at the age of 43. 
Her request for pardon was rejected on September 28, 1966 and the same day she was hanged in Prague at Pankrác. 
Bernart was sentenced to 15 years in prison and his wife escaped punishment due to amnesty. 
Daniel Tupý (* August 26, 1984, Martin - † November 4, 2005, Bratislava) was a student of the Faculty of Arts at Comenius University in Bratislava, who was murdered at Tyrš waterfront (Tyršovo nábrežie) in Bratislava. 
His case is after ten years still open . 
A few days after his death, on November 8, 2005, a performance of Hair was dedicated to Tupý in the New Scene in Bratislava. 
A day later, an event commemorating his death and the condemnaing neo-Nazism took place at Hodža Square in Bratislava. 
It was attended by about 5,000 people, out of the politicians only the Chairman of the National Council of the Slovak Republic Pavol Hrušovský attended. 
The following day, Daniel Tupý was buried in Žilina, and at the same time a Committee for the Coordination of Action Against Extremism was established at the Ministry of the Interior. A week after the murder, a protest of about 5,000 people took place, and Michal Kaščák organized a concert called Stop Neo-Nazis. On the February 23, 2006, Daniel Tupý's father unveiled a memorial plaque dedicated to his son in front of the Comenius University building. 
One year after his death, a commemorative event took place at Andrej Hlinka Square in Žilina. Many artists participated, among others Metalinda band, Odyssea and singer Peter Konček. 
In Bratislava, the poetry collection Silent After the Angel (poems and thoughts about the event) was christened on the murder site. The fifth anniversary of death, in 2010, was commemorated by the Hommage à Daniel Tupý - visual and theatrical performance as well as by reading of Tupý's texts by Marián Geišberg, who conceptually prepared the memorial. 
The event was organized by the University Library in Bratislava. 
Murder 
The murder took place on Friday, November 4, 2005 at Tyrš waterfront. 
An eight-member group was attacked from behind by about 15 people. 
The attack reportedly lasted about a minute. 
Although the police had arrived just after three minutes, they had made a few mistakes and had not been looking for the attackers right away. Six people were injured after the attack, one severely. 
Daniel Tupý succumbed to eight stab wounds. 
Investigation, prosecution and impact of murder 
In November, the media and the family of Tupý offered a reward of 400,000 crowns to help track down the killer. In 2006, thepolice worked with the hypothesis that the Skinheads were behind the murder. 
By February 2006, the police had interrogated dozens of people, seized multiple weapons, and "several hundreds security events at selected pubs where the persons of interest meet. However, in many cases these places served as meeting places for young people from subculture groups." 
In 2006, however, Robert Kaliňák also confirmed the version of the neo-Nazi attack. The investigation was unusually open to the public. At the request of parlamentarians, Vladimír Palko, who was the Minister of the Interior at the time, spoke in parliament about the course of the investigation. 
Later the police worked with the theory that the murder was gang-related, and supposedly linked to neo-Nazi groups. In February 2008, it was reported that the police had found the murderer and accused Richard H. of murder. In May 2008, Karol P. was detained and taken into custody by members of the Office for Combating Organized Crime because he had supposedly been influencing the crown witness of the case. 
On October 1 of that year, the Regional Court ruled that two of the detainees accused of bodily harm, Ján S. and Dávid V, were to be released from custody. The main suspect Richard H. remained in custody. 
The main hearing started on 26 January 2006 at the Bratislava I District Court. On 11 June 2006 the Chief Witness refused to testify and denied his words from the pre-trial proceedings. In June 2009, the District Court acquitted five defendants. 
The indictment had reportedly been insufficiently prepared. 
The investigators lacked evidence, but handed the file to the prosecutor's office with a motion to file a charge anyway. 
The victims were unable to identify the perpetrators, nor was the person with the DNA trace on the boxer identified. 
Although the accused agreed to use a lie detector, the judge did not allow this. The Public Prosecutor's Office did not appeal against the judgment and it became final. 
In November 2010, the investigative team, who had been working on the case since September 2007, was disbanded. 
According to Michal Havran, “the murder maimed the entire generation. 
The others were taken aback by the inability of the authorities to arrest and bring to trial those who did this. 
The attack on Daniel was not just what the investigator calls an "accidental death," for which we can blame the victim for being in the wrong place at the wrong time." 
Commemorative events 
Námestie Nežnej revolúcie with the Old Market Hall building 
Námestie Nežnej revolúcie () is a square in the Old Town borough of Bratislava adjacent to the SNP Square in front of the Old Market Hall.[1] 
The square was given the name on 15 November 2019 to commemorate the 30 anniversary of the Velvet Revolution. 
References 
White Place is a Slovak four-member band originally from Prešov, Slovakia. The music of the White Place is based on well-thought-out arrangements of multiple rock and experimental aspects. The arrangements reflect the experiences of the band members who all have a musical background. 
Apart from frontman Daniel Jenčo, the band is composed of three members: Stanislav Čorej (bass guitar), Mário Jenčo (guitar, synthesizers, drum machines) and Lukáš Fabian (drums). 
After three years of rehearsing and experimenting with recording techniques, the band emerged in 2019 with their debut album titled “Room”[1] and single “Breathe”. 
Singles 
The name of the band refers to an unrestricted creative environment. 
According to Jenčo, white color is the most semiotically potent because it naturally contains all the other colors on the spectrum. 
Members 
Daniel Jenčo[1] plays keyboards, guitar and is the band's main songwriter. He states that the inspiration for the lyrics to their first album is mostly drawn from the literature of psychology and sociology. 
Jenčo graduated in Media Studies and is now studying at conservatoire as well as teaching guitar at art school. 
He is a former member of a pop-rock band Noble Apocalypse where he played alongside Matúš Džuňa, Šimon Dulovec and Lukáš Fabian. 
After Dulovec had left, the band split up and Jenčo was invited to join the project Micro-Mused, a three-man Muse cover band where Jenčo's keyboards, guitar, and vocal skills were highly appreciated. 
As of today, Daniel Jenčo is an active member of the creative studio Cube Art. Besides working there as a cameraman, the Cube Art studio incited Jenčo to pursue the music composition for film. 
Stanislav Čorej is a long-time drummer and the founding member of a Slovak pop band Komajota. 
He is a former member of the band Nuda, the predecessor to Komajota, as well. 
Currently, besides being dedicated to White Place and Komajota, Stanislav actively pursues his new solo project Poloľudia[…]. In White Place, he plays the bass guitar and is the man behind the production of the band's debut “Room”. The final mix of the album was created in his Prešov based studio. 
A multi-instrumentalist and a singer Mário Jenčo, Daniel's brother, is the driving force behind the electronic sound elements of White Place. 
Besides drum machines, he plays guitar, synthesizers and performs the effective backing vocals. 
Mário is the frontman of the not presently active Slovak space-rock band Frequency[…]. During his time in the band, Frequency recorded and released two albums. 
Mário is also pursuing his own avant-pop solo project Jeseň. 
The drummer Lukáš Fabian is an active member of Prešov based indie-rock band No Brake. He is studying at the Košice conservatoire along with the Jenčo brothers. 
Lukáš and Daniel were both members of the Noble Apocalypse and have been coplayers for the longest time amongst all of the band members. 
Discography 
Albums 
The official logo of SUR 
Slovak Union of Reservists (SUR, fully named the Slovak Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities) was founded in 1966 as a voluntary civic non-political association available to all citizens of the Slovakia but especially to the reservists of all ranks. 
As a civic association it carries out activities related to military exercises and shooting for sport, while cooperating with the Slovak Armed Forces. 
The new organizational structure of the Union was adopted at the 8th Congress assembly of the SUR which took place on October 26th, 2019. 
It was drafted with the aim to increase efficiency in the Union management, preserving the voice of the regions and activating a wider range of the Union members. 
Unnecessary and defunct intermediaries in the form of county associations have been abolished while adding functions for Vice Presidents dedicated to specific areas of management and development of the Union. 
The Organizational structure of the Union has the following hierarchy on the highest – nationwide level (ranking from the highest to the lowest level): 
Congress Central Council Presidium (headed by the President) Controller 
The Central Council is the supreme body of the Union in the periods between the Congress assemblies. 
It consists of 9 members with voting powers; the President has the decisive power in case of equal votes. 
The Central Council members include the President, 4 members of the Presidium (Vice Presidents) and 4 representatives of regions in Slovakia as per the territorial division of the Slovak republic valid until December 18th, 1990 (Bratislava region, Western region, Central region, Eastern region). 
In 2011 SUR brought together up to 2000 members within 97 reserve soldiers’ clubs throughout Slovakia. 
The basis of activities of the SUR is organizing various kinds of shooting competitions, where the participants compete mainly with weapons used in the Armed forces of the Slovak Republic. 
Competitions organized by the Union 
Shooting - multiple disciplines 
The classic competition of the organization is the multiple discipline shooting, which is a defense sporting contest of individuals and teams of 3. 
The key to this competition is to complete 5 disciplines (or 4 in case of individuals who are not participating in teams). 
These are the multiple shooting disciplines: 
Targeted 25-metre distance shooting with a high caliber gun Three-positional shooting from a self-loading model 58 rifle onto a reduced target in 50-metre distance Precision grenade throw Combat handgun shooting Small caliber rifle shooting team competition 
Shooting triathlon (3 disciplines) 
The 3-discipline shooting contest is a traditional competition of individuals consisting of two technical parts in aimed (accurate) shooting from large caliber pistols and large caliber revolvers of 7,62 - .45 caliber (11 mm). 
Each part has 3 shooting disciplines: 
History of the Union 
2 x 5 shots on target 135-P (green uncovered figure with rings) 2 x 5 shots on target 50/20 (international pistol target) 2 x 5 shots on two-center target SCS D-1 (also called “parrot”) 
Shooting from a self-loading rifle model 58 
As a separate competition it was included in the SUR calendar in the year 2013. 
It is a three-positional competition in shooting from a civilian (self-loading) version of the model 58 submachine gun which had belonged to the basic armament of the Czechoslovak army soldiers in the late 1960s and 1970s. From there it passed onto the armament of the successive armies. 
The shooting post is placed in a 100-metre distance from the target. 
The competition consists of two separate disciplines – Standard or Open – which are evaluated separately. 
In the Standard discipline the original simple sights are used, while in the Open discipline it is possible to use advanced optical focus devices (collimators, binoculars, diopters). 
Contestants may take part in both disciplines with the appropriate equipment. 
Each discipline consists of three competing 10-round attempts at the target 135-P (green uncovered figure with rings), which must be carried out in the following order: 
Shooting in the lying position Shooting in the upright position Shooting in the kneeling position 
All disciplines have a time limit. 
International competition REPICO 
The newest of the competitions included in the SUR calendar. 
The country of origin in its birth certificate is the Czech Republic. 
The competition was taken over from our Czech neighbors and inserted among the official competitions for the first time in the year 2016. 
The year after that held the qualifying race event number zero, concluded by the unofficial Slovak National Championship. 
REPICO is an attractive team competition which combines elements of dynamic and precision disciplines. 
Its name is an acronym consisting of 3 words which outline its essence – REvolver, PIstol, COllective. 
It’s a competition of 3-member teams where the winner is decided by their target shooting accuracy and the speed of shooting at metal targets (poppers). 
The Slovak Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities is in its nature a successor of the Svazarm organization from the last century. 
Union for Cooperation with the Army (shortened to the czech form Svazarm) was a unified voluntary social-defense organization in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. 
It was established on November 4th, 1951 based on the Act No. 92/1951 Coll., on military ability education. At that time, it had united 10 social organizations as collective members. 
In 1952 it switched to individual membership during a merging rally. 
The popularity of this contest lies mainly in the fact that it is a team competition where coordination and cooperation in between the team members is crucial. 
The teams fire from large caliber pistols (or revolvers) of 7,62 - .45 caliber (11 mm). 
The obligatory equipment for this competition includes eyesight protection (against bounced shots) and hearing protection (similarly to other competitions). 
Departmental cooperation 
In addition to the sport-shooting competitions, the SUR is also dedicated to socio-political activities of domestic and international character. It cooperates primarily with the Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic, General Staff of the Slovak Armed Forces, soldier and reservists’ unions abroad, and other organizations in Slovakia related to the Armed forces. 
In this context the SUR attempts to be a link between the Slovak Armed Forces and the public, intending to take part in addressing important issues of defense and security. 
The Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic accepts the SUR as the only organization representing all reservists in Slovakia and has a cooperation agreement with the SUR. 
Financing of the Union activities 
Besides providing shooting ranges for shooting competitions by the General Staff of the Slovak Armed Forces, the Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic gives the SUR the opportunity every year to apply for special-purpose projects to obtain financial support for international activities. 
All activities of the SUR are, however, dependent on volunteer work and membership fees. 
Membership in international organizations 
The SUR has been a member of the Union of Reserve Officers’ Associations of Central Europe – the Gaminger Initiative – since 1993. It has been an associated member of CIOR – the Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers – since 1999. 
The Gaming Initiative organization is an independent regional association of soldiers and officers in reserve of the central European countries, namely Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. 
It aims to support and organize reservists’ unions in its member states and cooperate with them to enhance security and defense in Europe. 
The Svazarm prepared the youth for the fulfillment of selected tasks of state defense. 
It covered civil defense sports and technical interest activities which included track cycling, electrical education, cynology, air sports, model building, motor sports, orienteering, parachuting, diving, amateur radio, shooting sports, hang gliding and many others. 
The CIOR organization currently associates more than 1.3 million reserve soldiers from 36 countries around the world – both inside and outside of NATO. 
CIOR is the connecting link between reserve soldiers and NATO. It supports the work of reservists’ unions and supports their rights, activities and training in all the NATO member states and partnering countries. 
Contact information 
Slovak Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities Hradska 79, 821 07 Bratislava Slovak Republic Phone: +421 2/456 444 04 Cell: +421 903 44 99 89 URL: www.szvvz.sk 
External links 
The official website of the Slovak Union of Reservists (in Slovak language only) Interallied Confederation of Reserve Officers 
In the interest of development of technical sports such as shooting, the Union of Reservists was founded in 1966. 
After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, its successor organization was created in Slovakia in 1993 – the Union of Reservists of the Slovak republic – a voluntary civic non-political association. 
Later on its name was extended to its current version – The Union of Reservists and Civil Defense Sporting Activities of the Slovak republic. 
The first president of the Slovak Union of Reservists was Mr. Miroslav Jánoš who had served in this function for 26 years. 
He resigned from his post at the 8th Congress assembly of the SUR on October 26th, 2019. 
Organizational structure 
The organizational structure of the Slovak Union of Reservists is enshrined in its bylaws. 
The regular reissue of the bylaws is carried out during sessions of the Congress assembly, which is the highest governing body of the Union. 
Tibor Pápay (* September 18, 1963— † March 25, 1999) was a Slovak entrepreneur and a leader of the Pápayovci criminal group which was named after him. 
He was considered the most brutal gangster in Slovakia. [Citation needed] He was from Dunajská Streda. 
Tibor Pápay was murdered along with nine members of his group on March 25, 1999 in the Fontána restaurant located in Dunajská Streda. Around 7 pm, three shooters dressed as police officers belonging to special forces entered the restaurant. 
One of these shooters was Arpád Szamaránsky, who shouted that it was a police operation and ordered everyone to lie down. 
Two of the masked shooters rushed upstairs, at which time there were ten members of the Pápay group, including their boss Tibor Pápay, and fired automatic weapons at the people on the ground. 
In just over a minute, 113 shots were fired at gang members. 
Each shot hit its target. 
Nine members of the group, including Tibor Pápaya, were dead, the tenth member died after being transferred to the hospital. 
The murder of Tibor Pápay and his group is described as the most brutal murder in the modern history of Slovak and European forensic science. 
Arpad Szamaránsky, brothers Csaba and Szilárd Raisz, Ľudovít Sátor and Andrej Reisz were accused of murdering Tibor Pápay and his group. 
Arpád Szamaránsky was released of custody and died in 2005 in a car accident. 
Csaba and Szilárd Raisz disappeared in 2008 without a trace. 
They were murdered and their bodies were found in an illegal grave in 2011. Andrej Reisz was murdered in November 2006. Ludovit Sátor was reportedly murdered in 2010. 
The bodies of both were never found and both are still considered missing. Up until today, no one has been lawfully sentenced for the murder of Pápay and his group. 
In 1990 he was released from prison thanks to the so-called. Havel's amnesty. 
He immediately joined the emerging criminal group which at that time Milan Sípos and Tomáš Vida began to form in Dunajská Streda. 
The group initially dealt with mostly crimes of economic nature - invoicing, fraud and smuggling. 
Later they took up blackmail, arson and murders. 
In the beginning, Pápay had only lowest rank in the group hierarchy and was doing the dirtiest work but his brutality in his work strengthened his position in the group. 
Around 1993 the group began to experience disagreements and dividing. 
After Vida was taken into custody, Pápay began to form his own group from the original criminal group led by Sípos. 
After disagreements between the factions of the original group and several murders among its members, a part of the group led by Milan Sípos retired to Hungary, which Pápay used to consolidate his position as a group leader. 
The organized group dealt with various violent and economic crimes such as arson, extortion, murder, theft, carousel fraud / VAT returns, insurance fraud, smuggling of goods and narcotics, etc. 
Pápay and his group were suspected of several murders of the so-called laymen and murders of members of competing groups. 
Among others, the involvement in the murder of Milan Sípos and Emil Potásch in Banská Bystrica, which were murdered in Mikuláš Černák's firm, the involvement in the murder of Robert Remiáš, Rudolf Hodosi from Dunajská Streda and others. 
Other important members of the organized group included: Norbert Varga, Erik Cseh, Zoltan Cseh, Robert Sarkozi, Pavol Abrham, Peter Rosa, Stefan Csok, Tibor Kardos, Zoltan Godany, Vojtech Ecsi, Norbert Kocsis, Rudolf Hodosi, Michal Csemy, Robert Musil and others. 
In 1995, Pápay and his group began working with Miroslav Sýkora and Mikuláš Černák and their groups. 
Pápay also had direct contact with SIS Deputy Jaroslav Svěchota. 
Pápay also took part in a splendid vacation with Černák in the Canary Islands and also on his birthday celebration in Banská Bystrica in 1997. 
Death 
Róbert Lališ, nicknamed Kýbel (Bucket) born on April 24, 1964 in Bratislava is a Slovak businessman considered to be the head of the Sýkora group. He reportedly became the head after the death of the previous gang boss Miroslav Sýkora. His nickname is based on his short height. 
The arrest of Lališ is related to the arrest of the boss of the Senec branch of the Sýkora family - Martin Bihári nicknamed Rus (Russian). 
He was arrested on 9 October 2015 in the Moravian village of Suchohrdly u Miroslavi (Znojmo district). 
Indicement 
In January 2015, the trial with the Sýkora group began at the Specialized Criminal Court. The prosecutor filed charges for the establishment of a criminal group, the murder of Miloš Piliar in spring 1998, the murder of Eduard Dinič in May 1998, the murder of Alojz Házy of June 1998, the death of Robert Dinič (who was Lališ's security guard) in October 1998 - the murder of Daler Hlavačka in May 1999, the murder of Roman Deák in October 1999, the beating of a taxi driver and a leasing fraud. 
Verdict and appeal 
The verdict of the Specialized Criminal Court was reached on 30 March 2016 and Lališ's defense counsel immediately filed an appeal against it. 
Appeals were also filed by other defendants and by the prosecutor. 
Appeals were filed to the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic on 10 June 2016. 
From the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic, the file was returned to the Specialized Criminal Court as prematurely submitted on 17 June 2016 because they forgot to deliver the verdict to one of the victims. 
After completion, the file was again submitted to the Supreme Court on 19 July 2016. 
The Senate of the Supreme Court 6 February 2017 set aside the verdict and sent the case back to the Specialized Criminal Court. 
On 20 April 2017, the Specialized Criminal Court sentenced Lališ to life imprisonment. 
The Senate of the Supreme Court, composed of President Štefan Harabin and judges Martin Piovartsy and Pavol Farkaš, decided on appeals on 7 July 2017 at a closed session. 
It again set aside the judgment of the Specialized Criminal Court. 
The case was taken from the Specialized Criminal Court. 
The case will be dealt with by the Regional Court in Banská Bystrica. 
The reason for annulment and withdrawal is again the bias of judges from the Specialized Criminal Court. 
On 13 June 2018, Lališ was lawfully sentenced to life imprisonment by a three-member Chamber of the Supreme Court. 
The Sýkora group 
The Sýkora group has been active since the 1990s in Bratislava, Záhorie and around Senec. 
According to the prosecutor's office, they murdered competitors, their own members and they also used to get hired to murder people. 
In addition, they also participated in blackmail, drug trafficking, collected protection money and took part in and other crimes. 
Arrest 
Róbert Lališ has been hiding since the beginning of 2012. 
The first arrest warrant against him was issued on 24 July 2012. He was arrested on 23 October 2015 in Cologne, Germany, at 12.15 pm when he was entering a Renault Clio with a Czech license plate. 
He was carrying false documents. 
He was tracked down by the police officers of the National Criminal Agency in cooperation with the police of the target search, the National Headquarters of INTERPOL Bratislava, the police of the target search of the Regional Criminal Office of North Rhine-Westphalia in Düsseldorf and also the Czech police. 
While on the run, Lališ used intelligence methods while meeting people and also for his hiding logistics. 
He had several places where he used to stay. He spent time in the Czech Republic, Austria, and Germany. 
He often changed is places of residence. 
Extradition 
The Second Criminal Chamber of the Higher Regional Court in Cologne decided on 9 December 2015 that extradition of Lališ was admissible and, on 22 December 2015, Lališ was transferred to Slovakia under strict security measures; a judge of the Specialized Criminal Court took him into custody because of the concern that Lališ would avoid prosecution, influence witnesses and continue criminal activity. 
Brother Fire is Italian an animated series from 2003 about Saint Francis of Assisi. 
This amusing story is described through the eyes of a medieval narrator. The series is intended for all viewers, but with special emphasis on young people. 
The animated film presents the life of St. Francis but also depicts the life of his monks and other saints (such as St. Clare). 
Petrik was born on 10 November 1982 in Liptovský Mikuláš, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.She studied political science at Comenius University in Bratislava. Prior to her political career, Petrik worked in the field of language education, running an English language educational agency.[1] Petrik was also involved in feminist causes in Slovakia, working with the organization Real Women[2] and founding the Women's Platform of Slovakia.[3] 
Simona Petrík (born 10. november 1982) is a Slovakian politician who served as a member of the National Council of Slovakia from 2016-2020.[1] 
Together with her independent parliamentary colleagues Miroslavom Beblavým, Jozefom Mihálom, Katarínou Macháčkovou, Vierou Dubačovou and Otom Žarnayom, Petrik founded the party SPOLU - Civic Democracy in April 2017.[1] Iniciátori a zakladatelia strany zároveň zverejnili svoju výzvu Vráťme Slovensko ľuďom.[2] 
In July 2017, TASR reported that Petrik was one of the "most curious" members of parliament, having asked 57 questions of the government.[1] 
At the party's founding convention in Poprade on April 14, 2018, Petrík was elected one of the party's presidents.[1] 
In February 2019, in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election in Slovakia, Miroslav Beblavý of SPOLU and Ivan Štefunko of Progressive Slovakia announced that the parties would run together in the European elections. 
Petrík placed third on the SPOLU list with 22,499 votes, and was not elected.hlasov, s ktorými sa do Európskeho parlamentu nedostala.[1] 
In the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, SPOLU ran in a coalition with Progressive Slovakia. Petrik had the 9th position on the candidate list.[1] She received 14,713 votes, placing 8th among coalition candidates. 
However, the coalition failed to reach the 7% threshold to receive seats in parliament.[2] 
References 
Political career 
Petrik entered politics in 2015 as a member of #NETWORK, where she provided support to the party around women's issues. 
Petrik was elected as a member of #Network in the 2016 Slovak parliamentary election, but after the Centre-right #Network entered a coalition with Smer-SD Petrik left the party and sat as an independent.[1][2] In the National Council, she served in the Public Administration and Regional Development committee.[3] 
In April 2016, Petrik was prohibited to enter parliamentary chambers by Deputy Speaker Bélu Bugár, due to the fact that she had her six-month old daughter with her.[1] 
During her time in the National Council, Petrik worked heavily on women's issues. Petrik filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court of Slovakia about discrimination around a law regulating private crèches (nursery schools).[1] Additionally, Petrik pointed out the unconstitutionality of extra fees charged by the hospital for childbirth, including choosing your own obstetrician, Epidurals, and the presence of the father in the delivery room. 
When news of the story came to light, the Ministry of Health pledged to remove those fees.[2] She tabled a bill in parliament calling for ten days of paternity leave for expectant fathers.[3] Petrik also fought for equal pay, support for survivors of domestic violence, construction of new kindergartens, and additional prenatal and postnatal support for mothers. 
Erik Ondrejička (* May 1, 1964, Bratislava) is a Slovak poet, epigrammatist and surveyor. […] 
Awards 
International events 
Biography 
Sources 
External links 
Erik Ondrejička was born on May 1, 1964 in the Old Town of Bratislava, where he still lives and works. 
He is a graduate of Bratislava’s Technical University, Department of Geodesy and Cartography. 
Since 1986 he has been working in the field of real estate cadastre and creation of technical regulations, in 2012 - 2016 he was the head cadastral department of ÚGKK SR. He is married and has two children. 
V rokoch 2016 až 2020 pôsobil ako člen expertnej komisie Fondu na podporu umenia. 
Radovan Sloboda (He was born on the 27th. of May in 1966 in Banská Bystrica.) is a Slovak politician, an entrepreneur and a sports manager. He has been a Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic[1] since 2020. He represents a political party, Freedom and Solidarity[…]. 
Biography 
Radovan Sloboda was born in Teplice. 
He studied Economics of Transportation at the University of Economics in Prague. 
After having graduated from the university, he stayed and worked in Prague. 
Then he came back to the Slovak Republic and he started a business. 
He has been engaged in sports issues since 1999, he represents sports movement in National Council of The Slovak Republic. 
He also works as a member of Council of Slovak Tennis Association and he is also the chairman of Tennis Club of TC Baseline Banská Bystrica. 
A Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic 
Radovan Sloboda was elected for a MP of National Council of The Slovak Republic in the general elections in 2020 for the party Freedom and Solidarity. In the general elections he gained 1863 preferential votes which quarantined him 19th place in Freedom and Solidarity. 
In National Council of The Slovak Republic he works as the vice-chairman of the Education, Science, Youth, Sport Committee. He is also a member of the Supervisory Committee of Slovak Information Service. 
Recognition 
Radovan Sloboda has received several awards in recognition of long-term work for Slovak sport. 
As the not playing captain he has gained three Slovak league medals. He received twice the Award of the Town ”Sports Team of the Town Banská Bystrica“ in recognition of a great development of sport. He has also got a memorial medal of Slovak Tennis Association for long-term work. 
Reference 
Biography 
Radovan Sloboda was born in Teplice. 
He studied Economics of Transportation at the University of Economics in Prague. 
After having graduated from the university, he stayed and worked in Prague. 
Then he came back to the Slovak Republic and he started a business. 
He has been engaged in sports issues since 1999, he represents sports movement in National Council of The Slovak Republic. 
He also works as a member of Council of Slovak Tennis Association and he is also the chairman of Tennis Club of TC Baseline Banská Bystrica. 
Radovan Sloboda was elected for a MP of National Council of The Slovak Republic in the general elections in 2020 for the party Freedom and Solidarity. In the general elections he gained 1863 preferential votes which quarantined him 19th place in Freedom and Solidarity. 
In National Council of The Slovak Republic he works as the vice-chairman of the Education, Science, Youth, Sport Committee. He is also a member of the Supervisory Committee of Slovak Information Service. 
Radovan Sloboda has received several awards in recognition of long-term work for Slovak sport. 
As the not playing captain he has gained three Slovak league medals. He received twice the Award of the Town ”Sports Team of the Town Banská Bystrica“ in recognition of a great development of sport. He has also got a memorial medal of Slovak Tennis Association for long-term work. 
Reference 
He has been a Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic[1] since 2020. He represents a political party, Freedom and Solidarity[…]. He is also a member of Council of Slovak Tennis Association and the chairman of Tennis Club of Baseline Banská Bystrica. 
A Member of National Council of The Slovak Republic 
Recognitions 

